Solid Waste Forms Research Articles

A short review of the sustainable utilization of coal gangue in environmental applications.

The production of coal gangue, a by-product of coal mining and washing, is rapidly increasing due to growing energy consumption. As the accumulated coal gangue has not been appropriately utilized, this has resulted in a squander of resources, waste disposal problems, and environmental pollution issues. However, coal gangue, a form of solid waste, exhibits various potential applications in the field of recycling. Currently, the processing capacity and utilization rate of coal gangue are insufficient to meet the demands of global low-carbon environmental protection. As such, this paper provides a detailed overview of the physical and chemical properties of coal gangue and its resource utilization methods in the environmental field, particularly in soil remediation, soil reclamation, the preparation of adsorbents for heavy metals, dyes, and CO2, and as catalysts for organic degradation and catalytic cracking. This review highlights the significance of coal gangue classification according to its properties for the comprehensive utilization of gangue. Additionally, we briefly introduce and discuss suggestions for future directions of research and development in this area. Nevertheless, with regard to the environmental impact of secondary pollution and the efficiency of coal gangue utilization, there remain numerous obstacles that hinder future research. This review is expected to provide significant insights into the development of coal gangue utilization strategies, potentially facilitating the efficient and practical large-scale management of solid waste.

Chemical Characteristics of Palm Frond and Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar in Pyrolysis Method

Indonesia's palm oil production continues to increase. The increase in palm oil production has implications for the high amount of waste generated in the form of solid and liquid waste. Solid waste that is produced is fronds and empty bunches. So far, the utilization of frond and empty bunch waste has not been maximized, so that its presence in the oil palm plantation area accumulates and tends to interfere with oil palm maintenance and harvesting activities. Processing the waste of fronds and empty bunches with pyrolysis method to make biochar can be the right solution to maximize the use value of these wastes. Biochar has many benefits for soil and plants such as soil improver that can effectively increase soil pH and CEC. In addition, it can help bind nutrients in the soil so that they become available to plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical characteristics of biochar waste fronds and empty bunches. The results of chemical tests of palm frond biochar and empty palm bunches obtained the results of N, P, K, C/N, Ash Content, pH, and C-Organic respectively of 0.47%, 0.04%, 0.96%, 4.86%, 7.96, and 50.18% on palm frond biochar and 0.91%, 0.03%, 0.67%, 7,18%, 6.31 %, and 58.04% on empty palm bunches. These results meet the requirements of SNI 06-3730-1995 to be applied to soil.

Analysis of AMDAL aspects on Bangkalan Red Land Goat Farms in the Perspective of Business Feasibility Study

Goat farms in Indonesia are currently developing very rapidly because many results can be obtained. Some of the results include the sale of parent, child and milk. Another addition is the result of processing goat manure (inthil) into organic fertilizer. Good feed provision and sufficient quantities need to be done to improve the quality of goats, milk and tillers produced. In order to continue to provide quality feed, knowledge is needed for making good quality fermented goat feed and can last a long time. Various kinds of processed goat milk can be produced such as pure milk packed in bottles or milk powder. Waste goat manure, both in the form of solid waste (inthil) or liquid waste (urine) if managed properly will provide economic added value. In addition, it is also necessary to assume about management and good marketing techniques to get maximum profits. The use of information technology (e-commerce) will be able to expand the marketing range of goat products in Indonesia.

