Solid Casting Research Articles

Fast Dissolving Oral Films: Formulation, Evaluation and Future aspects

Fast dissolving oral film (FDOF) are drug delivery systems of the new days having one of the highest patient compliance, safety and are economical than most other dosage forms. Hydrophilic polymers when used as a vehicle come in contact with water get hydrated and thus allow drug release. Hydrophilic polymers also show an adherence property post hydration. Thus the hydrating and adhering properties of hydrophilic polymers makes it most suitable for producing fast dissolving oral film. Fast dissolving oral films are made to be administered into the buccal cavity of humans as the buccal cavity if having saliva and saliva help to hydrate the films leading to drug release. The buccal cavity in humans has a very high amount of blood supply system thus aids in faster drug entrance into the blood circulation. The fast dissolving oral films are capable of initiating drug release within seconds, without chewing and drinking. The instant bioavailability achieved bypassing the fast pass metabolism also adds as a salient feature. Various compositions of different polymers lead to differences in drug release rate of the films. Polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose; Poly Vinyl Alcohol; Ethyl Cellulose; Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose are some common hydrophilic polymers that are used to produce fast dissolving oral films. Solvent casting; semi solid casting; hot melt extrusion; solid dispersion extrusion are some common methods of production of fast dissolving oral films. Immediate onset of action in a shorter period with improved bioavailability marked fast dissolving oral film, a dosage form of choice.

A review on orodispersible drug delivery system

The future of drug delivery holds great promise for orally dispersible dose formulations, which make application simple since no water requirement as compared to conventional solid dosage forms which requires significant volumes of fluids for administration. The objective for development of ODF provides a substitute for pills, syrups, and tablets in treating vomiting as well as nausea, particularly in children. On the basis of transdermal patch delivery system, a novel oral films drug delivery has been introduced. Fast dissolving films disintegrates quickly when come in contact with salivary secretion in the oral mucosa and released the drug fast approximately within 3 mins. ODFs are of different types, like sustained or controlled release, oral patches and fast dissolving films. They can be manufactured using a variety of method including solvent and semi solid casting, hot melt and solid dispersion extrusion, spray drying and rolling. Among them solvent casting method is the most employed method. ODFs comprises of active ingredient, polymer, plasticizer and additives like surfactants, sweetening and coloring agents. ODFs preparation requires hydrophilic polymer which provides quick dissolution in the oral cavity. Hydrophilic polymer act as base for ODFs formulation as they impart mouth feel and mechanical properties of the ODFs also dependent of polymer type. Oral thin-film provide fast drug dissolution precise dosage in a portable, safe, and handy manner that doesn't required water or any special equipment. This review article comprises of different methods for ODFs preparations, ODFs ingredients, ODFs benefits and drawbacks and their packaging.

A review on orodispersible drug delivery system

The future of drug delivery holds great promise for orally dispersible dose formulations, which make application simple since no water requirement as compared to conventional solid dosage forms which requires significant volumes of fluids for administration. The objective for development of ODF provides a substitute for pills, syrups, and tablets in treating vomiting as well as nausea, particularly in children. On the basis of transdermal patch delivery system, a novel oral films drug delivery has been introduced. Fast dissolving films disintegrates quickly when come in contact with salivary secretion in the oral mucosa and released the drug fast approximately within 3 mins. ODFs are of different types, like sustained or controlled release, oral patches and fast dissolving films. They can be manufactured using a variety of method including solvent and semi solid casting, hot melt and solid dispersion extrusion, spray drying and rolling. Among them solvent casting method is the most employed method. ODFs comprises of active ingredient, polymer, plasticizer and additives like surfactants, sweetening and coloring agents. ODFs preparation requires hydrophilic polymer which provides quick dissolution in the oral cavity. Hydrophilic polymer act as base for ODFs formulation as they impart mouth feel and mechanical properties of the ODFs also dependent of polymer type. Oral thin-film provide fast drug dissolution precise dosage in a portable, safe, and handy manner that doesn't required water or any special equipment. This review article comprises of different methods for ODFs preparations, ODFs ingredients, ODFs benefits and drawbacks and their packaging.

