Solid-state Dispersion Method Research Articles

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution using TiO2/clinoptilolite hybrid photocatalyst.

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated using commercial TiO2 P25 nanoparticles supported on natural zeolite clinoptilolite (Cli). Employing ultrasound assisted solid-state dispersion method hybrid photocatalyst containing 20 wt% of TiO2, marked TCli-20, was prepared. The structural, morphological and surface properties, and particle size distribution of TCli-20 were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Brunner-Emmet-Teller method and laser diffraction. The results revealed a successful loading of TiO2 P25 nanoparticles on Cli surface and the preservation of both zeolitic structure and optical properties of TiO2. The influence of catalyst dose, pH value and the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated. The optimal reaction conditions were 2g/L of catalyst at near-neutral conditions (pH = 6.4) for complete BPA (5mg/L) photodegradation after 180min of exposure to simulated solar light. The addition of H2O2 was beneficial for the degradation process and led to the removal of BPA after 120min of irradiation. BPA removal (60% for 180min of irradiation) was reduced when TCli-20 was tested in bottled drinking water due to the presence of bicarbonate ions which acted as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals. Even though the photocatalytic activity of TCli-20 decreased after several cycles of usage, 70% of BPA was still successfully degraded during the fourth cycle. The reusability study showed easy separation, stability and good photocatalytic ability of investigated cost-effective hybrid photocatalyst.

Highly efficient oxidative removal of thiophene at ambient temperature over synthetic MnO2/zeolite nanocomposites

MnO2/Clin and MnO2/Cu-Clin nanocomposites prepared by solid-state dispersion and impregnation methods were tested for the oxidative removal of thiophene. The MnO2/Cu-Clin composite completely removed the thiophene from a mixed water–ethanol solvent.

Photocatalytic activity of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposite for the degradation of naproxen: characterization and optimization using response surface methodology

In this study, ZrO2, TiO2, and Fe3O4 components were synthesized by co-precipitation, sol–gel, and co-precipitation methods, respectively. In addition, solid-state dispersion method was used for synthesizing of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposite. The ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was characterized by different techniques including XRD, EDX, SEM, BET, FTIR, XPS, EELS, and Photoluminescence (PL). The FTIR analysis of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 photocatalyst showed strong peaks in the range of 450 to 700 cm−1, which represent stretching vibrations of Zr–O, Ti–O, and Fe–O. The results of FTIR and XRD, XPS analyses and PL spectra confirmed that the solid-state dispersion method produced ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. The EELS analysis confirmed the pure samples of Fe3O4, TiO2 and ZrO2. The EDAX analysis showed that the Zr:Ti:Fe atomic ratio was 0.42:2.08:1.00. The specific surface area, pores volume and average pores size of the photocatalyst were obtained 280 m2/g, 0.92 cm3/g, and 42 nm respectively. Furthermore, the performance of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was evaluated for naproxen removal using the response surface method (RSM). The four parameters such as NPX concentration, time, pH and catalyst concentration was investigated. The point of zero charge of the photocatalyst was 6. The maximum and minimum degradation of naproxen using photocatalyst were 100% (under conditions: NPX concentration = 10 mg/L, time = 90 min, pH = 3 and catalyst concentration = 0.5 g/L) and 66.10% respectively. The stability experiment revealed that the ternary nanocatalyst demonstrates a relatively higher photocatalytic activity after 7 recycles.

Photocatalytic performance of TiO2/Eggshell composite for wastewater treatment

The utilization of eggshells as a primary source for developing value-added materials has received significant attention recently due to its ability as an excellent adsorbent and support. This study used the solid-state dispersion method to prepare composite photocatalyst TiO2/eggshells of different ratios. TiO2 and eggshell photocatalysts were also used as control samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to characterize the samples. Finally, the efficiency of the composite photocatalyst was evaluated in the suspension system using methylene blue (MB) solution as the target pollutant. Among three different ratios, TiO2/eggshell (1:9) is the optimum ratio that achieved the highest adsorption and 56.41% photocatalytic degradation of MB solution. Besides, pure eggshells exhibited relatively high adsorption but did not show any significance in photocatalytic degradation. It proves that the ability of eggshell as an adsorbent is very high even though it only acted as support to the TiO2 in the TiO2/eggshell composite photocatalyst. The increased surface area of the TiO2/eggshell composite photocatalyst could enhance MB solution adsorption and photocatalytic degradation, thereby increasing its effectiveness. Overall, it can be concluded that eggshell has excellent potential as support for photocatalyst and as an environmentally friendly catalyst.