Study on the microscopic characteristics and hydration mechanism of thermo-alkali activated electrolytic manganese residue geopolymers

As a form of solid waste, electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) exhibits low reactivity, high sulfate content, and exceeds the standards for heavy metals. To address these drawbacks, a high-temperature thermal activation method was employed to enhance its reactivity and remove pollutants. The study investigated the physicochemical properties and leaching toxicity of EMR under different thermal activation conditions. Additionally, the thermally activated EMR was utilized in the preparation of geopolymer material, and the influence of EMR activation temperature, EMR content, sodium silicate content, and molar ratio on the mechanical properties, hydration mechanism, microstructure, and leaching toxicity of the EMR geopolymers was analyzed. The results indicated that after activation in the temperature range of 0–1200°C, the active content of silica-alumina in EMR increased, sulfate decomposition occurred, and the leaching of Mn2+ and NH4+-N decreased to 21.24 and 0.576 mg/L, respectively. When the activation temperature reached 1200°C, the compressive strength of the geopolymer, prepared with 50 % EMR, 50 % granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), 30 % sodium silicate, and a molar ratio of 1.2, could reach 53.2 MPa at 28-day. Under activation in the range of 0–800°C, ettringite was abundant in the geopolymers, providing strength support. With activation in the range of 800–1200°C, the geopolymers became denser, exhibiting flaky and agglomerate gels. A diffraction peak appeared at 20°-40°(2θ) corresponding to C-(A)-S-H and N-S-A-H gels. Due to the slow depolymerization-polymerization kinetics of the EMR geopolymer and high sulfate content, the heat release rate and cumulative heat were significantly lower than ordinary portland cement (OPC). In the structure of EMR geopolymer, Mn2+ replaced Na+ and Ca2+ in the silicoaluminate structure or chemically bonded with anionic groups to the geopolymer. Simultaneously, Mn2+ participated in the formation of the EMR geopolymer gel, encapsulating within the gel. Therefore, the leaching of pollutants from EMR geopolymers met the standards of GB8978–1996.

Analysis of Sea and River Water Quality Standards Due to Operations and Domestic Activities in the Sanur Port Area, Bali

The development of an area has impacts, both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact is in the form of regional economic growth, employment and development of the surrounding regions. The negative impact is the disruption of the environmental ecosystem and a decrease in environmental quality due to waste generated from development operations, in the form of solid waste (garbage) and liquid waste. The increasing pollution load is also caused by public awareness and business activities in upstream areas that do not manage waste properly, which ultimately leads to all of the waste accumulating in water bodies and causing changes in water quality standards. Sanur Port, which is one of the development centers in its operations, is very vulnerable to environmental pollution impacts. The pollution mechanism originates from activities around Sanur Port and domestic activities which are discharged into rivers and seas in the Sanur area. This research aims to analyze the quality of river water and sea water caused by activities around Sanur Port and community activities based on Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 51 of 2004 and determine the pollution index. Water quality standards use Bali Governor Regulation no. 16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Quality Standard Criteria for Environmental Damage. This research uses a quantitative approach by collecting primary data from direct observations in the field and secondary data based on previous research reports and government reports. The research results show that TDS in the rainy season tends to be lower than in the dry season, both in the results of testing samples of Abianbase river water, the results of testing samples of sea water in front of the Mak Beng Restaurant and sea water samples in the Sanur Port Pool. In front of Mak Beng, ammonia levels during the rainy season are higher than during the dry season. Ammonia levels in the Abianbase River and sea water in front of Sanur port are lower during the rainy season compared to the dry season. The presence of Coliform bacteria and E. coli shows a tendency to decrease during the rainy season. This decrease is thought to be caused by leaching by rainwater entering marine waters and retailing and changes in ocean currents during the rainy season.

Incorporation of spent ion exchange resin simulate into cement composites

Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) of spent radioactive ion exchange resins (IER) is one of many critical problems facing developing nuclear industries all over the world. Immobilization technology using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as an inert matrix, has been widely applied for the solidification/stabilization of spent ion exchange resin. In this study incorporation of simulated IER into cement matrix and characterization of the final solid waste form (FWF) had been searched practically in laboratory scale experiments. Factors that can affect the properties of the FWF including the water/cement (w/c) ratios and the resin concentration were studied systematically. Mechanical integrities, thermal analysis, and mass loss during hardening and curing for 28 days were evaluated for FWF hard blocks. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) examinations were performed to investigate the internal architecture of the FWF. Moreover, the heat of cement hydration reactions was recorded during the IER solidification process. Based on the experimental results obtained, it is worth to state that according to its acceptable characteristics and advantages of cement as an inert matrix, it can be suggested safely for the immobilization of untreated spent radioactive ion exchange resins.

