Solid-state 3D Research Articles

A solid-state lidar-inertial 3D scene reconstruction method based on wearable laser helmet

A solid-state lidar-inertial 3D scene reconstruction method based on wearable laser helmet

Pediatric Solid-State 3D Models of Lumbar Vertebrae and Spine.

Introduction While various 3D vertebral models have been utilized in numerous studies, there is a notable gap in the representation of pediatric lumbar vertebrae and spine. This study aimed to describe the changing shapes of lumbar vertebrae and spine with age and to develop precise 3D models. Materials and methods Solid-state 3D models of pediatric lumbar vertebrae and spine were created using SOLIDWORKS® Simulation softwarefor five age groups:newborns, infants (ages 0-1), toddlers (ages 1-3), middle childhood (ages 4-7), and preadolescents (ages 8-12). Models were composed of components with varying biomechanical characteristics. Results Created 3D models replicate variations in the dimensions and configurations of vertebrae, taking into account osteometric analyses conducted on actual vertebral specimens. These models also include elements made of cartilage, representing various phases of vertebral growth during ontogeny. Additionally, through 3D parametric design, we developed comprehensive lumbar spine models, incorporating both the vertebrae and intervertebral disks. Conclusion Created pediatric solid-state vertebral 3D models can be utilized in developing virtual or augmented reality applications and for medical research. Users can interact with models, allowing virtual exploration and manipulation, enhancing learning experiences and facilitating a better understanding of spatial relationships. These solid-state 3D models allow finite element analysis and can be used for further research to calculate internal relative deformations and stress distribution under different conditions.

Unveiling the topology of partially disordered micro-crystalline nitro-perylenediimide with X-aggregate stacking: an integrated approach.

Profound knowledge of the molecular structure and supramolecular organization of organic molecules is essential to understand their structure-property relationships. Herein we demonstrate the packing arrangement of partially disordered nitro-perylenediimide (NO2-PDI), revealing that the perylenediimide units exhibit an X-shaped packing pattern. The packing of NO2-PDI is derived using a complementary approach that utilises solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and 3D electron diffraction (3D ED) techniques. Perylenediimide (PDI) molecules are captivating due to their high luminescence efficiency and optoelectronic properties, which are related to supramolecular self-assembly. Increasing the alkyl chain length on the imide substituent poses a more significant challenge in crystallizing the resulting molecule. In addition to the alkyl tails, other functional groups, like the nitro group attached as a bay substituent, can also cause disorder. Such heterogeneity could lead to diffuse scattering, which then complicates the interpretation of diffraction experiment data, where perfect periodicity is expected. As a result, there is an unmet need to develop a methodology for solving the structures of difficult-to-crystallize materials. A synergistic approach is utilised in this manuscript to understand the packing arrangement of the disordered material NO2-PDI by making use of 3D ED, ssNMR and density functional theory calculations (DFT). The combination of these experimental and theoretical approaches provides great promise in enabling the structural investigation of novel materials with customized properties across various applications, which are, due to the internal disorder, very difficult to study by diffraction techniques. By effectively addressing these challenges, our methodology opens up new avenues for material characterization, thereby driving exciting advancements in the field.

Elemental-Migration-Assisted Full-Color-Tunable Upconversion Nanoparticles for Video-Rate Three-Dimensional Volumetric Displays.

Herein, we demonstrate video-rate color three-dimensional (3D) volumetric displays using elemental-migration-assisted full-color-tunable upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). In the heavily doped NaErF4:Tm-based core@multishell UCNPs, erbium migration was observed. By tailoring this migration through adjustment of the intermediate shell thickness between the core and the sensitizer-doped second shell, red-green orthogonal upconversion luminescence (UCL) was achieved. Furthermore, highly efficient red-green-blue orthogonal UCL and full-color tunability were achieved in the UCNPs through a combination of elemental-migration-assisted color tuning and selective photon blocking. Finally, 3D volumetric displays were fabricated using a UCNP-polydimethylsiloxane composite. More specifically, 3D color images were created and motion pictures based on the expansion, rotation, and up/down movement of the displayed images were realized in the display matrix. Overall, our study provides new insights into upconversion color tuning and the achievement of motion pictures in the UCNP-polydimethylsiloxane composite is expected to accelerate the further development of solid-state full-color 3D volumetric displays.

