Solid Transport Research Articles

A review for design, mechanism, fabrication, and application of magnetically responsive microstructured functional surface

Abstract Magnetically responsive microstructured functional surface (MRMFS), capable of dynamically and reversibly switching the surface topography under magnetic actuation, provides a wireless, noninvasive, and instantaneous way to accurately control the microscale engineered surface. In the last decade, many studies have been conducted to design and optimize MRMFSs for diverse applications, and significant progress has been accomplished. This review comprehensively presents recent advancements and the potential prospects in MRMFSs. We first classify MRMFSs into one-dimensional linear array MRMFSs, two-dimensional planar array MRMFSs, and dynamic self-assembly MRMFSs based on their morphology. Subsequently, an overview of three deformation mechanisms, including magnetically actuated bending deformation, magnetically driven rotational deformation, and magnetically induced self-assembly deformation, are provided. Four main fabrication strategies employed to create MRMFSs are summarized, including replica molding, magnetization-induced self-assembly, laser cutting, and ferrofluid-infused method. Furthermore, the applications of MRMFS in droplet manipulation, solid transport, information encryption, light manipulation, triboelectric nanogenerators, and soft robotics are presented. Finally, the challenges that limit the practical applications of MRMFSs are discussed, and the future development of MRMFSs is proposed.

Designing Particle Morphologies for Materials with Solid Transport Limitations: A Case Study of Lithium and Manganese Rich Cathode Oxides

Designing Particle Morphologies for Materials with Solid Transport Limitations: A Case Study of Lithium and Manganese Rich Cathode Oxides

Multivariate statistical analysis as a tool for monitoring drinking water sources in an Atlantic Rainforest Conservation Unit.

Water quality monitoring is paramount in identifying and mitigating pollution sources, protecting aquatic ecosystems, and ensuring safe water for human and wildlife consumption. This study is aimed at evaluating the quality of drinking water sources in three communities located in a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, employing a multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 161 water samples were collected from January to December 2022, encompassing 32 surface water and 129 tap water samples. Physicochemical parameters were determined in situ employing a Horiba U50 multiparameter probe. The samples were stored and transported at 4°C to the laboratory for microbiological analyses concerning total coliforms and Escherichia coli using a commercial enzymatic test. All samples contained coliforms, while E. coli were detected in 87% of the samples. The multivariate analysis indicated that the microbiological water quality in sampling region R2 was influenced by rainy periods and that, in general, the water quality within R3 was the most affected by the transport of solids to the water sources. The statistical methods applied herein aided in characterizing the study areas and detecting points of attention regarding physicochemical and microbiological parameters that significantly influence the water quality of each sampling point. Representative points for each study region were identified and may be employed for future monitoring and prevention actions.

The Environmental Impact of a High-Altitude Medical Research Expedition.

Joyce, Kelsey E., Catherine A. Campbell, Arthur R. Bradwell, Samuel J.E. Lucas, Christopher T. Lewis, Rebekah A.I. Lucas, and Mark Edsell. The environmental impact of a high-altitude medical research expedition. High Alt Med Biol. 00:00-00, 2024. Introduction: Scientists must begin examining the environmental cost(s) of their research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a component of the environmental impact of a high-altitude medical research expedition by totaling the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions calculated from as many direct and indirect sources as possible. Methods: Eighteen individuals flew from London to Bagdogra (via Delhi), and then drove onward to Lachung (via Gangtok) where they began their ascent on foot to 4,800 m (Kanchenjunga National Park, Sikkim). Several research experiments were conducted throughout the expedition, which required use of a laboratory centrifuge, solid CO2 (specimen storage), rechargeable laptop computers and battery-powered oximeters. International Civil Aviation Organization calculators estimated aviation CO2 production. Land emissions were calculated for Mahindra vehicles. Solid waste was weighed and CO2 emissions estimated for its incineration. Results: Total CO2 emissions equated to ∼16.7 tonnes from the following sources: air and land transportation of expedition team (87.3%); sublimation and transportation of solid CO2 (7.7%), waste incineration (0.58%), generator transportation and gasoline (12 l) combustion (0.48%), and battery transportation (3.3%). Conclusions: Air travel contributed the most to the overall environmental cost of the research expedition. Further investigation is required to contextualize these findings in relation to lab-based alternative(s).