Utilization of (Ca, Mg)-Zr phosphates adsorbents saturated by Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions in NZP ceramic matrices

A novel approach to the utilization of (Ca, Mg)-Zr phosphate adsorbents saturated by Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions was developed. The main stages include: (i) Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions adsorption, (ii) the drying and shaping by cold pressing, (iii) the sintering. Metal ions leaching from the powder of the spent adsorbent were 0.2–26.5 % in distillation water (рН 4.0–10.0) and tap water, and increased to 6.4–68.2 % in seawater. Calcination of spent adsorbents at 1000 °C led to a decrease in Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions leaching to less than 1.0 % in tap and seawater. The ceramic matrices with a Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ content of 8.0–30.2 wt %, mechanical compressive strength of 2.9–260.9 MPa, leaching rate of 1.0×10−4 - 4.3×10−7 g/(cm2×day), density of 1.4–3.4 g/cm3 were obtained by cold pressing with subsequent sintering. The samples obtained at molar ratios Zr/(Ca+Mg) of 0.35 and 0.21 were characterized by the highest compressive strength and Cs+ and Sr2+, Co2+ leaching resistance, respectively. The obtained ceramic matrices fitted to the requirements of GOST R 50926–96 and NRC 1991 for solid high-level waste forms.

Thermal degradation of emerging pollutants in municipal solid wastes and agro wastes: effectiveness of catalysts and pretreatment for the conversion of value added products

In this study, emerging soil pollutants in the form of municipal solid waste (MSW) and agricultural waste were converted into biofuel via thermal degradation process. Among various waste-to-energy conversion processes, the pyrolysis of biomass is considered the most significant due to its maximum biofuel yield than other conversion techniques. Individual and co-pyrolysis of MSW and sugarcane residue (SR) as well as its treated variant (TSR) were performed in a lab-setup fixed-bed reactor with and without catalyst. The effect of acid pretreatment and catalytic effects on the pyrolysis process was assessed in terms of product yields and characterization. The acidic pretreatment of SR and catalyst in the pyrolysis process alters the process yield and its composition. The maximum oil yield of 50.5 wt% was achieved by catalytic co-pyrolysis of MSW + TSR + HZSM5, whereas the maximum gas yield of 38.1 wt% was achieved by catalytic co-pyrolysis of MSW + SR + HZSM5. This suggests that intrinsic minerals present in the biomass and MSW, particularly alkali and alkaline earth metals, have a catalytic effect on the devolatilization of organic material and the char cracking event. The pretreatment of biomass showed considerable improvement in the properties of the produced pyrolysis oil and char. Compared to the pyrolysis oil and char obtained from MSW + SR, the oil and char obtained from MSW + TSR + HZSM5 showed a small increment in their heating values. Pretreatment and the catalytic co-pyrolysis process influenced the structure of the pyrolysis oils, increasing the production of phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons. The amount of gas components in pyrolysis gas, such as CH4, CO2, and CO also changed more according to the feedstock used for the process. Overall, the HZSM-5 catalyst and co-pyrolysis of MSW with pretreated SR enhanced the pyrolysis conversion of waste municipal solids and agricultural wastes into energy-rich products.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cancrinite from Coal Gangue for the Immobilization of Sr.

The primary objective of this study is to investigate and develop a rapid and effective method for the immobilization of Sr in the event of a nuclear leakage incident. Coal gangue, an underutilized form of solid waste from the coal industry, can be used as a raw material for curing Sr due to its high content of silica-alumina oxides. In the present study, Sr was successfully solidified in cancrinite synthesized using a hydrothermal method with coal gangue as raw material. A stable cancrinite phase was formed at a relative alkali concentration of more than 6 M. When the Sr/Al(Si) ratio was <1/6, cancrinite was the only stable phase that varied with the hydrothermal temperature and time. When the Sr/Al(Si) ratio increased to 1/2, the cancrinite phase completely disappeared, and a new strontium feldspar phase (SrAl2Si2O8) appeared. PCT leaching experiments showed that when Sr/Al(Si) < 1/6, the Sr leaching rate of Sr-cancrinite samples obtained by hydrothermal synthesis at 180 °C for 24 h was very low.

