Solid-state Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

A Biomimetic Cement-Based Solid-State Electrolyte with Both High Strength and Ionic Conductivity for Self-Energy-Storage Buildings.

Cement-based materials are the foundation of modern buildings but suffer from intensive energy consumption. Utilizing cement-based materials for efficient energy storage is one of the most promising strategies for realizing zero-energy buildings. However, cement-based materials encounter challenges in achieving excellent electrochemical performance without compromising mechanical properties. Here, we introduce a biomimetic cement-based solid-state electrolyte (labeled as l-CPSSE) with artificially organized layered microstructures by proposing an insitu ice-templating strategy upon the cement hydration, in which the layered micropores are further filled with fast-ion-conducting hydrogels and serve as ion diffusion highways. With these merits, the obtained l-CPSSE not only presents marked specific bending and compressive strength (2.2 and 1.2 times that of traditional cement, respectively) but also exhibits excellent ionic conductivity (27.8 mS·cm-1), overwhelming most previously reported cement-based and hydrogel-based electrolytes. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we assemble the l-CPSSE electrolytes with cement-based electrodes to achieve all-cement-based solid-state energy storage devices, delivering an outstanding full-cell specific capacity of 72.2 mF·cm-2. More importantly, a 5 × 5 cm2 sized building model is successfully fabricated and operated by connecting 4 l-CPSSE-based full cells in series, showcasing its great potential in self-energy-storage buildings. This work provides a general methodology for preparing revolutionary cement-based electrolytes and may pave the way for achieving zero-carbon buildings.

Transforming scalable synthesis of graphene aerosol gel material toward highly flexible and wide-temperature tolerant printed micro-supercapacitors

The ever-growing demand for portable, bendable, twistable, and wearable microelectronics operating in a wide temperature range has stimulated an immense interest in the development of solid-state flexible energy storage devices using scalable fabrication technology. Herein, we developed additively manufactured graphene aerosol gel-based all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) via inkjet printing with functioning temperature in the range from −15 to +70 °C and exhibiting a super-stable and reliable electrochemical performance using interdigitated finger electrodes and PVA/H3PO4 solid-state electrolyte. The graphene aerosol gel was obtained using a scalable single step synthesis method from a gas phase precursor using a detonation process, producing a nanoscale shell type structure. The fabricated graphene aerosol gel-based solid-state MSC achieved a volumetric capacitance of 376.63 mF cm−3 (areal capacitance of 76.23 μF cm−2) at a constant current of 0.25 μA and demonstrated exceptional cyclic stability (∼99.6% of capacitance retention) over 10 000 cycles. To exploit the mechanical strength of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel-based solid-state MSC, its supercapacitive performance was scrutinized under various bending and twisting angles and the results showed excellent mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, to study the electrochemical performance of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel solid-state MSC in stringent surroundings, a broad temperature dependent supercapacitive analysis was performed as stated above. The electrochemical results of the as-fabricated graphene aerosol gel based all-solid-state MSC exhibit a highly potential route to develop scalable and authentic future miniaturized energy storage devices for IoT based smart electronic appliances.

Black-Fe2O3 Polyhedron-Assembled 3D Film Electrode With Enhanced Conductivity and Energy Density for Aqueous Solid-State Energy Storage

Abstract The construction of advanced Fe2O3 materials with high energy density for energy storage faces challenges due to the defects of conventional widely known red-brown Fe2O3 such as poor electronic conductivity and insufficient physical/chemical stability. Unlike previous works, we successfully synthesized a novel black-Fe2O3 (B-Fe2O3) thin film electrode by adopting a simple hydrothermal strategy. Physical characterizations indicate that the as-made B-Fe2O3 product is composed of polyhedrons (mainly exhibit four to eight sides) with a micrometer grade size range. Besides, the Fe-based thin film electrode with this 3D structure has a stronger affinity and high electronic conductivity. As anode of aqueous solid-state energy storage devices, the as-synthesized B-Fe2O3 film electrode exhibits excellent volume energy density of 14.349 kWh m−3 at a power density of 1609 kW m−3, which is much higher than the best result of previous works (∼8 kWh m−3). This study may provide new insights into the development of the Fe2O3 series on developing high-efficiency Fe-based anode materials for solid-state energy storage.