A toolset for the solid-state NMR-based 3D structure calculations of proteins.

Proteins can be found in all parts of life. The shape of the proteins can determine its functionality. By understanding their 3D structure, it can aid in the study of disease, medicine, body functions, and other aspects in life. A powerful instrument that plays a significant role in the analysis of protein is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. It allows researchers to get insights into the metabolome of cells, tissues, biofluids, secretions, and overall etiology of the disease state. In cases where samples have low solubility with the common NMR solvents, solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is utilized. In recent years, the use of ssNMR for 3D structure determination of proteins has been on the rise especially for such samples. Still, one of the challenges that researchers face is a shortage of easy and user-friendly computational aids. To address this, we are introducing our comprehensive software solution by automating every step of the process and essentially transforming the task into a few clicks of the mouse. The workflow for 3D structure determination has been simplified down to only a few procedures. Starting with selection of an ssNMR spectrum, users can receive its 3D structure along with an abundance of statistical information and validation tools using our software. We have tested this toolset to test the usefulness and user-friendliness with different data sets available on Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank (BMRB).

Anisotropy of elastic properties of SHS-synthesized porous titanium nickelide

Samples of porous NiTi were obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The mechanical characteristics of the porous ones were studied by quasi-static compression. When the samples of porous titanium nickelide were subject to quasi-static compression, the deformation was of an elastic-plastic nature. Three characteristic types of the fracture surface under quasi-static compression of the porous SHS – TiNi alloy were identified: 1) ductile fracture of the austenite phase in the form of a cup relief, 2) brittle fracture accompanied by the formation of cleavage steps, 3) large areas of plastic shear deformation, on which cups and cleavage facets were nucleated. To determine the anisotropy of the porous TiNi alloy properties, the volume of the porous sample was simulated, and estimated calculations were carried out. Based on the results of reconstructing 3D neutron high resolution tomography of the porous volume of titanium nickelide and the numerical parameters of the model porous medium, an algorithm was developed for obtaining a solid-state 3D model of the porous framework for using in finite element calculations. The studied porous titanium nickelide alloy, as well as spongy bone tissues, was shown to have orthotropic elastic properties conditioned by the geometric features of the porous framework. The effective moduli of elasticity and shear for the porous volume of the material were determined. The calculation results of the elastic moduli for the studied model of porous titanium nickelide numerically agree with the results obtained by compressing the samples of porous TiNi. The porous TiNi alloy under uniaxial compression was established to be destroyed under the action of tangential shear stresses at an angle of 45 degrees to the direction of uniaxial compression. The research was carried out with financial support of the Russian Science Foundation under the Grant No. 22-72-10037, https://rscf.ru/project/22-72-10037/.

Solid-state 3D micro-supercapacitors based on ionogel electrolyte: Influence of adding lithium and sodium salts to the ionic liquid

The ever-increasing interest in miniaturized Internet of Things devices and embedded electronics has given rise to a host of inquiries surrounding the need for safe, high performance energy storage devices. Solid-state 3D micro-supercapacitors based on ionogels provide a promising response to many of these pressing questions. Herein, leakage-free solid-state-like 3D micro-supercapacitors incorporating lithium and sodium salts added to 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionogels were investigated. The resulting micro-supercapacitors containing these lithium and sodium ions displayed energy densities of 10.2 and 9.5 µWh.cm−2 at power densities of 1.1 and 1.0 mW.cm−2, respectively. In those devoid of these alkaline ions, however, the energy density reached a mere 3 µWh.cm−2 at the same power density, thereby validating the proposed strategy. The 3D interdigitated MnO2 // MnO2 micro-supercapacitors were cycled 50 000 times at 1.75 mA.cm−2 with good capacitance retention (∼ 85 %). While performing under high temperatures (100°C), there was no evidence of electrolyte degradation, capacitance fading or electrolyte leakage.