Drug eluting chest tube with sustained release of local anesthetic agents for pain reduction

Chest tubes are frequently used in patients following major cardiothoracic surgeries to remove fluid and air from the pleural space. Tube implantation in the intercostal space and the irritation of the mucous membranes by the tube in the pleural space results in significant pain to the patient that often requires systemic treatment with narcotics to control. Opioid use often leads to extended hospital stays and increased risk of addiction. In this work, we created and optimized a drug eluting chest tube that can release anesthetic agents locally to reduce the need for systemic opioid use following chest tube implantation. The drug eluting chest tube consists of a porous polymer tube made from sintered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. The porous of this tube are loaded with bupivacaine in solid cast poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or loaded in to PLGA microparticles. This approach is advantageous in allowing a large amount of drug to be loaded into the tube and to protect the drug eluting polymer from damage during implantation or due to patient motion. The microparticle approach was effective in releasing drug from the tube but not in the amounts needed for long term effectiveness following implantation. The solid casting strategy released high amounts of the drug for at least 14 days. For a typical length of tubing, the dose released was equivalent to the maximal daily recommended dose of bupivacaine. We also tested the mechanical properties of the tubes and optimized processing conditions to reduce their stiffness. Our work demonstrates a robust and simple strategy for creating chest tubes that release local anesthetic agents while protecting the drug during tube insertion and following implantation.

Effect of rare-earth Sc on the interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/steel bimetallic composites prepared by liquid–solid casting

In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to investigate the impact of rare-earth Sc on the interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/steel bimetallic composites fabricated by liquid–solid casting. With the addition of 0.3% Sc, the morphology of eutectic Si changed from needle-like to fibrous and granular. The addition of Sc did not change the types of intermetallic compounds in the Al/steel reaction layer, which comprised the Al5Fe2, τ1-Al2Fe3Si3, Al13Fe4, τ5-Al7Fe2Si, and τ6-Al9Fe2Si2 phases. The thickness of the first layer decreased, whereas that of the second layer increased as the Sc content increased to 0.3%. Furthermore, the Al5Fe2 and τ1 phase percentages of the reaction layer decreased, whereas the Al13Fe4, τ5, and τ6 phase percentages increased. Sc was mainly enriched in the front of the ternary compound layer (τ6) near the Al side. The addition of 0.3% Sc reduced the grain size of each phase in the interfacial reaction layer and did not change the preferred orientation of the Al5Fe2, Al13Fe4, τ5, and τ6 phases, but increased the polar density of the Al13Fe4, τ5, and τ6 phases and decreased the polar density of the Al5Fe2 phase. With the addition of 0.3% Sc, the average nanohardness of the reaction layer decreased by 5% and the bonding strength increased by 48%.

Synthesis and characterization of Gd-doped LaFeO3 for device application

The Gd-modified LaFeO3-based perovskite (La0.75Gd0.25)FeO3 was prepared by the typical solid casting route method. The fundamental structural inquiry is done through the XRD technique which indicates the development of a single-phase new compound with orthorhombic symmetry. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic approach was used to investigate the chemical composition and valence of the involved elements. We demonstrate different types of modes and functional groups within the sample using the Raman spectroscopic technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through UV–Visible spectroscopy, the optical sensitivity and bandgap of this material were studied. Dielectric properties of the material are evaluated by tracking variations in dielectric parameters (dielectric constant and loss tangent) with frequency or temperature, and electrical properties of the material are determined by non-destructive impedance and modulus measurements. The magnetic properties of the sample are studied through the M-H loop at room temperature (300K) and low temperature (15K).