Analysis of Eco-Efficiency Level in Tofu Processing Using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method

A tofu industrial center in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java requires approximately 700 kg of soybeans per day. There is some waste in tofu processing, including energy consumption, water consumption, and has a negative impact on the environment in the form of liquid waste and solid waste. This study aims to analyze and provide suggestions for improvements regarding the level of eco-efficiency in tofu processing. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using SimaPro software with the scope of "gate to gate". This research resulted in an eco-cost value of IDR 2,005,000 and an EEI value of 0.13 which means that it is affordable but not sustainable. Then obtained an EVR value of 7.5 and an EER rate of -6.5%, which means that the eco-efficiency of tofu products is quite poor. So that the proposed improvements that can be used are minimizing the use of raw materials, water and energy and treating waste from tofu processing according to the predetermined booklet.

Electrochemical Application of Activated Carbon Derived from End-of-Life Tyres: A Technological Review

Tyre waste is a common form of non-degradable polymer-based solid waste. This solid waste can be effectively managed by converting it into char through the pyrolysis process and then further converting the char into activated carbon (AC) through physical and chemical activation processes. Tyre-derived activated carbon (TDAC) has versatile applications, such as its use as an absorber, catalyst, and electrode material, among others. This study aims to review the electrochemical properties of TDAC. This study employed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analysis) bibliographic search methodology, with a specific focus on the application of TDAC in a wide variety of energy storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. In several experimental studies, TDAC was utilised as an electrode in numerous energy devices due to its high specific capacitance properties. The study found that both activation processes can produce AC with a surface area ranging from 400 to 900 m2/g. However, the study also discovered that the surface morphology of TDAC influenced the electrochemical behaviours of the synthesised electrodes.

Characterization of the essential oil content of lemon (Citrus limon burm f.) peel and the active component of the cohobation waste

Lemon (Citrus limon burm f.) peel is a waste from processing lemons that has not been utilized optimally. One effort to utilize lemon peel waste is by extracting essential oils. In the process of extracting essential oils of lemon peel, a waste by-product will be produced in the form of solid waste (cohobation waste). In order to increase the economic value of lemon peel, it is necessary to evaluate the content of active components in the cohobation waste of the lemon peel extraction process. This study aims to examine the essential oil components in lemon peel and the active components contained in the cohobation waste resulted from the extraction process. The essential oil extraction method used was cohobation. The testing method used was the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that the essential oil components extracted from lemon peel were: d-limonene (79.38%), citral (5.98%), neral (3.62%), 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, α.,α.4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (2.94%), linalool (2%), β-myrcene (1.18%), and p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol (1.85%). While the results of the cohobation waste test contained various active components, such as: 9,12 octadecadienoic acid (20.66%), g-sitosterol (11.47%), hexadecanoic acid (9.85%), β-bisabolene (9.45%), β-fenchol (7.57%), α-bergamotene (5.47%), vitamin E (2.57%), and campesterol (2.24%).

Penguatan Manajemen Produksi dengan Penerapan Konsep 3R (Recycle, Reduce and Reuse) pada Agroindustri Makanan Ringan di Kelurahan Lubuk Minturun, Kota Padang

Snack food agro-industry is a potential agribusiness to be developed. Agro-industrial activities produce fresh waste that has yet to be utilized. This waste is in the form of organic solid and liquid waste. Waste left or disposed of will result in pollution. The solution to solve these problems is that waste can be recycled, reduced, and reused, named the 3R concept. This community activity involved advanced service methods, including education and demonstrations to apply the 3R concept for waste—further, the activity team also handovers decomposers and some useful equipment’s for making compost. About ten snack agro-industries attended this service activity. The extension service has provided an understanding to the snack agro-industry regarding implementing 3R and alternatives to reduce the amount of their fresh waste. Demonstrations were related to recycling solid waste into compost and assembling filtering equipment to purify liquid waste. This agro-industry counselling needs to be sustained to consistently apply the 3R concept in the production activities carried out.

