Solid KI Research Articles

Effect of Geopolitical Situation on Potassium Iodide Sale

This whitepaper explores the intricate relationship between geopolitical dynamics and the demand for potassium iodide (KI), a critical component of public health and emergency preparedness measures. KI serves as a safeguard against the adverse effects of radioactive iodine (RAI) exposure in the event of nuclear incidents. Geopolitical factors significantly influence the availability, accessibility, and trade regulations of KI, as demonstrated through case studies like the Russia-Ukraine conflict and historical nuclear accidents. International agreements, regulatory frameworks, and trade policies are key in shaping the KI market, with growing demand stemming from the nutraceutical and laboratory reagent sectors. While solid KI is the predominant market segment, there remains a challenge in the presence of iodine alternatives. Amidst the Russia-Ukraine war, KI demand has surged, depleting supplies and resulting in price gouging. Understanding these trends and the broader geopolitical impact on KI is essential to appreciate its critical role in safeguarding public health.

Mechanism of formation of 3-methyl derivatives of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and their benzo analogs in the reactions of 2-mercaptoimidazole and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole with 1,3-dichloroacetone under phase-transfer catalysis conditions

The mechanism of the unexpected formation of 3-methyl derivatives of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles in the system 2-mercaptoimidazole–1,3-dichloroacetone–solid K2CO3–solid KI–18-crown-6–toluene has been studied. The structure of 3-methyl[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole has been confirmed using X-ray structural analysis.

Production of molecular iodine from the heterogeneous reaction of nitrogen dioxide with solid potassium iodide

[1] Molecular iodine impacts tropospheric chemistry, especially in coastal regions of the marine boundary layer where iodine bursts correlate with ultrafine particle formation. Although biogenic sources dominate coastal I2 release, inorganic heterogeneous chemistry may also contribute to the global iodine budget. We investigated the heterogeneous chemistry of NO2/N2O4 with solid KI, a component of dehydrated sea salt aerosol, and identified I2(g) as the major gaseous product. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography identified nitrite as the major condensed-phase product for the reaction of KI(s) + NO2(g) (5.4 × 1013 to 2.0 × 1015 molecules cm−3) at relative humidities between 2% and 30%. The reaction was second order with respect to NO2, suggesting that N2O4 was the reactive species. Reactive uptake coefficients, calculated with respect to [N2O4], were independent of relative humidity with an average value of γBET = (6.1 ± 0.3) × 10−4. Concurrent gas phase UV-visible spectroscopy indentified I2(g) production with near stoichiometric release corresponding to 2 KI(s) + N2O4(ads) → 2 KNO2(s) + I2(g). Condensed-phase nitrate was also identified at high [N2O4] and low RH, which was attributed to the oxidation of product KNO2 by gaseous NO2/N2O4. The heterogeneous chemistry of ozone with aqueous iodide has previously been considered as a source of molecular iodine in the marine boundary layer. These results suggest that the heterogeneous chemistry between NO2/N2O4 and iodide deserves further consideration as a nonbiogenic source of molecular iodine.

ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalytic Reduction of Sulfuric Acid to Hydrogen Sulfide by a Trinuclear Niobium Cluster.

It is thought that metal cluster compounds hold great potential as catalysts for the multiple-electron reduction of small molecules, since they contain several metal atoms in close proximity, available for multiside bonding. However, very few examples of catalysis by metal clusters have been documented so far. In the course of the electrochemical investigation of Nb(5+) in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} and the mechanism for the formation of the trinuclear cluster anion [Nb{sub 3}O{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}]{sup 5{minus}}, the authors found that the niobium cluster electrocatalyzes the reduction of 12 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} to H{sub 2}S on a Hg electrode at room temperature at -1.2 V vs Hg/Hg{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (-0.6 V vs NHE). The reduction of sulfate to sulfide is an important step in the sulfur biological cycle. In plants and some bacteria, the reduction is achieved through several intermediate steps, each requiring a different enzyme. Concentrated H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} can be reduced by a variety of metals at elevated temperatures (>230 {degrees}C) to H{sub 2} and SO{sub 2}. With Zn and Cd, some H{sub 2}S and elemental S depending upon the I{sup {minus}}/I{sub 2} concentrations. This latter reaction, however, required solid KI and was not established tomore » be catalytic.« less

