Characterization Of Solid Waste Research Articles

Migration of trace elements and radioisotopes to various fractions of solid wastes generated as a result of the sewage sludge incineration process

The research was aimed at providing new knowledge in the field of chemical characteristics of solid waste generated in the process of combustion of sewage sludge in fluidized bed furnaces. The research material consisted of disposed fluidized beds (DFB), sewage sludge ash (SSA) and air pollution control residues (APC) from three Polish installations for the thermal treatment of sewage sludge. Natural radionuclides as well as anthropogenic isotope 137Cs were determined in the tested materials and the migration of a wide spectrum of trace elements to various waste fractions generated in the process of sewage sludge combustion was examined. It was observed that both radioisotopes and most of the trace elements determined accumulate in SSA and DFB, while the APC fraction contains a much smaller amount of them. The exceptions are mercury and selenium, whose volatile compounds migrate to the exhaust gas dedusting system and accumulate in the APC fraction (up to 40 mg/kg and 13 mg/kg, respectively). A potential threat from the 226Ra isotope in SSA is identified in the context of the management of this waste in the production of building materials because the typical activity of 226Ra in SSA collected from areas with very low Ra content in natural environment exceeds 1.5–6 times the activity of this isotope in conventional cement mixtures. When managing SSA and DFB, special attention should be paid to the content of metalloids such as As, B and Se, due to the high content of mobile forms of these elements in the mentioned materials.

Improved slagging characteristics of low-value solid waste fuel asphalt rock by mineral additives of CaCO3, MgO, and Kaolin under fluidized bed condition

Improved slagging characteristics of low-value solid waste fuel asphalt rock by mineral additives of CaCO3, MgO, and Kaolin under fluidized bed condition

Solid waste characteristics and management strategies at ST Theresa (STT) and Holy Cross (HC) hospitals in Chirumanzu rural District, Zimbabwe

AbstractManagement of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

A STUDY ON EFFICIENT MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FOR DEGRADATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OF CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJINAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

With rapid industrial development and the progress of civilization, the problem of increased waste generation has become more complex in urban areas. This research evaluates the composition and characteristics of municipal solid Waste produced in a representative residential neighbourhood. Ten samples were taken from the disposal site of the Chhatrapati—Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area. Gathered from garbage, nine bacterial isolates were made using a nutrient agar medium. Investigations were conducted into the best culture conditions, microbiological traits, biochemical traits within the strains, tolerance to five heavy metals (Cadmium, zinc, Arsenic, lead and mercury), sensitivity to four different antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamycin), and extracellular enzyme production of the microbial strains. All six strains that could produce protease were used for the waste degradation efficiency test. Due to these findings, there is now a greater chance of identifying bacteria of scientific significance from municipal waste disposal sites, and these isolates may be a key source of compounds with practical applications in industry. Based on the research, it is possible to extract beneficial bacteria for the environmentally friendly bioconversion of solid Waste from the (Chhatrapati. Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE PALMAS REGION (TO)

The Brazilian rural environment has been urbanizing influenced by the industrialization that reached the agricultural sector, which requires waste management focused on this new reality. In this context, this work aimed to diagnose the situation of rural settlements in the region of Palmas (TO) in the context of solid waste management. In view of this, exploratory field research was carried out with the objective of obtaining qualitative and quantitative data that demonstrated the current situation of these settlements. 83 interviews were conducted with the community, made up of 331 families. Among the results obtained, it was found that the solid waste generated by the surveyed settlements has predominant characteristics of urban solid waste. The treatment, for the most part, is done under the ground or from burning. In contrast, the reuse of organic waste is directed to animal feed. It is concluded that there is a need for adequate waste management for the specificities of rural settlements, mainly aimed at reuse, recycling and training at source.