Preparation of copper-loaded porous carbons through hydrothermal carbonization and ZnCl2 activation and their application to selective CO adsorption: Experimental and DFT calculation studies

CO is used as a raw material to produce valuable chemicals. Adsorption using solid materials can be employed to separate and recover CO from gas mixtures. In this study, cellulose-based, porous carbons were prepared via hydrothermal carbonization and ZnCl2 activation. The prepared porous carbons were used for CO separation after CuCl loading by a facile solid-state dispersion method to induce π-complexation and eventually enhance the affinity toward CO. The sample with the highest CO uptake of 3.62 mmol g−1 at 298 K and 101 kPa had a carbon:CuCl loading ratio of 1:1. This is the highest reported CO adsorption on porous carbons using CuCl as a π-complexation-inducing material. In addition, several factors, including the selectivity of CO against CO2 and the cyclic stability using vacuum regeneration, demonstrated the potential for industrial applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations theoretically elucidated that the presence of small and well-dispersed CuCl clusters induce excellent CO-selective adsorption performance, which is in accordance with the experimental results.

Enhanced photocatalytic oxidation degradability for real cyanide wastewater by designing photocatalyst GO/TiO2/ZSM-5: Performance and mechanism research

Cyanide wastewater contains highly toxic contaminants such as free cyanide and metal-cyanide complex, it is necessary to find the appropriate degradation technologies. In this study, a simple and effective photocatalyst with enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic activity was developed. A new composite photocatalyst was successfully prepared by solid-state dispersion (SSD) method, which combined graphene oxide (GO), nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and silicon-based zeolite (ZSM-5). The techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), N2 adsorption–desorption test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the samples. The experiments with different content of nano-TiO2, different wavelengths of light source, different catalyst dosage, control experiments of different materials, and the determination of pH value and zeta potential were also carried out. The results showed that the 3.0 g/L of GTZ-60 (GO/TiO2/ZSM-5 composite photocatalyst with a content of 60 wt% TiO2) has the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency under ultraviolet wavelength which the degradation efficiency of total cyanide and copper could reach 98.73% and 98.96%, respectively. The degradation of total cyanide followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The photoelectric properties of GTZ-60 obviously improved the migration and separation of photogenerated electrons (e−) and holes (h+), so that high photocatalytic efficiency was obtained. XPS analysis showed that cyanide was finally degraded to carbon oxide and nitrogen oxide. Copper and zinc are removed in the form of copper (Ⅱ) and zinc (Ⅱ).

The role of some metal ions in enhancement of photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3-V2O5 binary oxide.

Fe2O3-V2O5 mixed oxides were synthesized with solid-state dispersion (SSD) and coprecipitation methods. In addition, transition metal oxides such as CuO, NiO, and CO3O4 were successfully loaded on the synthesized catalyst (Fe2O3-V2O5) using the SSD method. The composite catalysts were inspected for their photocatalytic activities in degrading 2,4-dichlorophenol under UV light enforcement. The produced samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The addition of transition metal oxides improved the photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3-V2O5 (SSD). 1CuO wt% Fe2O3-V2O5 exhibited the highest percentage of 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation (100%) and the highest reaction rate (1.83 mg/L min) in 30 min. This finding is attributed to the distribution of CuO.

Synergistic effect of adsorptive photocatalytic oxidation and degradation mechanism of cyanides and Cu/Zn complexes over TiO2/ZSM-5 in real wastewater

The treatment of cyanide wastewater from the gold industry is essential. Photocatalytic oxidation is an effective method for the elimination of cyanides and metal cyanide complexes. TiO2/ZSM-5 composite photocatalysts with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios were prepared using the solid-state dispersion (SSD) method. The composite catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). The catalytic efficiency of different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and the synergistic effect of adsorptive photocatalytic oxidation for the degradation of cyanide wastewater was investigated under different adsorption and illumination times. With the extension of the photocatalytic time (>2.0 h), the composite catalyst with a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio had better photocatalytic performance. A 93.97% degradation efficiency of total cyanides was observed after adsorption for 3.0 h and illumination for 4.0 h under room temperature with air as the oxidant. The removal efficiencies of the copper and zinc ions were 81.67% and 100%, respectively. The degradation of cyanide followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results showed that the generally irregular surface of the catalyst with a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio contains more nano-TiO2. The adsorption capacities of copper and zinc were relatively high. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested that cyanide was eventually degraded to CO2 and NO3–. Copper and zinc were removed in the form of Cu(II) and Zn(II).