Durability of S- and N-doped graphene nanoplatelets for electrode performance in solid-state batteries

The main emphasis of the present Highlight paper is to summarise reported works aiming to understand the effect of sulfur and nitrogen doping on graphene nanoplatelets for high capacity electrodes in solid-state rechargeable energy storage devices.

Simultaneous enhancement of energy storage performance and thermal stability of NaNbO3-based ceramics via multi-scale modulation

More and more attention is being paid to the environmental friendliness of the dielectric capacitors, which have a rapid charging and discharging speed and steady operation. However, the low recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) limits the practical application of dielectric capacitors in solid-state energy storage devices. In this paper, (1–x) (0.92NaNbO3-0.08Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3)-xSrTiO3(x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) energy storage ceramics were fabricated based on various strategies such as nanodomain engineering, component and grain size optimization. Thus excellent energy storage performance (Wrec ∼ 6.0 J/cm3, η ∼ 81.0%) was obtained in NN-BMT-0.15ST. SrTiO3 could enhance the internal disorder, improve the relaxation properties and increase the breakdown field strength of ceramics. Signifi-cantly domain relaxor behavior, as evidenced by Vogel-Fulcher (V-F) model, provides strong evidence for restraining early polarization saturation. In addition, Pulse charge/discharge tests have illustrated that the sample has excellent and stable charge/discharge performance (CD ∼ 1,068.9 A/cm2, PD ∼ 96.1 MW/cm3, t0.9 ≈ 0.99 μs) It is concluded that there is a huge prospect of NN-BMT-0.15ST ceramics as a kind of pulsed-power-storing electronics.

Rational design of redox active amorphous Ni-Mn phosphate anchored on vertical graphene nanohills (VGNHs) for solid-state energy storage device

Transition metal phosphates (TMPs) have generated a lot of attention due to their high power and energy potential. However, pristine TMPs materials have sluggish electrode kinetics limiting their practical application. In this study, a sustainable electrochemical deposition approach has been employed for the facile fabrication of amorphous nickel-manganese phosphate (VG-NMP series) nanostructure on vertical graphene nanohills (VGNHs) covered carbon cloth (CC) substrate. Among as-prepared electrodes, the VG-NMP-4 electrode showed optimal electrochemical characteristics. The high specific capacity of VG-NMP-4 was calculated to be 1068 C g−1 (5.14 F cm−2) at a current density of 3 A g−1 and maintained 97 % capacity for 5000 cycles, which outperformed previously reported TMPs-based electrode materials. The enhanced charge storage capability of VG-NMP was mainly due to the dense edge planes of VGs and many gaps for electrolyte penetration because the exposed edge planes have larger areas than the basal plane surface, due to the synergistic effect between Ni and Mn metal ions. The VG-NMP-4 was further utilized as the cathode and anode in the PVA-KOH gel electrolyte for constructing a symmetric solid-state (SSS) supercapacitor. This SSS device offers great durability of 94 % over 5000 cycles and a supreme energy density of 106.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.751 kW kg−1. This excellent performance suggests that the amorphous Ni-Mn phosphate@VGNHs-CC nanostructured electrode material would be a promising choice for energy storage appliances.