Gold tailings-solar salt shape-stabilized phase change materials for medium-high temperature thermal energy storage

Gold tailings (GT) are a form of industrial solid waste generated by gold production that occupy large areas of land and cause a significant environmental burden. This study accordingly prepared a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) for medium-high temperature thermal energy storage using a hybrid sintering method to combine GT as the base material with solar salt (SS) as the phase change material. The resulting gold tailings composite phase change materials (GT-CPCM) was able to retain up to 45 wt% of SS without leakage. The results of an X-ray diffraction analysis suggested excellent chemical compatibility between the GT and SS, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated an even distribution of SS within the GT structure. A mechanical characterization of GT-CPCM specimens revealed a maximum compressive strength of 36.66 MPa. Furthermore, the maximum latent heat of the GT-CPCM was 45.01 J/g, its thermal conductivity was 0.435 W/(m·K), and its energy storage density was 563.01 J/g within 25–400 °C. Critically, the GT-CPCM specimens had good cycling reliability after 100 thermal cycles. Thus, the mechanical and thermal properties of this novel CPCM make it ideal for waste heat recovery with the benefit of utilizing GT as a resource.

EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTIC OF SOIL STABILIZED WITH FLY ASH

High domestic consumption of coal, especially in energy sector, has raised concerns on several environmental issues in Indonesia. Large amount of coal combustion product in the form of solid waste, such as fly ash resulting from coal power plant production causes problems in its disposal since its necessity of land occupancy. Over the last decade, many researchers have put effort to solve this disposal concerns by utilizing these materials for various purposes, such as construction materials as part of circular economy. This paper presents the utilization of fly ash for soil stabilization in Surabaya. Firstly, the index properties of soil samples were determined through a series of laboratory soil test including specific gravity, unit weight, moisture content, sieve analysis and Atterberg’s limit tests. Subsequently, standard proctor test was conducted to obtain the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil samples. Using those parameters, four types of soil stabilized with fly ash samples were prepared with fly ash content based on weight of soil as follows: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Finally, unconfined compression tests were performed with cylindrical soil samples to assess the unconfined compressive strength of those samples. The results indicate that soil with fly ash content of 10% showing the highest unconfined compressive strength compared to the other variations of 0.90 kg/cm2.

Total Mikroba pada Tanah yang Dicemari Sludge Limbah Pabrik Kertas dengan Perlakuan Pupuk Guano

There are 83 paper mills in Indonesia recorded by the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Association (APKI) spread throughout the archipelago. These paper companies produce products in the form of tissues, various types of paper, and other fiber-based products. Efforts to meet the needs of this raw material produce innovations in the form of using waste paper by separating the ink from the fibers contained in the paper, this separation process is known as the deinking process. Paper mill solid waste can be in the form of sludge, pith, and biosludge. Sludge is a factory solid waste originating from the settling of WWTP which consists of 90% solid and 10% liquid. Paper mill waste in the form of solid waste from sludge contains heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn. These metals can be overcome by bioremediation using guano fertilizer which is an organic material derived from bat droppings which is rich in phosphate. The purpose of this study was to determine the microbial population in soil contaminated with paper mill sludge waste treated with guano fertilizer. The parameters observed in this study were the total number of bacteria and fungi that survive in soil contaminated with paper mill waste as an indication that the land can still be planted with certain plants. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Laboratory of Soil and Land Fertility Agrotechnopark – Faculty of Agriculture – University of Jember. This study used a 3x3 two factorial experimental design with the basic pattern of Randomized Block Design (RAK), namely between the concentration of paper mill effluent and the dose of guano fertilizer, each treatment was repeated three times. The microbial population can be determined by analyzing total bacteria, total fungi. Soil that had been contaminated with paper mill waste was incubated with guano fertilizer, each combination was analyzed at 15 hst and 30 hst for total bacterial and total fungal populations. During the incubation period, irrigation was carried out using a sprayer to maintain moisture in the incubation media. The results showed that the total population of bacteria and fungi in the growing media contaminated with paper mill sludge waste by administering different doses of guano showed results that were not significantly different, but the total population tended to increase. with increasing incubation period. Pollution of sludge waste in the planting medium has a significant effect on increasing the total Fungi Population when compared to the control. The relationship between paper mill effluent pollution and guano fertilization is very low with a coefficient of determination of less than 0.5.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Limbah Sagu Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik dengan Bioreaktor Bsfl pada Kelompok Tani “Dwitrap” Kampung Tambat Kabupaten Merauke