Failure analysis of a clutch wheel for wind turbines with the use of casting process simulation

Production of high-quality and high-grade casts at the lowest possible cost is a priority of every foundry. Innovation and optimization of the currently applied production processes is a necessary step to achieving such a goal. Costly and long experiments performed in real foundries may be replaced with numerical simulations, as they provide reliable representation of the casting process using the computer technology. A detailed analysis of simulation results facilitates forecasting various risks that might negatively affect the quality of produced casts, and hence the quality of the entire production process. The present article discusses the effects of adjustments to the design of a gating system on the quality of a cast made of EN-GJS-500-7 ductile cast iron, which is used as a clutch wheel in turbines in wind power plants. During the production of the cast, two models of the gating system were created in Solid Works CAD software. The gating systems were validated using NovaFlow&Solid casting simulation software. The modification of the gating system design resulted in a reduced amount of liquid metal used for casting, which has significant economic effects in the mass production. Eight simulations of the designed gating systems were carried out. The main purpose of the simulations was to determine the mesh density as well as the casting and solidification conditions so that they are as close as possible to the real conditions in a foundry. Subsequently, the gating system was modified with the result of eliminating defects in the cast that occur during the solidification process as well as increasing the utilization of liquid metal.

Forecast of mechanical properties of metal products

Introduction. The mechanical properties of the metal depend primarily on their chemical composition and structure. The structure of metal materials is formed under the influence of different temperature modes of manufacture and cooling. Models for predicting the mechanical properties of steels and cast irons are based on the influence of chemical composition and structure. The paper considers an approach that allows to evaluate the mechanical properties of rolling (C) cast iron rolls with a pearlitic (P) matrix depending on the complex influence of the elements of their chemical composition. Materials and methods. The working area of СПХН roll cast iron samples from the surface up to 50 mm doped with chromium (X) and nickel (H) was investigated. The carbide content varied from 10 to 15 %; and lamellar graphite did not exceed 2 %. The results of the experiment. In the work for modeling the mechanical characteristics of cast iron rolls used the method of planning experiments. The choice of this technique is due to the multi-parameter technology of production of solid metal casting. The application of this technique allowed to obtain models for predicting the mechanical characteristics of roll cast iron SPHN depending on the influence of the elements of the chemical composition of the rolls (C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Ni). The error in predicting the tensile strength sВ, bending strength sзгин bending and hardness according to the Shore HSD method did not exceed 5,89 %. When checking the models for convergence of results by Fisher's criterion at a critical value of Fcrit = 2,400 for sВ, this coefficient was 1,249; for sзгин fold was 1,289 and for HSD - 1,012. To analyze the effect of carbon on mechanical characteristics, two-dimensional dependence plots are constructed. Conclusions. Within the operating values of the parameters of the chemical composition of cast iron rolling mills СПХН-45 in accordance with existing regulations, a forecast of their mechanical characteristics within the allowable limits of error of experimental data. The results of the work allow to obtain mathematical models in the process of production of rolls of the СПХН brand to quickly establish their chemical composition within the standard technology in accordance with the customer's requirements for these mechanical characteristics. In addition, the obtained models can predict these characteristics of the manufactured rolls with minimal material and time costs.
 Keywords: rolling mills; elements of chemical composition; mechanical characteristics; multiparameter technology

Fatigue Cycles and Performance Evaluation of Accelerating Aging Heat Treated Aluminum Semi Solid Materials Designed for Automotive Dynamic Components

The A357-type (Al-Si-Mg) aluminum semi solid casting materials are known for their excellent strength and good ductility, which make them materials of choice, preferable in the manufacturing of automotive dynamic mechanical components. Semi-solid casting is considered as an effective technique for the manufacturing of automotive mechanical dynamic components of superior quality performance and efficiency. The lower control arm in an automotive suspension system is the significant mechanical dynamic component responsible for linking the wheels of the vehicle to the chassis. A new trend is to manufacture this part from A357 aluminum alloy due to its lightweight, high specific strength, and better corrosion resistance than steel. This study proposes different designs of a suspension control arm developed, concerning its strength to weight ratio. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the effect of accelerating thermal aging treatments on the fatigue life of bending fatigue specimens manufactured from alloy A357 using the Rheocasting semi-solid technology. The results revealed that the multiple aging cycles, of WC3, indicated superior fatigue life compared to standard thermal aging cycles. On the other hand, the proposed designs of automotive suspension control components showed higher strength-to-weight ratios, better stress distribution, and lower Von-Mises stresses compared to conventional designs.