Solid‐State Revolution: Assessing the Potential of Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals due to their high energy density and long cycle life. They dominate markets like consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. However, current LIBs use liquid electrolytes, which are toxic, flammable, and their liquid state does not resist dendrite growth, causing battery capacity decline and failure. Additionally, the limited availability of lithium and other metals makes liquid‐based LIBs less sustainable. On the other hand, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer a safer alternative as they are non‐volatile and can resist dendrite growth. However, ion transport in solids is much more restricted than in liquids, while imperfect solid‐solid interfaces contribute to interfacial resistance leading to lower ionic conductivity and increasing Ohmic losses or requiring battery operation at elevated temperatures. Chemical and mechanical degradation of these interfaces can also result in battery capacity fade, and poorer cyclic performance compared to liquid electrolytes. Understanding the ionic transport mechanisms in SPEs is critical for designing and optimizing the nanostructure of polymers and polymer/electrode interfaces to overcome these limitations. In this review, the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport in SPEs will first be explored. Various state‐of‐the‐art approaches for addressing the key challenges in SPEs and their solutions are then discussed. Furthermore, the current status of SPEs is analyzed to determine their potential for replacing liquid electrolytes in the future.

Physical model of solid minerals transportation from Arctic shelf seabed using soil-ice bodies

The projected increase in demand for some metals required for various industries, including transition to clean energy sources, shall force people to look for new deposits and the development of such deposits shall become progressively complicated. Arctic shelf is one of the promising mineral sources, but its areas are hardly explored and developed. The reasons include the absence of mining technologies that could ensure the efficient development of subsea solid mineral deposits. This study proposes a mining technology that enables transportation of minerals from the seabed to the water surface using the ice that covers the valuable mineral particles suspended by means of loosening and continuous supply of cooling agent to the submarine mining face. The technology implies formation of soil-ice bodies comprising an ice component with pores and mineral particles. The detailed study of the proposed technology and its application conditions included the development of a theoretical model of soil-ice bodies emersion from the seabed to the water surface with account of ice component melting.

Integrated municipal solid waste management using ArcGIS tools: A case of akaki-kality sub-city, addis ababa, ethiopia.

This study aimed to optimize the solid waste collection and transportation system using ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools. The generated solid waste was characterized by proximate analysis. The generation rate and composition were determined according to standard methods. The average solid waste generation rates for households, commercial sites, institutions, and recreational places were 0.48kg/c/day, 15.03kg/fac/day, 9.32kg/fac/day, and 22.8kg/fac/day, respectively. The estimated total generation rate of the sub-city is 207,004.03kg/day and 712.13 m3/day as discarded base. Composition analysis revealed that food waste is the major component of municipal solid waste, with estimated weight and volume of 134,696.08kg and 299.46 m3, respectively. Proximate analysis indicated that food and textile wastes have relatively high moisture content and fixed carbon. Candidate pre-collection bin allocations were optimized based on factors such as road network, distribution of solid waste generators, and existing temporary dumping sites, resulting in 1052 potential bin locations. Transfer station allocation was optimized by considering land use-land cover, slope, and geology. Twelve transfer routes and four transport routes were established to efficiently serve the bins and final waste destinations. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools can effectively optimize the municipal solid waste collection and transportation system, providing a robust framework for improving waste management efficiency. However, further research is recommended to validate these findings through field application.

Efficient Transportation Planning: A Case Study of Multi-Dimensional Solid Transportation Problem

Efficient Transportation Planning: A Case Study of Multi-Dimensional Solid Transportation Problem

Investigation of the transportation characteristics of marine dredged-sediment in pipelines based on experimental pipeline models

Marine dredged-sediment(DS) is often transported through pipelines, where factors such as the solid volume concentration and transport rate can significantly influence the efficiency of the process. Inadequate selection of transport rates for a given solid volume concentration can lead to substantial energy losses. The pressure loss Δ P L or pressure loss gradient Δ P L / L are critical parameters for assessing energy loss during pipeline transport. In this study, large-scale indoor experiments on DS pipeline transport were conducted to investigate the effects of the cross-sectional mean flow velocity Vavg and solid concentration ϕ on the transport characteristics of DS. The results show that at higher solid volume concentrations, Δ P L / L increases rapidly with the square of Vavg and then plateaus, followed by a linear growth phase. In addition, a linear relationship is observed between lgf and lgVavg when the flow velocity is below critical velocity (Vavg ) critical ; above (Vavg ) critical , the friction factor f stabilizes at f 0 . Formulas for calculating (Vavg ) critical , f 0 and ϕ were developed. Additionally, a method for determining the optimal transport velocity of DS at varying volume concentrations was established, enabling the identification of the most efficient flow velocity for DS pipeline transportation across different concentrations. HIGHLIGHTS Pipeline model tests were conducted on marine dredged sediments. A formula for predicting pressure loss on the basis of solid concentration was derived. The impact of the solid concentration on the Darcy friction factor was determined. A method for determining the optimal transport velocity was established.