Decorating graphene oxide with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and pseudo-boehmite offers ultra-high adsorption capacity of diclofenac in hospital effluents

This study reports on an easy and scalable synthesis method of a novel magnetic nanocomposite (GO/ZIF-8/γ-AlOOH) based on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets decorated with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), pseudo-boehmite (γ-AlOOH), and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles by combining solvothermal and solid-state dispersion (SSD) methods. The nanocomposite was successfully applied to remove of diclofenac sodium (DCF) – a widely used pharmaceutical – from water. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the adsorption process and assess the interactions among the influencing factors on DCF removal efficiency; including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial pH, solution temperature, and DCF concentration. Adsorption isotherm results showed a good fitting with the Langmuir isotherm model with an exceptional adsorption capacity value of 2594 mg g−1 at 30 °C, which was highly superior to the previously reported adsorbents. In addition, kinetic and thermodynamic investigations further illustrated that the adsorption process was fast (equilibrium time = 50 min) and endothermic. The regeneration of GO/ZIF-8/γ-AlOOH nanocomposite using acetic acid solution (10% v/v) after a simple magnetic separation was confirmed in five consecutive cycles, which eliminate the usage of organic solvents. The nanocomposite has also shown a superior performance in treating a simulated hospital effluent that contained various pharmaceuticals as well as other organic, and inorganic constituents.

Photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide binary system on degradation of humic matter

Application of photocatalysis using TiO2 or ZnO for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) dates back more than two decades. Aiming to overcome the drawbacks of sole photocatalysts, use of multiphasic systems has received recent interest. ZnO/TiO2 binary oxide specimens were synthesized by a simple solid state dispersion method in different weight ratios of 1:1; 1:3; and 3:1 (ZT11, ZT13 and ZT31 respectively) and characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, Raman, UV-DRS, PL and BET techniques. As a surrogate of NOM, humic acid (HA) was subjected to solar photocatalysis and degradation was followed by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic tools along with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents. Photocatalytic degradation of HA was approximated to first order kinetic model. Referring to UV–vis parameters, ZT11 binary oxide expressed slightly higher photocatalytic performance with regard to TiO2, ZnO, ZT13 and ZT31 contrary to the mineralization extents as TiO2>ZT13 > ZT31 > ZT11 > ZnO. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEM) contour plots of the organic matrix displayed almost complete removal of humic-like and fulvic-like fluorophores upon use of sole TiO2 and ZnO. Regional distribution of the fluorophores were still evident with emergence of the new fluorophoric regions upon use of binary oxides. ZnO/TiO2 could be considered as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of humic acids under solar irradiation.

Titania-based porous nanocomposites for potential environmental applications

Titania–zeolite Y composites were synthesized by a facile solid-state dispersion method. The synergistic effects of porous zeolite structure and novel photocatalysis properties of titania nanoparticles were exploited. The physical properties of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Porosity and surface area of the composites were determined from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller studies. The antibacterial effect and the photocatalysis properties of these composites were studied. Composites exhibited higher growth reduction of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as compared with the pure forms (P25 titania and zeolite Y). Maximum growth reduction of both types of bacterial cells (gram-positive as well as gram-negative) was observed with 20% titania–zeolite composite. The composite demonstrated 40 and 30% enhancement in the growth reduction of E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, as compared with the pure forms; 10% composite exhibited 50% enhancement in the photocatalysis efficiency of methylene blue dye degradation as compared with P25 titania nanoparticles and led to a complete removal of the dye in the first 60 min of photocatalysis process. Mechanisms for both applications have been proposed in light of the observed results.