Transitioning towards circular economy through municipal solid waste analysis and characterisation using SowaCLINK software

Municipal solid waste constitutes environmental challenges globally, especially in developing countries, due to increasing waste generation, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, lack of data and poor planning. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive waste audit on the municipal solid waste generated in Aba, a metropolis in southeastern Nigeria. Aba is a commercial city considered the messiest because of the massive municipal solid waste generation and poor management. The study investigated the energy potential and waste regeneration. Municipal solid waste data was sought to provide insight into the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste. The methodology was site-based, in line with the standard test method for determining unprocessed municipal solid waste (ASTM-D5231-92) and SowaCLINK software, a computer-based environmental application, was used for characterization. Linear extrapolation was adopted to quantify the rate of municipal solid waste generated. The geometric mean was applied to forecast the area’s population for a 10-year design period. The chemical elements of the characterized municipal solid waste were utilized based on the ASTM-D5291 standard for municipal solid waste thermochemical conversion, and the high and low heating values were analyzed. The outcomes provided energy recovery potential, the electrical power potential, and the power to the grid of electrical power of the municipal solid waste. The results obtained were 0.7813 kg/p/d and 490,268 t/y for a population of 1,719,185 persons. The percentage of the municipal solid waste components with energy potential was 71%, comprising 48% combustible and 23% organic components on average. The high heating value computed was 176.5 MJ/kg, and the low heating value was 14 MJ/kg. The energy recovery potential was 3,709,463 MWh, the electrical power potential was 38,680 MW, and the power to the grid was 26.1 MW daily. The research reveals a promising direction in transitioning from the linear economy of municipal solid waste management toward implementing an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management based on the circular economy model. The study recommends adopting detailed steps to proffer solutions to the environmental challenges associated with municipal solid waste in most low-middle-income countries to achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management while generating electricity and bio-fertilizers through incineration and anaerobic digestion.

Study on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste in a fixed bed

Study on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste in a fixed bed

Influence of main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW)

To study the influence of the main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW), a 375 t/d mechanical grate incinerator is selected as the research object, and the effects of primary air temperature, secondary air arrangement, and grate speed on the MSW incineration process are simulated, and experimental tests are carried out under different primary air temperature and grate speed conditions. The results show that the relative errors between the measured and simulated values of the incinerator outlet O2 content and the measurement point temperature are within ±5% for all test conditions. When the primary air temperature increases from 423 K to 503 K, the position where the MSW incineration ends moves 3.32 m towards the front of the grate, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates also increase, but the maximum volatile release rate and the optimal incineration condition of the MSW occur at the primary air temperature of 483 K. The increase in grate speed delays the incineration process of MSW and decreases the moisture evaporation rate and fixed carbon combustion rate, but it worsens the incineration effect of MSW. When the grate speed increases from 6.94 m/h to 13.88 m/h, the MSW incineration process is delayed by 3.20 m, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates decrease by 43 kg·m−2·h−1 and 9 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. To achieve the optimal operating conditions, the secondary air volume ratio of the front and rear arches is 1.59:1, the secondary air direction of the front arch is 40° and 60°, and that of the rear arch is 0° for the primary air temperature of 463 K and 483 K, respectively. This study can provide useful insights for optimizing the design and operation of mechanical grate incinerators.

Analysis and Characterization of Municipal Solid Wastes Generated in Ifugao State University Potia Campus: A Basis For Planning of Waste Management

The end of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the total return of students and employees in Ifugao State University Potia Campus, a higher education institution located in Potia, Alfonso Lista, Ifugao, Philippines. However, the return of the pre-pandemic operations on campus caused problems in managing the generated municipal solid wastes. Hence, an analysis and characterization of the generated municipal solid wastes was conducted to determine important data that can be used for future waste management planning. The generated municipal solid wastes were gathered from the various waste generators within the campus for five consecutive days. The total generated municipal solid waste on the campus was about 140.10 kg.day-1, most of which was contributed by the canteens (20.86%). The generated municipal solid wastes were dominated by biodegradable waste (48.65%) and recyclable waste (37.26%). In addition, most of the generated municipal solid wastes were related to people’s food and beverage consumption behavior. The total volume of the MSW generated daily was about 5.647 m3. It is recommended that the campus create and enforce its waste management plan to specifically address the aforementioned characteristics of the generated municipal solid wastes.