A toolset for the solid-state NMR-based 3D structure calculation of proteins

Proteins are the building blocks of life. The shape of the protein determines its functionality. This understanding of the 3D structure of proteins has applications in study of diseases, medicine, body functions, and other aspects of life. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been a powerful tool for researchers to get insight into the metabolome of cells, tissues, biofluids, secretions, and overall etiology of the disease state. Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is used for samples that have low solubility in common NMR solvents. The use of ssNMR for 3D structure determination of proteins has been on the rise in the recent years especially for such samples. Still, one of the challenges that researchers face in this area is a shortage of easy and user-friendly computational aids. To address this, we are introducing our comprehensive software solution by automating every step of the process and essentially transforming the task into a few clicks of the mouse. The workflow for 3D structure determination has been simplified down to only a few procedures. Starting with selection of an ssNMR spectrum, user can receive its 3D structure along with an abundance of statistical information and validation tools using our software. We have tested this toolset to test the usefulness and user-friendliness with different data sets available on biological magnetic resonance bank (BMRB).

Совершенствование конструкции прототипа промышленного экзоскелета с использованием инновационных технологий

The work is devoted to the study and improvement of the design efficiency of industrial exoskeletons. Such devices are needed to perform the work that requires high physical activity in various production processes. To determine the optimal design, the developments of foreign and domestic markets were studied. It was revealed that the exoskeleton developed by Karfidov Lab LLC has the highest performance characteristics compared to the analogues. However, this design lacks a convenient saddle attachment system to support the user, and the exoskeleton is heavy — 6 kg. The authors proposed the modernization of the design of an industrial exoskeleton for the lower extremities. Modernization is associated with the use of solutions aimed at reducing the weight of the exoskeleton, as well as improving ergonomics by developing a saddle for each leg of the exoskeleton and a user fixation system. For this purpose, a solid-state 3D model and design documentation for producing exoskeleton were developed in the SolidWorks environment. To reduce the weight of the exoskeleton, plastic parts were used. The exoskeleton provides support for the user body, made in the form of a vest, as well as a fixation system in the form of straps located on the foot, shin, and thigh. To ensure increased shock absorption with an active exoskeleton, a gas spring manufactured by Suspa, model Varilock EL2-111-79-600N, was installed. To increase the strength of plastic parts, the reinforcement method was used. A saddle is introduced that provides a soft contact between the user and the system in the active and passive positions of the exoskeleton. The main requirements for the modernized development were the low cost of the final product and the lightness of the overall mass of the structure.

Solid-state additive manufacturing of porous Ti-6Al-4V by supersonic impact

Additive manufacturing of functional metallic parts based on layer-by-layer melting and solidification suffers from the detrimental effects of high-temperature processing such as large residual stresses, poor mechanical properties, unwanted phase transformations, and part distortion. Here we utilize the kinetic energy of powder particles to form a solid-state bonding and overcome the challenges associated with the high temperature processing of metals. Specifically, we accelerated powders to supersonic impact velocities (~600 m/s) and exploited plastic deformation and softening due to high strain rate dynamic loading to 3D print Ti-6Al-4V powders at temperatures (800 °C, 900 °C) well below their melting point (1626 °C). By using processing conditions below the critical powder impact velocity and controlling the surface temperature, we created mechanically robust, porous metallic deposits with spatially controlled porosity (apparent modulus 51.7 ± 3.2 GPa, apparent compressive yield strength 535 ± 35 MPa, porosity 30 ± 2%). When the mechanical properties of solid-state 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V were compared to those fabricated by other additive manufacturing techniques, the compressive yield strength was up to 42% higher. Post heat treatment of solid-state printed porous Ti-6Al-4V modified the mechanical behavior of the deposit under compressive loading. Additionally, the 3D printed porous Ti-6Al-4V was shown to be biocompatible with MC3T3-E1 SC4 murine preosteoblast cells, indicating the potential biomedical applications of these materials. Our study demonstrates a single-step, solid-state additive manufacturing method for producing biocompatible porous metal parts with higher strength than conventional high temperature additive manufacturing techniques.