Controlled Phonon Transport via Chemical Bond Stretching and Defect Engineering: The Case Study of Filled β-Mn-Type Phases.

Controlling the elastic properties of the material could become a powerful tool for tuning the thermal transport in solids. Nevertheless, the impact of the crystal structure, chemical bonding, and elastic properties on the lattice thermal conductivity remains to be elucidated. This is a pivotal issue for the advancement of thermoelectric (TE) materials. In this context, the influence of cation substitution in tetrahedral voids on the structural, thermal, and TE properties of α- and β-PbyGa6-xInxTe10─filled β-Mn-type phases─is reported here. The investigated materials show semiconducting behavior and a change from p- to n-type conductivity, depending on the chemical composition and temperature. Our findings indicate that the electronic transport in β-Mn-type phases is largely influenced by the substantial distortion of the Te framework, which causes the low weighted mobility and strong scattering of charge carriers. The presence of a significant anharmonicity of lattice vibrations results in the ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of PbyGa6-xInxTe10 materials. With increasing x, κL decreases from 0.59 to an extremely low value of 0.36 W m-1 K-1 at 298 K due to the decrease of bonding energy, intensification of anharmonic thermal vibrations of atoms, and formation of point defects. This work demonstrates the efficacy of utilizing the crystal structure and elastic properties to regulate phonon transport in functional materials.

Deformation dynamics of nanopores upon water imbibition

Capillarity-driven transport in nanoporous solids is widespread in nature and crucial for modern liquid-infused engineering materials. During imbibition, curved menisci driven by high negative Laplace pressures exert an enormous contractile load on the porous matrix. Due to the challenge of simultaneously monitoring imbibition and deformation with high spatial resolution, the resulting coupling of solid elasticity to liquid capillarity has remained largely unexplored. Here, we study water imbibition in mesoporous silica using optical imaging, gravimetry, and high-resolution dilatometry. In contrast to an expected Laplace pressure-induced contraction, we find a square-root-of-time expansion and an additional abrupt length increase when the menisci reach the top surface. The final expansion is absent when we stop the imbibition front inside the porous medium in a dynamic imbibition-evaporation equilibrium, as is typical for transpiration-driven hydraulic transport in plants, especially in trees. These peculiar deformation behaviors are validated by single-nanopore molecular dynamics simulations and described by a continuum model that highlights the importance of expansive surface stresses at the pore walls (Bangham effect) and the buildup or release of contractile Laplace pressures as menisci collectively advance, arrest, or disappear. Our model suggests that these observations apply to any imbibition process in nanopores, regardless of the liquid/solid combination, and that the Laplace contribution upon imbibition is precisely half that of vapor sorption, due to the linear pressure drop associated with viscous flow. Thus, simple deformation measurements can be used to quantify surface stresses and Laplace pressures or transport in a wide variety of natural and artificial porous media.

Optimizing green solid transportation with carbon cap and trade: a multi-objective two-stage approach in a type-2 Pythagorean fuzzy context

Optimizing green solid transportation with carbon cap and trade: a multi-objective two-stage approach in a type-2 Pythagorean fuzzy context

Theory and Measurement of Heat Transport in Solids: How Rigidity and Spectral Properties Govern Behavior.