The Dwitrap farmer group's sago processing industry in Tambat Village produces sago starch/sago flour products. Apart from producing its main product, the sago processing process also produces side products in the form of solid waste and liquid waste. Waste if not handled properly will have a negative impact on the environment. Solid waste from sago processing is in the form of sago dregs. Solid waste from the sago industry contains 56.86% cellulose and 37.70% lignin. Solid waste if disposed of and left unchecked will cause environmental problems such as odor and increased soil acidity (pH&lt;4) which has an impact on inhibiting growth and even causing death in plants. Therefore, proper handling and management of sago industrial waste is needed to reduce the impact on the environment. The content in sago pulp waste is very useful for various purposes such as animal feed and raw material for making organic fertilizer both solid and liquid. Sago solid waste organic fertilizer can be used by the community as a safe fertilizer for plants in community gardens and also BSF larvae can be used as livestock and fish feed. In addition, the purpose of this activity is to provide knowledge to the community about the impact of waste generated and to provide skills in utilizing waste to make it more economical. The method used to achieve this target is socialization about the impact of sago waste and its potential utilization, training or hands-on practice in making liquid organic fertilizer using black soldier fly larvae bioreactor, activity evaluation, and community assistance. The results of the socialization show that there is a transfer of knowledge to the community. This is indicated by the number of questions asked by the participants to the presenters. After the presentation, the presenter gave feedback questions about the material and training that had just been carried out and the participants were able to answer them appropriately. This indicates an increase in public knowledge about the importance of processing sago waste into organic fertilizer, both solid and liquid. This understanding is important so that awareness arises about the importance of preserving the environment and the sustainability of agriculture in the future. In addition, the training also added new skills to the community, namely that the community could produce both solid and liquid organic fertilizer from kitchen waste and solid sago waste with a simple method.

Substance flow analysis of arsenic and its discharge reduction in the steelworks

Although certain emission standards have been implemented to reduce the air pollution from the steel industry, heavy metal pollution associated with steel production in China has not been well addressed yet. Arsenic is a metalloid element, commonly present in various compounds in many minerals. When it presents in steelworks, it not only affects the quality of steel products, but also causes environmental consequences such as soil degradation, water contamination, air pollution and associated biodiversity loss and public health risks. At present, most of the studies on arsenic were limited to its removal in a certain process, while there has not been a thorough analysis of the flow path of arsenic in steelworks that can facilitate a more efficient removal from its lifecycle. To achieve this, we established a model to depict arsenic flows in steelworks for the first time using adapted substance flow analysis. Then, we further analyzed arsenic flows in the steelworks using a case study in China. Finally, input-output analysis was applied to study the arsenic flow network and explore the reduction potential of arsenic-containing wastes in steelworks. The results show that: 1) the arsenic in the steelworks comes from inputs of iron ore concentrate (55.31 %), coal (12.71 %) and steel scrap (18.67 %), while the outputs were hot rolled coil (65.93 %) and slag (33.03 %). 2) The input, circulation, and final product content of arsenic are 96.120, 32.510, and 66.946 g/t-CS, respectively, and the recycling rate of arsenic was 48.28 %, in the steelworks. 3) The total arsenic discharge from the steelworks is 34.826 g/t-CS. 97.33 % of arsenic is discharged in the form of solid waste. 4) The reduction potential of arsenic in wastes is 14.31 % in the steelworks by adopting low-arsenic raw materials and removing arsenic from processes.