Preparation of Polyoxetane Resins Anchoring Pendant Oligo(oxyethylene) Chains and Uses as Polymer Solvents for Alkali Metal Ions

In the presence of the polyoxetane resin, R-1b, containing tri(oxyethylene) segments in the pendant chains, 1-bromooctane was converted to 1-iodooctane in 88% yield using solid NaI in hexane at 60°C, but 1-iodooctane was formed in a very low yield with solid KI in place of solid NaI, suggesting that the pendant tri(oxyethylene) segments of polyoxetane matrices caught sodium cations of NaI, but not potassium cations of KI, in the manner of cooperative coordination under anhydrous conditions. Although the corresponding di(oxyethylene) analogs hardly had such catalytic effect under the same conditions, when a polyoxetane resin anchored the pendant quaternary ammonium salts besides the pendant di(oxyethylene)s the yield of 1-iodooctane was remarkably improved. Under aqueous conditions using 60 wt% aqueous KOH and hexane, a polyoxetane resin anchoring both the pendant tri(oxyethylene) and primary alcohol moieties in an 1:1 mole ratio for OCH2CH2 and OH groups gave styrene quantitatively at 70°C from 2-iodoethylbenzene and in 92% yield from 2-bromoethylbenzene (12a) by adding NaI. Under the same conditions using NaI as additive, a polyoxetane resin having only the same hydroxy groups in the pendant chains also gave styrene in 51% yield from 12a, while R-1b, used in the above-mentioned halogen-exchange reaction, only gave a 9% yield of styrene. Thus, when used together with the pendant hydroxy groups, pendant tri(oxyethylene) segments act even under aqueous conditions as effective cosolvent species to carry NaI and KOH molecules into an organic layer.

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Sulfuric Acid to Hydrogen Sulfide by a Trinuclear Niobium Cluster

It is thought that metal cluster compounds hold great potential as catalysts for the multiple-electron reduction of small molecules, since they contain several metal atoms in close proximity, available for multiside bonding. However, very few examples of catalysis by metal clusters have been documented so far. In the course of the electrochemical investigation of Nb(5+) in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} and the mechanism for the formation of the trinuclear cluster anion [Nb{sub 3}O{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}]{sup 5{minus}}, the authors found that the niobium cluster electrocatalyzes the reduction of 12 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} to H{sub 2}S on a Hg electrode at room temperature at -1.2 V vs Hg/Hg{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (-0.6 V vs NHE). The reduction of sulfate to sulfide is an important step in the sulfur biological cycle. In plants and some bacteria, the reduction is achieved through several intermediate steps, each requiring a different enzyme. Concentrated H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} can be reduced by a variety of metals at elevated temperatures (>230 {degrees}C) to H{sub 2} and SO{sub 2}. With Zn and Cd, some H{sub 2}S and elemental S depending upon the I{sup {minus}}/I{sub 2} concentrations. This latter reaction, however, required solid KI and was not established tomore » be catalytic.« less

Determination of selenium at trace levels in geologic materials by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Low levels of selenium (0.1–500 ppm) in both organic and inorganic geologic materials can be semiquantitatively measured by isolating Se as a thin film for presentation to an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Suitably pulverized samples are first digested by fusing with a mixture of Na 2CO 3 and Na 2O 2. The fusion cake is dissolved in distilled water, buffered with NH 4Cl, and filtered to remove Si and the R 2O 3 group. A carrier solution of Na 2TeO 4, plus solid KI, hydrazine sulfate and Na 2SO 3, is added to the filtrate. The solution is then vacuum-filtered through a 0.45-μm pore-size filter disc. The filter, with the thin film of precipitate, is supported between two sheets of Mylar® film for analysis. Good agreement is shown between data reported in this study and literature values reported by epithermal neutron-activation analysis and spectrofluorimetry. The method can be made quantitative by utilizing a secondary precipitation to assure complete recovery of the Se. The X-ray method offers fast turn-around time and a reasonably high production rate.