Simulation Fluidity Test for Semisolid Squeeze Casting

The paper deals with semi solid squeeze casting technology. Fluidity tests were designed for the selected technology. The shape of the test casting was designed in the shape of test bars with different thicknesses and also in the shape of a stepped casting. The thickness of the individual elements was chosen on the basis of a selected / preferred numbers R10 EN STN 17. As a result, the thickness of the elements was 2.0, 2.5, 3.15, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.3 mm. Designed fluidity tests were verified by using ProCast simulation software. The selected process parameters were: operating pressure 80 MPa, mold temperature 200 °C, piston speed 30 mm.s-1. The experimental material was an AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy with a different solid phase content. The initial solid amount were 50, 55 and 60 %. The effect of solidus and liquidus, temperature distribution and pressure was monitored during the evaluation of fluidity.

Effect of liquid-solid volume ratios on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium cast iron and low carbon steel bimetal

Bimetal casting made of high chromium cast iron (HCCI) and low carbon steel (LCS) was produced by liquid–solid casting technology. The influence of different liquid-solid volume ratios on microstructure and microhardness of the interface was studied. The interface microstructure and the elemental distribution from one side to the other side of the bimetal were analyzed using Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Wear behavior of the successfully produced bimetal was also investigated in order to emphasize the difference in the mechanical properties between the two bonded alloys. The results showed that a good metallurgical bonding area free of holes could be obtained with increasing the liquid to solid volume ratio to 10:1 and 12:1. By increasing this ratio, diffusion of the elements was accelerated resulting in expanded carbide-free zone and improved bonding of the bimetal. Accordingly, the microhardness decreased at the HCCI side and increased at the LCS part due to the elemental diffusion from the former to the later through the interface. Sliding wear test on both sides of the bimetal showed that the coefficient of friction was ∼0.79 for HCCI and 0.69 in case of LCS. The transition from the high wear resistant HCCI part to LCS was significantly observed on the worn surface of the interfacial area of the test sample. The wear mechanism involved in the two sides was delimitation and the size of the produced laminates was smaller in case of LCS than in HCCI.

Quality Index Charts of Al-Si-Mg Semi Solid Alloys Subjected to Multiple Temperatures Aging Treatments and Different Quenching Media.

The use of quality index charts is considered as an effective mean for evaluating the mechanical performance of Aluminum alloys for industrial engineering applications. The current study was carried out to investigate the influences of multiple-interrupted temperatures aging and quenching media (water versus air) on the quality index performance and precipitations evolution of A357 Aluminum semi solid alloys. Regarding the lack of similar investigations applied on such alloys, the quality index charts were generated for Al-Si-Mg semi solid castings based on its tensile properties. These charts are used to determine the quality index, in MPa, as a simple mean for compromising the strength and ductility together in one value using the Drouzy model. The multiple temperatures aging cycles were applied to improve the quality index values of Al-Si-Mg semi solid alloys for enhancing its characteristic and performance to resist the mechanical failures relating to automotive dynamic parts. The evolution of Mg2Si hardening precipitates, formed for specific thermal aging cycles, was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained in this work revealed that the optimum quality index values were obtained by the application of T6-thermal under-aging treatment cycles. The regression models, using a statistical design of experiments, indicated that the optimum strength and high-quality index values were obtained by the application of interrupted thermal aging cycles, mainly C2,3-T6/T4/T7 conditions.

Technological Observations on Two-Part Stone Jewelry-Casting Molds of the Late Bronze Age in the Near East

AbstractTwo-part stone jewelry molds were intended for casting of small and delicate precious metal jewelry and were common primarily during the Late Bronze Age in the ancient Near East. Published examples bear witness to the technological sophistication of the ancient craftsmen who used them as versatile tools for casting of a variety of solid rings, bezels, earrings, pendants, diadems, beads, pins, figurines, and amulets. As most stones crack when exposed to the extreme heat of molten metal, solid casting using stone molds may actually have been intended for fabrication of wax models using the “lost wax” technique, which allows for their repeated use for production of wax anti-types. The largest number of these molds originates from coastal sites of the northern Levant, drawing attention to this region as a nexus of specialized metalworking during this period and probably also for the spread of this technology in the eastern Mediterranean.