Solidification/Stabilization Technology for Radioactive Wastes Using Cement: An Appraisal.

Across the world, any activity associated with the nuclear fuel cycle such as nuclear facility operation and decommissioning that produces radioactive materials generates ultramodern civilian radioactive waste, which is quite hazardous to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the development of effectual and commanding management is the need of the hour to make certain the sustainability of the nuclear industries. During the management process of waste, its immobilization is one of the key activities conducted with a view to producing a durable waste form which can perform with sustainability for longer time frames. The cementation of radioactive waste is a widespread move towards its encapsulation, solidification, and finally disposal. Conventionally, Portland cement (PC) is expansively employed as an encapsulant material for storage, transportation and, more significantly, as a radiation safeguard to vigorous several radioactive waste streams. Cement solidification/stabilization (S/S) is the most widely employed treatment technique for radioactive wastes due to its superb structural strength and shielding effects. On the other hand, the eye-catching pros of cement such as the higher mechanical strength of the resulting solidified waste form, trouble-free operation and cost-effectiveness have attracted researchers to employ it most commonly for the immobilization of radionuclides. In the interest to boost the solidified waste performances, such as their mechanical properties, durability, and reduction in the leaching of radionuclides, vast attempts have been made in the past to enhance the cementation technology. Additionally, special types of cement were developed based on Portland cement to solidify these perilous radioactive wastes. The present paper reviews not only the solidification/stabilization technology of radioactive wastes using cement but also addresses the challenges that stand in the path of the design of durable cementitious waste forms for these problematical functioning wastes. In addition, the manuscript presents a review of modern cement technologies for the S/S of radioactive waste, taking into consideration the engineering attributes and chemistry of pure cement, cement incorporated with SCM, calcium sulpho-aluminate-based cement, magnesium-based cement, along with their applications in the S/S of hazardous radioactive wastes.

IMPLEMENTATION A COMBINATION OF BIO-DESULFUSIZATION AND TRICKLING FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES WITH A VARIETY OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL FILTER MEDIA IN REDUCING THE CONTENT OF H2S AND TSS IN THE LEATHER-BASED CLOTHING INDUSTRY

&lt;p&gt;Waste generated as a result of the leather processing industry can be in the form of solid, liquid and gas waste. Waste generated from the textile industry made from clothing H2S and TSS which if not treated properly, will be very dangerous for health and the environment. One of the efforts to overcome this problem, is offered in the form of a simple, inexpensive and efficient H2S and TSS waste treatment technology, namely by using a combination of bio-desulfurization and trickling filtration methods as a means of treating liquid waste in the leather-based textile industry, especially for parameters, H2S and TSS. Bio-desulfurization is a sulfur removal process by utilizing the metabolism of microorganisms, namely by converting hydrogen sulfide into elementary sulfur, and trickling wastewater filtration is a treatment process by spreading wastewater into a pile or media bed consisting of Coconut Shell Charcoal to reduce H2S and TSS content in leather-based clothing industry wastewater. The results of the study for H2S parameters in wastewater treated in bio desulfurization reactor and trickling filter with Coconut Shell Charcoal filtering media, the biggest decrease was in filter media with a thickness of 60 cm with a contact time of 30 minutes of 4.43 mg/lt or 88.84%. Likewise, the largest decrease in TSS parameter content was found in a 60 cm filter media thickness with a contact time of 30 minutes of 47.67 mg/lt or 82.54%.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;