Impact of charge collection efficiency and electronic noise on the performance of solid-state 3D microdetectors

Microdosimetry has been traditionally performed through gaseous proportional counters, although in recent years different solid-state microdosimeters have been proposed and constructed for this task. In this paper, we analyze the response of solid-state devices of micrometric size with no intrinsic gain developed by CNM-CSIC (Spain). There are two major aspects of the operation of these devices that affect the reconstruction of the probability distributions and momenta of stochastic quantities related to microdosimetry. For micrometric volumes, the drift and diffusion of the charge carriers gives rise to a partial charge collection efficiency in the peripheral region of the depleted volume. This effect produces a perturbation of the reconstructed pulse height (i.e. imparted energy) distributions with respect to the actual microdosimetric distributions. The relevance of this deviation depends on the size, geometry and operating conditions of the device. On the other hand, the electronic noise from the single-event readout set-up poses a limit on the minimum detectable lineal energy when the microdosimeter size is reduced. This article addresses these issues to provide a framework on the physical constraints for the design and operation of solid-state microdosimeters.

Effect of weld power and interfacial temperature on mechanical strength and microstructure of carbon steel 4130 fabricated by ultrasonic additive manufacturing

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state 3D printing technology. Steels can be welded with UAM at reduced ultrasonic power, achieving half the shear strength of bulk material. A higher weld power is demonstrated by using a cobalt-based sonotrode coating, achieving shear strengths comparable to bulk 4130 material. In-situ temperature measurements and fracture surface analyses indicate that higher power input promotes metallurgical bonding through softening and increased plastic deformation. Carbides and ferrite are found at 1 μm scale at key weld interfaces; no martensite is found due to an increase in critical transformation temperatures associated with high heating rates.

Reflow Soldering-Resistant Solid-State 3D Micro-Supercapacitors Based on Ionogel Electrolyte for Powering the Internet of Things

The fabrication of all solid-state 3D micro-supercapacitor is challenging for powering connected and miniaturized emerging electronics devices in the frame of the future Internet of Things paradigm. Here we highlight the design of a specific solid electrolyte based on ethylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide confined within polyvinylidenefluoride which enables to meet the requirements of safety, easy packaging, and leakage free 3D micro-supercapacitors. This ionogel-based microdevice (2 mm × 2 mm footprint area) exhibits good cycling stability over 30 000 cycles with an areal energy density of 4.4 μWh.cm−2 and a power density of 3.8 mW.cm−2. It can also sustain the high temperature reflow soldering process (∼250 °C–5 min) without damage, which is performed to directly bond surface mounted miniaturized devices onto printed circuit boards. This strategy not only provides a reference for the design of high-performance 3D interdigitated micro-supercapacitors, but also paves the way to their further implementation in miniaturized electronic chips for Internet of Things applications.

Аналитические зависимости кинематического формообразования начальных поверхностей элементов червячной передачи

