Solids Content Of Water Research Articles

Preliminary Assessment of Selected Physico-chemical Properties of Peat Water in Relation to Land Use Conversion in Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland, Philippines

Tropical peatlands are unique wetland ecosystems that provide various ecosystem services such as carbon and water storage. However, these ecosystems have been significantly altered by anthropogenic activities. In this study, the impact of land use conversion on the selected physico-chemical properties of surface water in the Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland was investigated. Surface peat water was collected from peat swamp forest, peatland converted to grassland and peatland under cultivation. The surface peat water temperature was measured on-site and the collected water samples were analyzed for turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4), and total dissolved solids (TDS). It was found that the physico-chemical properties of water such as temperature, pH, and TDS were significantly higher in disturbed land use (cultivation) areas. The direct relationship between the temperature of surface peat water to both phosphate and TDS suggests that increasing temperature brought by peatland conversion may directly lead to increasing phosphate and total dissolved solids concentration in water. Strong relationships were also found between TDS and phosphates as well as between pH and dissolved oxygen. Finally, the increasing trend of values of the examined peat water physico-chemical properties with land use disturbance (cultivation) indicates peatland degradation.

Design of machine learning-based water quality prediction system with recursive feature elimination cross-validation

Lack of clean water has become a problem in the world, and it is estimated that by 2025 there will be 2.8 billion people who will experience a shortage of clean water. The high demand for clean water and the limited water sources with proper potency is one of the main reasons for the need for a device capable of measuring the potability level of water that is flexible to carry and does not require high costs in the manufacturing process. In this paper, the design of machine learning-based potability devices with recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) is carried out as a guide in making the design of a water potability detection system, and the results obtained from RFECV with the Random Forest (RF) algorithm have a higher accuracy value. 15.71% better than the RF model, 6.85% better than the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model, and 8.57% better than the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model trained without RFECV. The water potability prediction system's design selection is based on feature elimination results in the RFECV process. It is based on a literature review on device selection. The proposed water potability detection system consists of ESP32 as the primary computing device, electrochemical spectroscopy-based Al/PET sensor to detect sulfate values with a sensitivity of 0.874 Ω/ppm, PH4502C as a pH measuring instrument with an accuracy of up to 98.10%, WD-35802-49 electrode. as a device for measuring hardness in water with a measurement range of 0.4 – 40,000 ppm, a total dissolved solids sensor to determine the solids content in water with an accuracy of up to 97.80%, as well as a carbon-based sensor for measuring chloramines with a reading capacity of 186 nA/ppm.

Lake ecosystems as proxies of change in a post-pandemic era.

A wide spectrum of algal–bacterial-viral relationships in aquatic ecosystems provide a complex matrix of interactions with abiotic factors such as temperature, pH and total solids concentrations in water. These relationships are quite reflective of the summative status of changes undergone by the lacustrine environments. However, the environmental risks and vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems in the regions of Global South including India, owing to the increase in sewage and domestic discharges with high loads of viral particles in the post-COVID-19 times have only been sparsely reported. Collective scenarios emerging from the influential factors such as the increase in salinity and total solids need to be explored for scientific significance and understanding. The present article opines that while the changes in the biotic and abiotic factors can enhance or alleviate these risks, identification of the stable and alternate states of the ecosystems make excellent ecosystem level proxies for pandemic-related disturbances at a macro-scale. Further, the need to plan Nature based Solutions to counter these risks under pandemic-like scenarios is discussed.