Characterization and Environmental Risk Assessment of Coal-based Solid Waste Towards Underground Backfilling

Characterization and Environmental Risk Assessment of Coal-based Solid Waste Towards Underground Backfilling

Integrated Waste-to-Energy Process Optimization for Municipal Solid Waste

Within the past few decades, thousands of experiments have been performed to characterize urban waste and biomass to estimate their bioenergy potential and product identification. There is a need to develop an integrated process model based on the experimental literature, as well as simulations to obtain suitable products. In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW), including paper and plastic characterization and an integrated process model, were developed to optimize the final products in a reactor system. The process model has two modes, R&D and reactor control (RC), to obtain suitable products including bio-oil, char, and gases. A database was integrated based on thermokinetics, machine learning, and simulation models to optimize product efficiency. The experimental data include those obtained by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which were linked to a pyrolysis experimental setup. Feedstock product mapping models were incorporated into the database along with the temperature, heating rates, elemental analysis, and final product concentration, which were utilized for the pyrolysis reactor setup. Product feasibility was conducted based on life cycle cost, affordability, and product efficiency. The present work will bridge the gap between experimental studies and decision-making based on obtained products under several experimental conditions around the world.

A Study on Physical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste of Jammu City on the basis of Socioeconomic Status of the Population

Generation of waste has been associated with humans since dawn of civilization. But in recent decades due to factors like ever increasing population, urbanization and industrialization, the amount of waste generated has spiked to enormous proportions. The composition of waste has significantly changed since plastic was first used in the middle of the 19th century. MSW management is a significant environmental concern in India. Jammu City generates an immense amount of solid waste, approximately 350–400 metric tons (MT) daily, with an individual generation rate of around 0.55 kg per day. MSW management in Jammu City is handled by the Jammu Municipal Corporation (JMC). In the city, MSW collection, transportation, and disposal are all handled by JMC. MSW of Jammu city is disposed at Kot Bhalwal which is an open landfill site. As of now no prior treatment of MSW is being done. Present study attempts to assess the current state of MSW management in Jammu city. Sampling was done in the month of July, 2022 from 15 different wards classified in the basis of socioeconomic status and physical characterization of MSW was conducted. This paper analyzes the results obtained from physical characteristics of MSW from three diverse socioeconomic groups HIG, MIG and LIG. This would help in understanding the waste generation pattern of different socioeconomic groups. MSW from MIG contains large proportion of organic matter (55%) and is thus suitable for composting and bio-methanation, however MSW collected from HIG locality contain high proportion of inorganic materials like paper/cardboard, plastic, polythene and textile waste and therefore it is suitable for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility. MSW from Jammu city also contain high fraction of inert waste (20% to 45%). Inert waste can be easily disposed but when it is mixed with MSW it increases the volume and weight of total MSW and therefore increase the difficulty if MSW management. This study also explores the alternative approaches to MSWM in Jammu city. Data generated by present study will be beneficial to JMC for designing future course of action for management of MSW of Jammu City.

Cultivation methods, characterization, and biocatalytic potential of organic solid waste degrading bacteria isolated from sugarcane rhizospheric soil and compost

Cultivation methods, characterization, and biocatalytic potential of organic solid waste degrading bacteria isolated from sugarcane rhizospheric soil and compost

EXAMINING DATA COLLECTION AND COMPILATION FOR DEVELOPING BIOGAS PLANTS FOR RECYCLED WASTE MANAGEMENT

In this study, open disposal area, unfortunately, stills the means of open burning of solids waste in developing environment. Provide for leachate and gas control system. The untreated dumping encourages the breeding of insects and rodents and causes several health diseases, movement of leachate into the subsurface. Due to the improper lining, raw solids waste from the existing dumping site comes in contact with directly, causing severe deterioration the quality of the water. The solid waste characterization, the effect of leachate in the dumping site, groundwater quality analysis and also for 51 wards question sheet survey has been conducted that results were analyzed using SPSS 17. Various physic and chemical parameters were estimated this includes pH, turbidity, chloride, total hardness, calcium & magnesium hardness, sulphate and TDS, major cations such as calcium, magnesium ion. Everyday Thanjavur dumping ground receives 115 tones of Municipal Solid Waste from the Thanjavur city. In the part of result analysis, groundwater samples showed that dumping ground leachate constitutes a serious warning to the local aquifers. The waste generated in Thanjavur contains a maximum portion of biodegradable material, moisture content high, calorific value low and it is acceptable for biogas production. In this project, a fixed dome type biogas plant is designed because of low cost and a plan/model is recommended to improve the existing MSWM. The recommended model deals with maximize recycling and minimize landfilling of the Municipal Solid Waste. This study also has to be improved to provide efficient and effective MSWM.