The run-in method for obtaining the screw surface of a worm is based on the use of the worm gearing principle. In this case, the shaping surface (cutting tool) and the workpiece constitute a gear pair [4; 7]. The use of geometric modeling methods [8; 9] to simulate the process of shaping the working surface is based on the relative movement of intersecting objects in the form of a “workpiece-tool” system. This allows to obtain the necessary geometrical model that accurately reproduces the geometric configuration of the surfaces of the teeth of spatial gears [14; 15], where the producing surface of the tool moves in the selected reference system and its position at an arbitrary time is determined by a certain parameter, the motion parameter. The position of the cutting tool at the beginning and at the end of each pass is calculated using parametric equations, which make it possible to calculate the tool path for accurate processing of spatially complex surfaces [16–19]. In the process of mechanical action of a tool on a solid (workpiece), shaping occurs, which consists in the movement of the tool relative to the workpiece [30; 31]. The use of modern methods of three-dimensional computer graphics allows us to improve and accelerate the process of designing technological operations of tooth profiling, providing the final forms of the surfaces of the teeth in the form of visual and accurate computer-based solid-state models [39; 40]. The method is based on a virtual representation of the process of shaping in the form of intersection of solid-state 3D models of two objects (tools and workpieces), which generally perform a screw relative motion. As a result, the working surfaces of the teeth are formed as the envelopes of the tool producing surface [32–34]. For the formation of fission surfaces, mathematical dependences were obtained, which allow one to describe the mutual motion of a worm, a worm gear and a disk cutter [35–37]. These analytical dependences make it possible to simulate the virtual process of forming the side surfaces of the worm gearing elements [1–3; 5; 6]

STRESS-STRAIN STATE ASSESSMENT OF THE BOGIE FRAME OF DPKR-2 DIESEL TRAIN UNDER ACTION OF DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL LOADS

Purpose. The article is aimed to ensure the operation safety, increase in the strength and durability of the most loaded supporting elements of rolling stock – bogies, in particular the bogies of the DPKr-2 diesel train. Methodology. In order to assess the design strength of the bogie prototype, a spatial solid-state 3D model was constructed. Using the software package implementing the finite element method, the most loaded nodes of the bogie frame are determined based on the Palmgren–Miner–Mises theory. During the finite element modeling, the peculiarities of the design work in operation, the action of static loads and the corresponding dynamic additives are taken into account. The results of calculation were used to develop the layout diagram of the strain gauges on the bogie frame during the running strength tests. According to their results, the fatigue strength of the bogie frame prototype under the action of operating loads was estimated and a conclusion was made about the need to strengthen its design. The design management of the PJSC «Kryukov Railway Car Building Works» proposed the variant of enhancing the bogie frame prototype. Findings. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, the prototype design of the DPKr-2 diesel train was modernized, which made it possible to reduce stresses in the most loaded nodes and significantly increase its durability. Strength calculations and running strength tests of diesel trains with modernized bogies were carried out. Originality. For the first time, a spatial finite element model of the new generation diesel train was constructed and the strength calculation was carried out under the action of design loads. The constructed model made it possible to choose the variant of modernizing the frame prototype that satisfies the fatigue strength conditions. The conducted experimental studies have shown the efficiency of modernization, in particular the increase in strength and durability of the design. Practical value. The complex of design and experimental work on the assessment of the stress-strain state of the bogie frame of the DPKr-2 diesel train under the action of design and operating loads allowed creating a design that satisfies both the operational requirements and the requirements of strength and durability. The developed design of the bogie frame makes it possible to increase the operation safety and can be used in the next generation diesel trains.

Application of all solid-state 3D printed pH sensor to beverage samples using matrix matched standard

In this work, an all solid-state potentiometric pH sensor is developed, which employs a thin-film sputter deposited RuO2 working electrode, a polyvinylbutyral-SiO2 modified RuO2 reference electrode and 3D printed electrode housing. The developed sensor exhibits linear pH response (− 55.7 mV/pH, R2 = 0.9997) and reasonable reproducibility (hysteresis < 2 mV). Experimental results show that by using a previously developed sample-equilibration and single-point calibration protocol, an accuracy of ± 0.2 pH is achieved in a variety of sample matrices. However, by employing a matrix matched standard, bias errors are reduced and accuracy is improved to ± 0.1 pH, when compared to a commercial glass pH sensor. The developed sensor and measurement protocol is then rationalised for low throughput analysis by unskilled users.