Drop impact of dairy product solutions at the onset of drying

Vertical impacts of heated dairy product droplets onto stainless steel surfaces have been experimentally studied using high-speed photography. The experiments were carried out under conditions of controlled temperature and humidity within an environmental chamber, and a numerical model was used to simulate the initial heating and evaporation processes. The droplets consisted of non-Newtonian (shear-thinning) solutions of infant formula or whole milk reconstituted at 45 wt % total solids content in water. Data obtained from image analysis were used to determine the effect of air and surface temperatures up to 140 °C on droplets during impact and spreading. The results show that drop spreading following an initial drying treatment depends on the type of drying applied. Droplets spread further with increasing air temperature, whereas it was found that surface temperatures below 120 °C only had a minor effect on droplet spreading. Moreover, the drops spread less with increasing chamber air temperature when they were air-dried at room temperature in an acoustic levitator for two minutes prior to impact. These trends have been analysed by considering the fluid viscosity, which decreases with temperature in bulk samples, but increases within any outer crust of dried liquid. Impacts were recorded for drop diameters in the range 1.5–3 mm at an impact velocity of 2.90 ± 0.03 m/s. This research should assist with understanding spray-drying of dairy products, and will be more broadly applicable to drop impacts involving heat flows and complex, non-Newtonian fluids.

Spatio-temporal variability of Turbidity over Ukai Reservoir, by using RS2/R2A LISS III Satellite datasets

Turbidity is an optical determination of water clarity. It is one of the most important optically active water parameter to assess the water quality through the remote sensing observations. Turbidity measurements come from suspension of sediment such as silt or clay, inorganic materials, or organic matter such as algae, plankton and decaying material. Turbidity and total suspended matter often overlap each other. However, it is not a direct measurement of the total suspended materials in water. Instead, as a measure of relative clarity, turbidity is often used to indicate changes in the total suspended solids concentration in water without providing an exact measurement of solids. Through remote sensing we can monitor the turbidity in large water bodies, rives, coastal areas etc. An algorithm has been developed to estimate the turbidity (in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) over inland waters (Ukai reservoir) using empirical relationship between normalized Green and Red bands (NDTI : Normalized Difference Turbidity Index) of Resourcesat-2 and Resourcsat-2A Linear Imaging Self Scanning-III (RS2 and R2A LISS-III) dataset. Derived algorithm shows a strong coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.97) with the in-situ turbidity measurements. The field measurements were carried out over Ukai reservoir on 27-28th March 2018, where synchronous in situ water leaving reflectance and turbidity were measured. Model was derived between in situ measured turbidity and NDTI derived from spectral reflectance of band 2 (Green) and band 3 (Red) of RS2 and R2A LISS-III. The model was applied to derive the turbidity maps of Ukai reservoir for pre-monsoon (March, April and May months) season during the period 2012 to 2018. Overall turbidity ranges from 1.47-20 NTU during the field data collection of pre-monsoon season and overall scene derived turbidity ranges are between 2 – 33 NTU. The highest observed turbidity value was more than fourteen times greater than the lowest value that shows the natural variability within the reservoir for the same season. Remotely sensed data sets can increase the abilities of water resources researchers and decision making persons to monitor waterbodies more effectively and frequently.

Drop impact of non-Newtonian dairy-based solutions

Vertical drop impacts of dairy-based solutions on to smooth stainless steel surfaces have been experimentally studied using high-speed photography. Seven test fluids were prepared using infant formula, whole milk, and whey protein powders, reconstituted at 10–45% total solids content in water. Their shear-thinning rheology yielded Herschel-Bulkley consistency indices up to 385 (mPa s) n with a flow index of n = 0.67. Impacts covered ranges of drop diameters (1.75–3.15 mm) and impact velocities (0.90–3.50 m s −1 ) producing Weber numbers between 35 and 605. Observed outcomes for different fluids were dominated by differences in rheology, and shear-thinning was evident when comparing maximum spread of the two most viscous solutions. To describe the normalised maximum spreading diameter ( β max ), a model which interpolates between capillary and viscous regimes, and which was developed for Newtonian fluids, was successfully adapted for shear-thinning drops. The time taken to reach maximum spread ( t s ) was best described using power-law models in which the dimensional time is proportional to either the Reynolds or Ohnesorge number raised by an exponent. This research should assist with understanding spray-drying of milk, and will be more broadly applicable to processes involving spraying and impact of shear-thinning droplets. • A detailed study of dairy-based liquid drop impacts using high-speed photography. • The fluids with high solids concentrations are non-Newtonian (shear-thinning). • Outcomes for different fluids are dominated by differences in rheology. • Appropriate models are identified for the extent and timing of maximum spread. • The study has broad relevance for food processing using stainless-steel surfaces.