Evaluation of thermochemical and kinetic characterisation of lignite and municipal solid waste and their blends for sustainable and clean conversion under TGa

With the expansion in generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) due to population growth, and also increase the demand of clean energy production, and the curb of land filling of MSW, it has established the need of our society to use MSW with the available lignite under-the-vision of waste-to-energy (WtE). WtE technique is an environment-friendly way for disposing of MSW into the useful way globally. The thermal characteristics of MSW with lignite and their blends were investigated to analyze thermal stability. Blends of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% of MSW with lignite were prepared and tested in thermogravimetric analyzer from ambient to 1000?C under heating-rate 10?C/min. This study revealed that steep in weight-loss profiles in TG curves was reduced as MSW contents increased. It was observed, MSW proportions in blends significantly affect the combustion profiles and associated parameters like ignition temperature, weight-loss and activation energy. The blends showed combustion properties of MSW and lignite as maximum weight-loss occurred between the individual fuels. Moreover, results indicated that with low proportion of MSW as 10% didn?t significantly affect the combustion behavior and properties. While blend 30% shows the more thermal stability than other samples. Thermal profiles of all blended samples occurred in between of the parent samples. Results obtained from experiment help to predict co-combustion thermal behavior of MSW and lignite in existing facilities to generate clean-energy in sustainable way from commercial power plants. The kinetic parameters obtained by Horowitz-Metzger method showed improvement in ignition performance and find the difference between blends.

Portable hydroxyl-functionalized coal gangue-based cordierite porous ceramics sheets for effective adsorption of fluorine-containing wastewater.

Monolithic adsorbent removal of fluoride from water is considered an effective and non-secondary pollution method. Here, a portable hydroxyl-functionalized coal gangue-based cordierite porous ceramic sheet (ACGC-Fe) is prepared by using coal gangue solid waste with a specific silicon-aluminum-rich composition ratio and a small amount of magnesium oxide as a raw material through powder compression molding and mild chemical modification. The prepared ACGC-Fe can be used to treat fluorine-containing wastewater and the maximum adsorption of fluorine can reach 18.69 mg g-1. The Langmuir (Freundlich) adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model here provided a satisfactory description of the fluoride removal operating mechanism, and it is confirmed that the adsorption mechanism of ACGC-Fe is mainly attributed to the chemisorption of hydrogen bonds (with hydroxyl group) and ionic bonds (with metal), and physical adsorption based on cordierite porous ceramic pores. This research will provide a new idea for designing high-performance materials by mining and analyzing the composition and structure characteristics of coal gangue solid waste itself and broaden the application range of high-value-added coal gangue solid waste.

Study on the Co-gasification characteristics of biomass and municipal solid waste based on machine learning

Co-gasification of biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) exhibits synergistic effects by improving the quality of syngas while reducing environmental pollution from MSW. In this study, Machine learning (ML) techniques were employed to investigate the co-gasification process of biomass and MSW. A comprehensive dataset was constructed using existing data, including different feedstock types and operating conditions, with 18 input features and 9 output features. Four advanced ML models were utilized to model and analyze the co-gasification process. By leveraging feedstock characteristics and operating parameters, key gasification parameters such as syngas composition, lower heating value (LHV) of syngas, tar yield, and carbon conversion efficiency were predicted. The results showed that all four models exhibited excellent predictive performance, with R2 values greater than 0.9 in both the training and testing stage. Specifically, Histogram-based gradient boosting regression (HGBR) exhibited the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) in predicting CO, while the gradient boosting regressor (GBR) achieved the best performance in H2 prediction with a RMSE of 1.6. The most influential input features for CO concentration were equivalence ratio (ER), oxygen content in biomass and hydrogen content in biomass. The key features affecting H2 concentration were steam/fuel and ER.