Effects of polarization on equilibrium and dynamic properties of ionic systems

Molecular-dynamics calculations are reported for systems of ions in which the contribution to the interionic forces arising from polarization is taken explicitly into account. Two models of polarization are considered: a modification of that used for alkali-halide molecules by Tosi and Doyama and a simplified version of the shell model of lattice dynamics. In each case the effects of polarization are superimposed on an underlying rigid-ion pair potential of the type proposed by Tosi and Fumi. Calculations of the phonon spectra show that use of either model leads to agreement with experimental data on solid NaCl, which is considerably better than that achieved with the Tosi-Fumi potential alone; good results are also obtained for solid KI. Calculations for molten KI based on the shell model show that the effect of polarization in the liquid state is to increase significantly the diffusion coefficients, particularly that of the positive ion, and decrease the shear viscosity, but the effect on electrical conductivity is almost negligible. These results are broadly consistent with the known adequacy of the rigid-ion-model to account for the transport coefficients of molten alkali halides. Polarization is also shown to lead to a reduction in the characteristic frequencies and a considerably increased damping of collective longitudinal-optic-type modes in the liquid. The effect on other collective modes is less pronounced.

Iodometric microdetermination of phosphorus in organophosphorus compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur and halogens

A new general method is described for the iodometric microdetermination of phosphorus in organic compounds after combustion by the oxygen flask and absorption of the combustion products in bromine water. After removal of excess bromine by boiling and addition of acetone, the solution containing the interfering acids besides orthophosphoric acid is treated with iodide-iodate and the iodine liberated is treated with thiosulfate solution. This unrequired titer is equivalent to all interfering acids in addition to the first hydrogen ion of orthophosphoric acid. The dihydrogenphosphate ion left behind is then reacted with zinc and ammonium ions in the presence of excess solid KI and KIO 3. Acetone is added and the liberated iodine is titrated with 0.01 N thiosulfate. This second titer is equivalent to two hydrogen ions of orthophosphoric acid and is used to calculate the phosphorus content of the compound. This new method for elemental phosphorus microanalysis is considered, so far, to be most simple, rapid, accurate, and of wide application. Also described are methods for elimination of halogen, nitrogen and sulfur interferences in connection with other micromethods for phosphorus determination.

Iodometric microdetermination of phosphorus in organic compounds

Two methods are described for the iodometric microdetermination of phosphorus in organic compounds. These methods depend on combustion by the oxygen flask, absorption of the combustion products in H 2O and conversion to orthophospheric acid with bromine water. The phosphoric acid produced is then determined iodometrically after removal of excess bromine through boiling. In the first method orthophosphoric acid behaves as a monobasic acid on reaction with KI and KIO 3 solutions. In the second method, orthophosphoric acid functions as a tribasic acid through reaction with zinc and ammonium ions and subsequent addition of excess solid KI and KIO 3. The liberated iodine is titrated, as usual, with thiosulfate solution using starch as indicator. The two methods, in general, and the second method in particular, are simple, rapid, and accurate.

Synthesis and properties of hetero-organic polymers with silicon, germanium and tin in the chain

L.K. Ltr~V.¢ etag. liquid I~H s , and by solid KI~H~ without a solvent, has been carried out at --50 °. Methyl methacrylate has been polymerized at--70 ° in a solution of l~al~H2 in ammonia and on a suspension of ~a~H2 in this solution. (3) The extent to which the molecular weight of polymers obtained on suspensions of amides is greater than that of polymers prepared in a solution of an amide differs for different monomers and rn~y be dependent on the cation of the initiator. (3) As a rule polymers of considerably higher molecular weight are formed on the surface of the solid amide than when polymerization is initiated by a solution of the amide in liquid ammonia.