Optimization of Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water with Nano ZnO/Todorokite as a Catalyst: Using Taguchi Experimental Design

In the present work, the solid-state dispersion method has been used to stabilize ZnOon Todorokite (TD). ZnO/TD catalysts have been characterized by SEM and XRD. Optimum process conditions were determined for the removal of Cr(VI) from water using the Taguchi fractional design method. Four controllable factors containing pH, photocatalyst amount, irradiation intensity, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) at three levels were identified for each factor. The optimum conditions were found to be as follows pH= 2, photocatalyst amount= 100 mg/L, irradiation intensity= 7.63 and Cr(VI) concentrations= 15 ppm. In optimum conditions, a first-order reaction to k= 0.1492 min−1 was observed in the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in water by UV/ZnO/TD.

Characterization and Photo-catalytic Efficiency of MnFe2O4/Zn2SiO4 for Aniline Degradation Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design and Simulated Solar Radiation

In this research, Zn2SiO4 as a support and MnFe2O4 as a main photo-catalyst were individually syn-thesized and MnFe2O4 was fixed on Zn2SiO4 with solid state dispersion method. MnFe2O4 nano pho-to-catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitation method and reflux condition for 12 hours at 85°C in the presence of urea. For identification of catalysts Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used. The size of MnFe2O4 was determined about 15 nm after the fixation on the Zn2SiO4. The photo-catalytic efficiency of MnFe2O4/Zn2SiO4 was checked for degradation of aniline aqueous solu-tion utilizing the irradiation of a 1 kW Xe lamp fitted with the AM1.5 filter (to simulate the solar light spectrum) in the presence of H2O2. Degradation process was modeled and optimized successfully ap-plying response surface methodology (RSM) according to Box-Behnken designs. Experiment results were showed that initial concentration of aniline=5.5 ppm, H2O2 initial concentration=5.3 mM, pH=11 and nano photo-catalyst amount =0.4 g/L are optimal conditions and the degradation effi-ciency in this condition achieved is 96%. In the optimum conditions, arrangement of (MnFe2O4/Zn2SiO4)> (MnFe2O4)> (Zn2SiO4) was obtained for efficiency of photo-catalytic degrada-tion of aniline in aqueous solution. Decomposition kinetic equation determined pseudo first order and k=0.0407.

Photocatalytic performance of TiO2/Clinoptilolite: Comparison study in suspension and hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor

Comparison studies in suspension and hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor (HPMR) system was investigated by using Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as target pollutant under UVA light irradiation. To achieve this aim, hybrid TiO2/clinoptilolite (TCP) photocatalyst powder was prepared by solid-state dispersion (SSD) methods and embedded at the outer layer of dual layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membranes fabricated via single step co-spinning process. TiO2 and CP photocatalyst were also used as control samples. The samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion of X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The result shows that TCP was actively functioned as photocatalyst in suspension system and 86% of RB5 photocatalytic degradation achieved within 60 min; however the additional step is required to separate the catalyst with treated water. In the HPMR system, even though the RB5 photocatalytic degradation exhibits lower efficiency however the rejection of RB5 was achieved up to 95% under UV irradiation due to the properties of photocatalytic membranes. The well dispersed of TCP at the outer layer of DLHF membrane have improved the surface affinity of DL-TCP membrane towards water, exhibit the highest pure water flux of 41.72 L/m2.h compared to DL-TiO2 membrane. In general, CP can help on improving photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in suspension, increased the RB5 removal and the permeability of DLHF membrane in HPMR system as well.

Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Nanospherical α-Fe2O3 Supported on Silica for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

In the research, spherical α-Fe2O3 NanoParticles (NPs) were synthesized through Forced Hydrolysis and Reflux Condensation (FHRC) process and were supported on the surface of silica sand by Solid-State Dispersion (SSD) method. Characterization of silica and α-Fe2O3/SiO2 catalyst was done using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) surface area. The supported α-Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocatalyst with the average crystallite size of 27.5 nm was used for photocatalytic removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solutions under Ultra-Violet (UV) light.In order to optimization of effective parameters on MB degradation, the single-variable method was used. The optimal conditions were determined as pH=11, initial concentration of MB=10 ppm, and the mass of catalyst =1.0 g. Degradation efficiency in optimal conditions was 97.32%.

Efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using magnetic graphene oxide modified zeolite

In this study, magnetic graphene oxide modified zeolite (Cu-Z-GO-M) composites with two different ratios of GO to zeolite (named Cu-Z-GO-M 1:2 and Cu-Z-GO-M 1:1) were synthesized by solid-state dispersion (SSD) method. The properties of zeolite-based composites were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and magnetization curves. In order to understand the pollutant removal performance of the as-prepared composites, methylene blue (MB) was used as the target pollutant in adsorption experiments. The removal efficiency of MB onto Cu-Z-GO-M composite was enhanced obviously with pH > 9. The adsorption capacities of MB onto Cu-Z-GO-M 1:1 were 82.147, 89.315, 97.346 mg/g at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively. The removal ability of MB increased with the increase of GO content in modified composites. The adsorption behavior can be well described using a pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated the MB adsorption by Cu-Z-GO-M was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. The results showed that the prepared Cu-Z-GO-M composite could be a promising adsorbent with good adsorption capacity and reusability for MB removal from wastewater.

Optimization of Aqueous NH4+/NH3 Photodegradation by ZnO/Zeolite Y Composites Using Response Surface Modeling

Abstract In this study, ZnO/Zeolite Y composites were synthesized by the solid state dispersion method and employed in order to investigate their photocatalytic performance in NH4+/NH3 removal from an aqueous solution. FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, SEM and EDX analyses were applied to characterize these composites. The three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD), as one of the response surface methodology (RSM), was used to achieve maximum removal of aqueous NH4+/NH3 under optimum conditions by ZnO/Zeolite Y composites. The effects of parameters such as ZnO loading (10–50 wt %), initial pollutant concentration (25–315 mg/L) and solution pH (3–11) as well as their interactions were determined on removal of NH4+/NH3 by the mentioned method. It was found that pH of the solution with the percentage contribution of 86.79 %, was the most important parameter among the others. A second-order polynomial equation was well fitted on the experimental data with the determination coefficient value of 0.9932 and the adjusted determination coefficient value of 0.9864. It could not describe only 0.68 % of observed changes in the response. The predicted removal percentage of NH4+/NH3 at the optimal conditions (pH = 11, NH4+/NH3 initial concentration (207.21 mg/L) and ZnO loading (45.02 wt %)) was achieved 62.26 %, which was in agreement with its experimental value (65 %) obtained in similar conditions.

Mn2O3-MO (MO = ZrO2, V2O5, WO3) supported PtNi nanoparticles: Designing stable and efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and borohydride oxidation

Abstract PtNi nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesised by microwave irradiation technique and anchored onto three binary metal oxide (BMO) supports, namely Mn2O3-ZrO2, Mn2O3-V2O5 and Mn2O3-WO3, prepared by solid-state dispersion method. The BMO supports are characterised using SEM, FTIR, N2-sorption and electrical conductivity measurements. XRD, XPS and TEM analysis confirm the formation of PtNi NPs on the BMO supports. Pt and Ni content over the support materials is set to 10 wt.% for each element. These electrocatalysts activity for oxygen reduction (ORR) and borohydride oxidation (BOR) reaction in alkaline media is assessed for the first time using voltammetric and chronoamperometric techniques. All three PtNi electrocatalysts revealed activity for ORR and BOR, with PtNi/(Mn2O3- ZrO2) exhibiting the highest current densities. The ORR onset potentials were observed to range from 0.84 to 0.97 V vs. RHE, with Tafel slopes ranging from 0.101 to 0.230 V dec−1. BOR activation energies were found to range from 27 to 30 kJ mol−1. Obtained results point out PtNi/(Mn2O3- ZrO2) as suitable electrocatalyst for fuel cell applications, particularly for BOR, with lower catalyst price due to partial replacement of the noble metal by a transition metal and improved stability achieved by introducing a binary metal oxide support.

Effects of metal oxide semiconductors on the photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Multifarious catalysts including bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) were used to investigate the impact on photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) under halogen lamp. The results of photocatalytic reactions were measured by UV–visible spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The catalysts were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Photoluminescence measurement (PL), scanning and transmission electron microscopy, (SEM-TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. Further along, the study has been carried on with the most efficient catalysts bismuth oxide, along with it's binary oxide which were prepared by solid-state dispersion method, to the removal of 4-nitrophenol from waste water.

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance with Metal Oxide V2O5 Catalyst Under Different Light Source Illumination

Abstract For utilizing of multifunctional catalysts in the photocatalytic systems, V2O5 nanopowders with addition of different metal oxides were prepared by a facile solid-state dispersion method, ...