Tunable Conformal Electrodeposition of Ultra-Thin Polymeric Films for Electrolyte Interphases

Functional coatings and interphases influence the stability and performance parameters of electrodes in various applications. Polymer thin films offer a wide range of molecular structures and compositions for tunable functionalities that can be custom designed to the needs of an application. In solid-state energy storage devices in particular, electrolyte-type polymeric interfaces between battery components and materials with disparate functions, such as the active electrode material and solid electrolyte could overcome some of these incompatibility detriments and the increase in contact resistance over long-term operation. In high-performance micro scale power sources, 3D thin-film all-solid-state batteries show great potential as they take advantage of both short ion diffusion distances for high-rate capability with low heat generation, as well as the third dimension for high material loading and energy density. Therefore, conformal deposition methods for ultra-thin polymeric electrolyte interphases on the interior surface of electrodes with mesoscale 3D architectures and complex porosity are in demand. Here, we report a molecular design concept of dual-functional molecules that contain electrochemically active end groups for self-limiting electropolymerization, and a core molecular motif that determines the thin film functionality. The electrodeposition of this monomer represents a non-line-of-sight coating method for polymer thin films with independently tailorable functionalities and tunable properties on conductive substrates with arbitrary shape. We exemplify this method using monomers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the core motif for lithium-ion transport and phenol as electrochemically active end groups. We studied the electrodeposition of the monomers, poly(ethylene glycol) diphenol (PEGDP), and demonstrate their self-limiting film formation mechanism (Figure 1a) which originates from the insulating nature of resulting poly(PEGDP) film that confines the charge transfer reaction. We present an exhaustive exploration of their material-processing-structure-property relationships that reveals the multi-scale control over the ultrathin-film properties. For example, the uniform film thickness is tunable from 10 to 100s of nanometer through electrodeposition conditions and molecular design, while their molecular permeability and electronic resistance can be tailored from pervious to fully blocking. We show that the electrodeposited functional interphases fully coat complex 3D electrode architectures (Figure 1b top: uncoated carbon electrode, bottom: film coated carbon electrode) with retention of their functionality in a battery. This work demonstrates that rational molecular design enables the conformal electrodeposition of ultrathin functional coatings with solid polymer electrolyte properties on 3D structured electrodes that will enable designer interphases in various solid-state battery architectures and chemistries. Figure 1

Tuning the electrochemical properties of carbon-based supercapacitors by composite preparation and cell asymmetries

The development of faster, safer and higher performance solid-state energy storage devices has motivated scientists to explore various strategies to obtain more efficient systems. In this work we evaluated the influence of different carbon material electrodes with a gel polymer electrolyte on the electrochemical properties of solid-state supercapacitors. The gel polymer electrolyte exhibited remarkable adhesive characteristics which allowed a good adherability and wettability of the gel electrolyte on the surfaces of all electrodes tested. Four types of supercapacitors were prepared and the influence of different types of electrodes and their combinations on the properties of supercapacitor was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic charge/discharge technique that allows synchronous measurements of the cell voltage and the potential of the positive and negative electrodes. The asymmetric device with rGO (reduced graphene oxide) working on the negative electrode and f-MWCNT (acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes) on the positive electrode showed the best retention capacity for all studied properties (capacitance, energy density and power) after 2000 charge and discharge cycles. Flexible supercapacitor was also prepared, and various electrochemical parameters of the device were studied as a function of bending. We do not observe significant changes in its electrochemical properties after bending.

Multi-functional zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) for solid-state fiber energy harvesting and storage devices

Wearable electronic devices using energy device-based smart fibers have brought changes in Internet of Things (IoT) technology paradigms. Since electric power is essential to drive all current electronic devices, a flexible energy device is essential to construct a wearable energy systems. Herein, two different types of the fiber-based energy devices were manufactured using ZIF-67, which can improve catalytic properties. First of all, it was confirmed that ZIF-67 was adsorbed on the electrodes of the solid-state fiber-shaped supercapacitor (SS-FSC) and the catalytic property was enhanced, thereby improving the specific capacitance. Second, it was verified that ZIF-67 was adsorbed on the surface of Pt wire, which is the counter electrode (CE) of the solid-state fiber dye-sensitized solar cell (SS-FDSSC), to improve the catalytic properties, resulting in the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the SS-FDSSCs. The optimized SS-FDSSC demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity, with a PCE of up to 7.03%, which is about 40% greater than that of the pristine Pt wire electrode (5.02%). Therefore, the fiber-based energy devices functionalized with ZIF-67 with excellent catalytic properties and high surface area have been identified as having great potential for producing novel and efficient power sources for wearable electronic devices to be utilized in IoT applications.