Models of heat transport in solids, being based on idealized elastic collisions of gas molecules, are flawed because heat and mass diffuse independently in solids but together in gas. To better understand heat transfer, an analytical, theoretical approach is combined with data from laser flash analysis, which is the most accurate method available. Dimensional analysis of Fourier's heat equation shows that thermal diffusivity (D) depends on length-scale, which has been confirmed experimentally for metallic, semiconducting, and electrically insulating solids. A radiative diffusion model reproduces measured thermal conductivity (K = DρcP = D × density × specific heat) for thick solids from ~0 to >1200 K using idealized spectra represented by 2-4 parameters. Heat diffusion at laboratory temperatures (conduction) proceeds by absorption and re-emission of infrared light, which explains why heat flows into, through, and out of a material. Because heat added to matter performs work, thermal expansivity is proportional to ρcP/Young's modulus (i.e., rigidity or strength), which is confirmed experimentally over wide temperature ranges. Greater uptake of applied heat (e.g., cP generally increasing with T or at certain phase transitions) reduces the amount of heat that can flow through the solid, but because K = DρcP, the rate (D) must decrease to compensate. Laser flash analysis data confirm this proposal. Transport properties thus depend on heat uptake, which is controlled by the interaction of light with the material under the conditions of interest. This new finding supports a radiative diffusion mechanism for heat transport and explains behavior from ~0 K to above melting.

Critical revision of check dams hydraulic design criteria

This paper addresses the problem of sizing the spillway of a closed check dam. Check dams are structures designed to control the solid transport and morphology of mountain streams. Paradoxically, however, their spillways are typically sized in clear-water conditions. The paper first analyses the behaviour of a check dam under clear water and then under live-bed conditions which is by far the most frequent operating condition. The theoretical approach is based on the conservation equations of solid mass, total mass, momentum and energy of the flow. The results of the theory are then compared with the results of some experiments in a laboratory channel equipped with a closed circuit for solid and liquid flow rates. The comparison between experiments and theory shows the validity of the approach. As expected, in some conditions that are far from rare, the design made in the clear-water condition is not safe.

Optimizing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Collection and Transportation Network Using GIS and Agent-based Modeling Approach: A Case Study in Hung Yen City, Vietnam

Optimizing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Collection and Transportation Network Using GIS and Agent-based Modeling Approach: A Case Study in Hung Yen City, Vietnam

An efficient approach for solving type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy solid transportation problems with their equivalent crisp solid transportation problems

An efficient approach for solving type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy solid transportation problems with their equivalent crisp solid transportation problems

Neutrosophic decision-making for allocations in solid transportation problems

Neutrosophic decision-making for allocations in solid transportation problems

In Situ Formation of Iodide Precursor for Perovskite Quantum Dots with Application in Efficient Solar Cells.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) become a kind of competitive material for fabricating high-performance solar cells due to their solution processability and outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, the current synthesis method of PQDs is mostly based on the binary-precursor method, which results in a large deviation of the I/Pb input ratio in the reaction system from the stoichiometric ratio of PQDs. Herein, a ternary-precursor method with an iodide source self-filling ability is reported for the synthesis of the CsPbI3 PQDs with high optoelectronic properties. Systematically experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations are conducted to fundamentally understand the effects of the I/Pb input molar ratio on the crystallographic and optoelectronic properties of PQDs. The results reveal that increasing the I/Pb input molar ratio can obtain ideal cubic structure PQDs with iodine-rich surfaces, which can significantly reduce the surface defects of PQDs and realize high orientation of PQD solids, facilitating charge carrier transport in the PQD solids with diminished nonradiative recombination. Consequently, the PQD solar cells exhibit an impressive efficiency of 15.16%, which is largely improved compared with that of 12.83% for the control solar cell. This work provides a feasible strategy for synthesizing high-quality PQDs for high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Diffusion-facilitated transport of self-driven particles in polycrystalline structures

We study particle transport in a polycrystalline system with mesoscale regular structures, which was inspired by ionic transport in solids. We found a novel type of congestion dynamics in which the density of particles spontaneously became strongly inhomogeneous with increasing driving force field and inverse temperature, leaving strongly localized pathways that allowed for substantial particle current. Consequently, particle current was maximized at a certain driving force strength and inverse temperature, which effectively avoided overcrowding of particles via a moderate level of diffusion. Our findings not only extend the theory of collective transport of self-propelled particles but also provide a baseline for understanding the transport properties of real polycrystalline systems, including superionic materials. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A new iterative fuzzy approach to the multi-objective fractional solid transportation problem with mixed constraints using a bisection algorithm

A new iterative fuzzy approach to the multi-objective fractional solid transportation problem with mixed constraints using a bisection algorithm