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-induced self-assembly (ROMPISA) of a cisplatin analogue for high drug-loaded nanoparticles

We report the one-pot aqueous phase synthesis of cisplatin drug loaded micellar nanoparticles using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (ROMPISA).

EFFICIENCY OF FLOCULUVES TO REMOVE COWLINES FROM WATER

The paper presents the results of studies of the effectiveness of different types of flocculants in the processes of illumination of kaolin suspensions. It is established that the suspension of kaolin particles is characterized by high dispersion and is difficult to be exposed to light. At initial turbidity of a suspension of 225 mg/dm3, the residual solids content in water after settling for 2 hours is 75 mg/dm3. The influence of different types of flocculants on the intensification of the processes of protection is studied. Fluorescents Magnafloc-156 with anionic charge and molecular weight up to 20 million c. u. in flocculants were used as reagents and Zetag-7692 with cation charge and molecular weight up to 20 million c. u. as well as solutions of polyacrylamide (PAA) as a nonionic flocculant. The effectiveness of Magnafloc-156 flocculant was rather low and, in general, the addition of this reagent only inhibits the process of lighting. If at concentration of flocculant 1 mg/dm3 the intensity of protection is comparable to the intensity of resistance without treatment with reagents, further increase of concentration only worsens the situation. At the same time, the minimum residual concentration of solid phase in treated water at a content of flocculant 10 mg/dm3 was only 10.3 mg/dm3, but the minimum apparent volume of sediment thus – 94 % of the initial volume of the suspension, which does not allow the reagent to be considered suitable for practical use. The effectiveness of the Zetag-7692 flocculant proved to be much better, even though its properties significantly differ from the similar properties of the previous flocculant. Although the minimum apparent volume of the solid phase after 2 hours of defrosting was 79 % of the initial volume of suspension at a residual solid phase concentration of 29 mg/dm3, such indicators do not allow to recommend this reagent for use in the treatment of water containing a significant amount of particles kaolin The use of PAA allowed to get the best result in the scope of this work. At pH 4 there is a decrease in the imaginary volume of solid phase to 60 % of the initial volume of suspension. This value could not be recorded for other conditions under the conditions studied for other flocculants. At other values of pH this increase is not observed. The use of PAA also provides the lowest residual solids concentration in the solvent for 2 hours of suspension. Moreover, with an increase in pH to 11, they grow more than 2 times. However, even with such results, PAA can not be considered as sufficient reagent to remove kaolin particles from the aqueous medium. Thus, none of the three types of investigated flocculants does not provide regulatory requirements for the solid phase content in drinking water treated with settling.Key words: kaolin, flocculant, settling, lighting, water treatment, reduction of turbidity of water.

Synthesis of Low-Dimensional Polyion Complex Nanomaterials via Polymerization-Induced Electrostatic Self-Assembly.

Nanostructured polyion complexes (PICs) are appealing in biomaterials applications. Yet, conventional assembly suffers from the weakness in scale-up and reproducibility. Only a few low-dimensional PICs are available to date. Herein we report an efficient and scalable strategy to prepare libraries of low-dimensional PICs. It involves a visible-light-mediated RAFT polymerization of ionic monomer in the presence of a polyion of the opposite charge at 5-50 % w/w total solids concentration in water at 25 °C, namely, polymerization-induced electrostatic self-assembly (PIESA). A Vesicle, multi-compartmental vesicle, and large-area unilamellar nanofilm can be achieved in water. A long nanowire and porous nanofilm can be prepared in methanol/water. An unusual unimolecular polyion complex (uPIC)-sphere-branch/network-film transition is reported. This green chemistry offers a general platform to prepare various low-dimensional PICs with high reproducibility on a commercially viable scale under eco-friendly conditions.