Synergistic effect and enhanced safety of double dynamic solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries

A solid polymer electrolyte with low mechanical strength and poor flexibility will cause mechanical degradation, short circuits, or functional failures in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, introducing an double dynamic solid polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, good mechanical strength, and excellent self-healing ability for stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface, preventing battery fire, and suppressing Li dendrite growth will further improve the reliability, security, and lifetime of the LIBs. Herein, a series of dual dynamic self-healing solid polymer electrolytes (DD-shSPEs) are developed via the Schiff base reaction between different molar ratios of polyethylene glycol derivative (tat-PEG) and terephthalaldehyde. The hydrogen bond and the highly reversible imine bonds endow DD-shSPEs with rapid self-repairing capacity to cure mechanical damage within 5 min at normal temperature. The self-healing polymer electrolytes also exhibit excellent stretchability, which can satisfy the external deformation of the battery. Meanwhile, after self-healing, the ionic conductivities of the electrolytes can hold the original values. Also, the initial discharge capacity (IDC) of the battery based on DD-shSPEs reach to 149.3 mAh g-1 under a current rate of 0.1 C, and still maintains 144.2 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Besides, the polymer electrolyte (PE) also exhibits good interfacial stability and have a cycle life of more than 650 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. Accordingly, this work shows that the high-performance PE based on self-healing materials is promising for constructing high stable solid-state energy storage device.

Construction of indigenous tin incorporated nickel dichalcogenide nanosheets for high energy all solid-state hybrid supercapacitor

Despite solid-state energy storage devices are one of the potential candidates for modern electronics, it usually suffers from poor compatibility with gel electrolyte acquiring insufficient energy density. Continuous efforts have been devoted to overcome the energy density paucity. Here, we highlight the strategy to augment the energy density of solid-state electrochemical energy storage device by constructing indigenous Sn doped nickel dichalcogenides nanosheets along with tunable composition. Micrometre size, flat nanosheets offer high compatibility to the gel electrolyte and their porous structure grant multi directional active site access. Modified electronic structure upon cation/anion substitution gain enhanced charge transfer and increased numbers of active sites. Cooperative features of nanostructures and controlled doping, boosted the specific capacity of samples from 134 to 437 mAh/g with remarkable rate retention of 42–81%. Prepared range of anion/cation/cation & anion doped nickel dichalcogenides, i.e., NiSSe, Ni0.66Sn0.33S2 and Ni0.66Sn0.33SSe further gain benefit upon coupling with freshly prepared N, S doped bio-derived carbon (OP-850). Resultant, all solid-state energy storage devices delivered 54, 78 and 127 mAh/g cell capacity at 3 A/g with outstanding energy density of 54, 78 and 102 Wh/kg, respectively. These comparative interpretations confer, Ni0.66 Sn0.33SSe//N, S doped OP-850 must be the promising all solid-state energy storage device with exceptional energy density outcome. Excellent cycle stability and LED pattern illumination demonstrate the feasibility of the device. Furthermore, such simple scalable synthesis approach could also extend to prepare other doped metal chalcogenides nanosheets, likely achieve breakthroughs in various applications.