Solid polymer electrolyte soft interface layer with 3D lithium anode for all-solid-state lithium batteries

Garnet electrolyte-based lithium (Li) metal batteries, which employ garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) as electrolyte and Li metal as anode, are regarded as a promising candidate for high-energy batteries. However, Li dendrites formation as well as poor solid-solid contact between the electrolyte and electrodes result in high interfacial resistance, large polarizations, and low Coulombic efficiency. Herein, we demonstrated that solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) soft interface layer deposited on garnet electrolyte (Ta-doped LLZO (LLZTO)) surface along with 3D Li metal anode can address these obstacles. In this architecture, SPE layer was deposited on garnet electrolyte surface to endow connected interface between the electrolyte and electrodes and thus settled the interface contact issue. 3D Li metal anode can accomplish dendrite-suppression by increasing Li ions deposition sites to lower the effective current density and render a uniform Li nucleation with 3D frameworks. With this ingenious arrangement, the solid-state 3D Li︱SPE-LLZTO-SPE︱3D Li symmetrical cell exhibits a stable voltage profile over 700 h and solid-state LiFePO4︱SPE-LLZTO-SPE︱3D Li full cell also shows an extremely superior cyclability and high Coulombic efficiency even at 90 °C. This work provides an alternative option for manufacturing safe and stable solid-state Li metal batteries.

固态体积式真三维显示中的闪烁评价及优化

固态体积式真三维显示中的闪烁评价及优化

Solid-state 3D imaging using a 1nJ/100ps laser diode transmitter and a single photon receiver matrix.

A 3D imaging concept based on pulsed time-of-flight focal plane imaging is presented which can be tailored flexibly in terms of performance parameters such as range, image update rate, field-of-view, 2D resolution, depth accuracy, etc. according to the needs of different applications. The transmitter is based on a laser diode operating in enhanced gain-switching mode with a simple MOS/CMOS-switch current driver and capable of producing short (~100ps FWHM) high energy (up to nJ) pulses at a high pulsing rate. The receiver consists of 2D SPAD and TDC arrays placed on the same die, but in separate arrays. Paraxial optics can be used to illuminate the target field-of-view with the receiver placed at the focal plane of the receiver lens. To validate the concept, a prototype system is presented with a bulk laser diode/MOS driver operating at a wavelength of 870nm with a pulsing rate of 100kHz as the transmitter and a single-chip 9x9 SPAD array with 10-channel TDC as the receiver. The possibility of using this method as a solid-state solution to the task of 3D imaging is discussed in the light of the results derived from this prototype.

High-Resolution Analysis of Molecular Oxygen in Mammalian Cell Models by Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

Phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM), combined with specific indicator dyes allows for quantitative measurements of physiologically relevant O2 gradients. In order to achieve reliable and specific measurement of O2, phosphorescent indicator dye must be protected from self-quenching and environmental interferences, and have sufficient brightness and photostability. Here, we report the two approaches for PLIM-based measurement of O2 in cultured adherent cells, 3D spheroids and ex vivo tissue models: (i) cell-penetrating small molecule and nanoparticle probes and (ii) O2-sensitive solid-state phosphorescent 3D porous scaffold material. Using click-modification of Pt-porphyrin (PtTFPP) with thio-glucose we produced conjugate Pt-Glc, which displayed microsecond decay times and sufficient brightness for one-photon PLIM. Pt-Glc efficiently stained the cytoplasm of cultured mammalian cells, neurospheres and ex vivo cultures of brain and intestine. We also developed a panel of bright “multi-modal” O2 polymeric nanoparticles compatible with both one- and two-photon excitation modes and harboring different surface charges. Depending on the cell model, various types of nanoparticles (cationic, anionic, zwitter-ionic) displayed efficient intracellular staining, comparable with small molecules. Using all these O2-sensitive materials and confocal PLIM, we showed that multi-cellular aggregates of PC12 and HCT116 cancer cells experience profound and dynamic character of deoxygenation, which is affected by their size and metabolic status. They showed responses to stimulation with pharmacological agents targeting mitochondria and selectively killing hypoxic cells. The dynamic O2 gradients monitored in situ affected cell death and differentiation. Collectively, O2 PLIM imaging provides a powerful tool for the quantitative assessment of hypoxia in live cells.Supported by Science Foundation Ireland grants 13/SIRG/2144.