Characterising and Analysing the Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Delhi, India

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and characteristics from four landfill sites in Delhi, India. The study reveals that the moisture content in the MSW from all sites was below 40%, impacting leachate formation and microbial activities. Varied compositions were observed among the sites, with the Okhla landfill having higher paper and plastic content, while the Ghazipur landfill exhibited elevated wood content. Recycling emerges as a crucial focus, with approximately 36.5% of the waste comprising reusable materials like plastic and paper. Composting, particularly vermicomposting, proves to be a promising waste disposal method due to the substantial organic content (approximately 75%) in the MSW. These findings hold significant implications for waste management policies in Delhi, encouraging sustainable practices and effective waste treatment strategies for a greener future.

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Some Urban Agglomeration in the Past Five Years

The treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste has increasingly become a common concern around the world, and the characteristics of municipal solid waste(MSW) are an important basis for the selection of terminal treatment methods. In this study, more than 400 MSW samples from over 30 cities across China were collected, and the basic physical and chemical properties, such as the physical composition, pollutant content, and calorific value, were analyzed. Shenzhen was taken as an example to analyze the influence of time and waste sorting measures on the physical and chemical characteristics of MSW. The correlation model between MSW composition and calorific value was established using partial least squares(PLS) regression, and the model was verified. The results showed that with per capita GDP increasing by 10,000 yuan, per capita MSW production and the low calorific value of MSW increased by 0.1 kg·(person·d)-1 and 373.8 kJ·kg-1, respectively. However, when per capita GDP was less than 60,000 yuan, the correlation between per capita GDP and per capita MSW production was relatively poor. Kitchen waste was still the most abundant component of MSW, and the content of most samples was between 40% and 60%. The combustible content of rubber/plastic and paper was relatively high, between 20%-30% and 10%-20%, respectively. The inorganic content did not usually exceed 5%, and the moisture content of the MSW was between 50% and 60%. After the implementation of waste classification in 2019, the content of kitchen waste in MSW had been significantly reduced, the content of rubber/plastic had increased, and other components had not changed much. Additionally, the calorific value of waste had been improved to a certain extent. The pollution element contents in MSW, S Cl, and N were all below 1%, and the average value was:N>Cl>S. The contents of Hg, As, Cr, Cd, and Pb in MSW samples did not change significantly with the composition and sampling time, and the content of Pb and Cr in MSW was affected by the environmental background value. The model analysis revealed that rubber/plastics and moisture content were the main variables that affected the calorific value of MSW. The deviation between the measured value and the predicted value was less than 20% for 85.96% of the samples. The model established in this study can meet the needs of the prediction of the calorific value of MSW.

Quantification & Management of Solid Waste Generated in Municipal Area Lucknow

Abstract: In India's cities and towns, managing solid waste is one of the most difficult issues. In Indian cities, the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) is accelerated by rising population levels, brisk economic expansion, and rising community living standards. Solid Waste Management (SWM) at the community level presents a number of challenging issues that must be understood and addressed, and the Center's survey for the characterization and quantification of solid waste in Lucknow's Gram Panchayats is an important undertaking. Solid waste management (SWM) is an organized process that addresses solid waste storage, collecting, transportation, processing, and disposal. Each of these steps is essential for reducing the negative effects of solid waste on human health, the environment, and aesthetics. By stratifying Gram Panchayats according to population size, the survey took a logical approach to the task. displaying a careful, data-driven strategy. To gain a thorough understanding of solid waste generation and disposal procedures in Gram Panchayats with more than 10,000 residents, a comprehensive survey of 300 families was carried out. In order to ensure that the study adequately reflected the different demographics of the area, a proportional number of households were polled in Gram Panchayats with populations of less than 2,000, 2,000 to 5,000, and 5,000 or more. Information regarding the types and subcategories of garbage created was learned from the data gathered over a 7-day period from each studied household. Block-Bakshi ka Talab, Block-Chinhat, Gram-Dig, Block-Sahjanwa, Gram-Budhat, and Gram-Juggaur