Sputter-Deposited Nano-porous ZnO Electrode for Highly Efficient Optoelectronic and Solid-State Energy Storage Devices

Sputter-Deposited Nano-porous ZnO Electrode for Highly Efficient Optoelectronic and Solid-State Energy Storage Devices

Advanced sustainable solid state energy storage devices based on FeOOH nanorod loaded carbon@PANI electrode: GCD cycling and TEM correlation

A cost-effective, environment-friendly polyaniline-wrapped activated carbon-FeOOH ternary composite electrode is developed by two steps facile method for the efficient and sustainable energy storage device. The HR-TEM analysis before and after cyclic stability (20 k cycles of charging-discharging) shows electrode structural stability and potentiality as an energy storage device. The ternary composite utilizes polyaniline (PANI) maximum, which reflects an increase in voltage window, and electrochemical performance. The voltammetry (cyclic) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) examination display specific capacitance of 213 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 and 234 F g−1 at 2 mA sec−1 for 20 wt%. The drastic variation through EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) in equivalent series resistance is seen by the nyquist plot before and after cycling. The specific capacitance is 234.5 F g−1 at 1 Ag−1 for 20 wt% PANI composite. The energy(Ed) and power density (Pd) of the device are 45 W h kg−1 and 5997 W kg−1 at 2 mA and 20 mA, respectively. The fabricated device shows very advanced capacity retention of up to 89% and coulombic efficiency of 100% till the last 20 k cycles with a stable potential window. The fabricated device can glow LED panels (consisting of 26 LEDs) for up to 5.30 min. The device retention profile and stable potential window show its advanced structural stability up to commercial-scale cycling, which signifies the additional role of PANI. The HR-TEM and electrochemical results after cyclic stability are in correlation.

Polyzwitterion–SiO2 Double-Network Polymer Electrolyte with High Strength and High Ionic Conductivity

The key to developing high-performance polymer electrolytes (PEs) is to achieve their high strength and high ionic conductivity, but this is still challenging. Herein, we designed a new double-network PE based on the nonhydrolytic sol-gel reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate and in situ polymerization of zwitterions. The as-prepared PE possesses high strength (0.75 Mpa) and high stretchability (560%) due to the efficient dissipation energy of the inorganic network and elastic characteristics of the polymer network. In addition, the highest ionic conductivity of the PE reaches 0.44 mS cm-1 at 30 °C owning to the construction of dynamic ion channels between the polyzwitterion segments and between the polyzwitterion segments and ionic liquids. Furthermore, the inorganic network can act as Lewis acid to adsorb trace impurities, resulting in a prepared electrolyte with a high electrochemical window over 5 V. The excellent interface compatibility of the as-prepared PE with a Li metal electrode is also confirmed. Our work provides new insights into the design and preparation of high-performance polymer-based electrolytes for solid-state energy storage devices.

A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

Advanced cyclic stability and highly efficient different shaped carbonaceous nanostructured electrodes for solid-state energy storage devices

The most reliant storage technologies are batteries and supercapacitors. While supercapacitors are more efficient in terms of faster energy delivery, sustainability, and high capacity retention. In supercapacitors, mostly utilized precursors are least abundant which are toxic and costly, as well as facing structural stability issues during the advanced charging-discharging cycles. So in the present work, we have studied the sustainability and capacity retention profile of shape-dependent carbonaceous materials in terms of cyclic stability. Here, we have prepared an environment-friendly, cost-effective carbon@FeOOH composite series by low-temperature hydrothermal method. The galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis shows a high power density of 5000 W kg−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1. The advanced capacity retention up to 92% is seen up to 15,000 cycles and 100% Coulombic efficiency till the last segment (30000th segment of charging-discharging) of galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) for optimized mesoporous carbon@FeOOH (MCF) sample. The symmetric solid-state device comprising MCF electrodes has been fabricated at the laboratory scale. It has been able to glow red LED for 18 min and a panel consisting of 16 LEDs for 5 min. A self-explanatory mechanism has also been proposed for a better understanding of readers.