Synthesis of Low‐Dimensional Polyion Complex Nanomaterials via Polymerization‐Induced Electrostatic Self‐Assembly

AbstractNanostructured polyion complexes (PICs) are appealing in biomaterials applications. Yet, conventional assembly suffers from the weakness in scale‐up and reproducibility. Only a few low‐dimensional PICs are available to date. Herein we report an efficient and scalable strategy to prepare libraries of low‐dimensional PICs. It involves a visible‐light‐mediated RAFT polymerization of ionic monomer in the presence of a polyion of the opposite charge at 5–50 % w/w total solids concentration in water at 25 °C, namely, polymerization‐induced electrostatic self‐assembly (PIESA). A Vesicle, multi‐compartmental vesicle, and large‐area unilamellar nanofilm can be achieved in water. A long nanowire and porous nanofilm can be prepared in methanol/water. An unusual unimolecular polyion complex (uPIC)‐sphere‐branch/network‐film transition is reported. This green chemistry offers a general platform to prepare various low‐dimensional PICs with high reproducibility on a commercially viable scale under eco‐friendly conditions.

Water Quality Functions of a 15‐Year‐Old Riparian Forest Buffer System1

Newbold, J. Denis, Susan Herbert, Bernard W. Sweeney, Paul Kiry, and Stephen J. Alberts, 2010. Water Quality Functions of a 15‐Year‐Old Riparian Forest Buffer System. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):299‐310. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00421.xAbstract: We monitored long‐term water quality responses to the implementation of a three‐zone Riparian Forest Buffer System (RFBS) in southeastern Pennsylvania. The RFBS, established in 1992 in a 15‐ha agricultural (row crop) watershed, consists of: Zone 1, a streamside strip (∼10 m wide) of permanent woody vegetation for stream habitat protection; Zone 2, an 18‐ to 20‐m‐wide strip reforested in hardwoods upslope from Zone 2; and Zone 3, a 6‐ to 10‐m‐wide grass filter strip in which a level lip spreader was constructed. The monitoring design used paired watersheds supplemented by mass balance estimates of nutrient and sediment removal within the treated watershed. Tree growth was initially delayed by drought and deer damage, but increased after more aggressive deer protection (1.5 m polypropylene shelters or wire mesh protectors) was instituted. Basal tree area increased ∼20‐fold between 1998 and 2006, and canopy cover reached 59% in 2006. For streamwater nitrate, the paired watershed comparison was complicated by variations in both the reference stream concentrations and in upslope groundwater nitrate concentrations, but did show that streamwater nitrate concentrations in the RFBS watershed declined relative to the reference stream from 2002 through the end of the study in early 2007. A subsurface nitrate budget yielded an average nitrate removal by the RFBS of 90 kg/ha/year, or 26% of upslope subsurface inputs, for the years 1997 through 2006. There was no evidence from the paired watershed comparison that the RFBS affected streamwater phosphorus concentration. However, groundwater phosphorus did decline within the buffer. Overland flow sampling of 23 storms between 1997 and 2006 showed that total suspended solids concentration in water exiting the RFBS to the stream was on average 43% lower than in water entering the RFBS from the tilled field. Particulate phosphorus concentration was lower by 22%, but this removal was balanced by a 26% increase in soluble reactive phosphorus so that there was no net effect on total phosphorus.

Physical quality and sediment transport in drainage water from a manured and fertilized cropping operation

Abstract Results of a three‐year investigation on the effect of large‐scale plowdown of liquid manure on the physical quality of drainage water and sediment transport in a 594 ha agricultural watershed are presented. It was found that with proper management good drainage water quality can be maintained. Specific conductivity measurements can be used for quick estimates of the dissolved solids content in water. The bulk of the annual sediment transport takes place during the snowmelt runoff. The amount of sediment transport is greatly influenced by hydrological conditions of flow.