Lithium-ion transport in covalent organic framework membrane

The traditional form of covalent organic framework (COF) is solid powder, which greatly limits its practical application. Besides, owing to the restricted chain dynamics in its highly crystalline regions, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based electrolytes generally suffer from low ionic conductivity that poses a huge obstacle to its practical applications in solid-state batteries. In this contribution, we developed a confinement-driven strategy to confine PEG into the one-dimensional nanochannels of covalent organic framework membrane, dramatically slashing the crystalline phase and improving ion coupled chain dynamic. The composite electrolyte acquires remarkable ionic conductivity of 2.2 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 20 °C and 1.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 120 °C, which is much higher than bulk PEG (only 4.5 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 20 °C and becomes liquid state at elevated temperature). Dielectric permittivity and electric modulus measurement indicated that the ion pairs dissociation, Li-ion coupled chain motion and ion cooperation caused by the confinement effect were all reinforced, bringing out apace Li+ moving from short distance to long distance. Thanks to the flexibility of electrolyte membrane together with excellent thermal and electrochemical stability, the assembled Li-ion battery can operate normally even at 100 °C, obtaining high specific discharge capacity of 135.7 mAh g−1 after 80 cycles and stable interface evolution between electrodes and electrolyte. This work paved the way for the further application of COF membranes as high-performance electrolytes to the construction of high-energy–density solid-state energy storage devices.

Enhanced electrocaloric and energy-storage properties of environment-friendly ferroelectric Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti1−xSnxO3 ceramics

The electrocaloric (EC) effect and energy storage properties of eco-friendly ferroelectric Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti1−xSnxO3 (BSTS-x) ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method were studied. Significant energy efficiency exceeding 80% was found in our samples. In particular, BSTS-5 and BSTS-10 samples exhibit 92% and 88% efficiency, respectively, over a wide temperature range around room temperature (RT). Direct EC measurement and an indirect method based on the thermodynamic approach were used to characterize the EC effect, and both yielded consistent results. The largest electrocaloric responsivity of 0.73 K mm/kV was obtained for BSTS-0 at 368 K with an adiabatic temperature change ΔTEC of 0.55 K at a low applied electric field of only 7.4 kV/cm. With increasing Sn-content, the EC response of BSTS-x ceramics decreases, while their diffuseness increases over an extensive temperature range, centered at RT. A significant coefficient of performance (COP > 26) was found for our samples. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of designing eco-friendly materials with higher EC effect and energy efficiency for potential solid-state refrigeration and energy storage devices.

Advanced Sustainable Solid State Energy Storage Device Based on Feooh Nanorod Loaded Carbon@Pani Electrode: Gcd Cycling and Tem Correlation

Advanced Sustainable Solid State Energy Storage Device Based on Feooh Nanorod Loaded Carbon@Pani Electrode: Gcd Cycling and Tem Correlation

A mechanistic study of the dopant-induced breakdown in halide perovskites using solid state energy storage devices.

Doping halide perovskites (HPs) with extrinsic species, such as alkali metal ions, plays a critical, albeit often elusive role in optimising optoelectronic devices. Here, we use solid state lithium ion battery inspired devices with a polyethylene oxide-based polymer electrolyte to dope HPs controllably with lithium ions. We perform a suite of operando material analysis techniques while dynamically varying Li doping concentrations. We determine and quantify three doping regimes; a safe regime, with doping concentrations of <1020 cm-3 (2% Li : Pb mol%) in which the HP may be modified without detrimental effect to its structure; a minor decomposition regime, in which the HP is partially transformed but remains the dominant species; and a major decomposition regime in which the perovskite is superseded by new phases. We provide a mechanistic description of the processes mediating between each stage and find evidence for metallic Pb(0), LiBr and LiPbBr2 as final decomposition products. Combining results from synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements with in situ photoluminescence and optical reflection microscopy studies, we distinguish the influences of free charge carriers and intercalated lithium independently. We find that the charge density is equally as important as the geometric considerations of the dopant species and thereby provide a quantitative framework upon which the future design of doped-perovskite energy devices should be based.