Influence of Boron Fiber Powder and Graphite Reinforcements on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum 2024 Alloy Fabricated by Stir Casting

In this study, boron fiber powder and graphite is reinforced to Al 2024 alloy to develop hybrid metal matrix composite by stir casting process. Hybrid MMCs developed with different weight fraction for 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of boron fiber and 2% of graphite. Stirring parameters are optimized to obtain solid casting. Reinforcements are poured into molten aluminium at 15 g/min and stirrer is rotated for 5 minutes at 250 rpm with two stages stirring. 1% of magnesium was added to improve the wettability of Al 2024. Cast samples are machined as per the standards to investigate the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties. Optical and SEM analysis was carried out on machined sample to study the uniform distribution of particles. XRD and EDAX analysis is carried out to confirm the dispersion of particles into the matrix. Uniform distribution of the particles is found in optical and SEM images for these stirring parameters. The peak representation of boron and graphite particles is also observed in XRD and EDAX analysis. Theoretical and experimental density of the cast sample is determined by rule of mixture and Archimedes principle. Result shows the density of the composite decreases by increasing percentage of reinforcements. Micro Vickers hardness was tested on the cast composites and the result showed Al 2024 alloy hardness was increased by 31.25% by reinforcing boron and graphite. Similarly, tensile and compression strength increased by increasing the percentage of reinforcement. Tensile and compression strength of Al 2024 alloy increased by 45.23% and 29.18% respectively. The ductility of the composites decreased by increasing the percentage of reinforcements.

Effect of bentonite addition on some properties of porcelain

Porcelain is one of the most important ceramic materials with a wide range of traditional and technical applications. Since most mixtures of porcelain have a high sintering temperature, bentonite has been added in this research to improve the characteristics of sintering and burning. The porcelain mixture consisted of the following Iraqi raw materials: 30% wt kaolin, 30 wt% non-plastic clay (grog), 10% wt sodium feldspar, 10 wt% potassium feldspar and 20 wt% flint. After the mechanical mixing process and transfer the powder mixture to the slurry by adding distilled water, then different weight percentage of the sodium bentonite(0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10) wt% was added. The specimens were prepared by using the solid casting method, and after the drying process, the specimens were burned at1100 oC. The results of x-ray diffraction showed that bentonite reduced the crystallization of the main ceramic phases (mullite, quartz), which stimulates the appearance of amorphous glass phases. Also, the loss of mass on ignition increased when the addition of bentonite from 5.66% to 8.2%. There was also a great convergence between the granules of porcelain when adding bentonite and thus increase the shrinkage of the dimensions from 9.33% to 12.37 %. This led to increasing the bulk density from 1.97 g/cm3 to 2.67 g/cm3 at firing temperature 1100oC, and the porosity was decreased from 17.1% to 1.44%. Diametrical strength and flexural strength (bending) increased with bentonite (14.88 to 34.46MPa), (6.2 to 8.65 MPa), respectively.

Evaluation of the mixtures of clay, diatomite, and sawdust for production of ceramic pot filters for water treatment interventions using locally sourced materials

The need to improve the flow rate and maintain the quality of filtrate using ceramic pot filter (CPF) so as to improve the access to potable water in rural areas informed this work. Mixtures of clay, diatomite and sawdust were utilized in the production of CPFs. The percentage mixtures were; A (sawdust 65, clay 25, diatomite 10) B (sawdust 60, clay 25, diatomite 15), C (sawdust 50, clay 25, diatomite 25) and D (sawdust 45, clay 25, diatomite 30). Physical analyses of the clay were done after firing at 850 °C and 950 °C. Chemical characterization of the clay sample with the compounded mixtures was done using X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer and X-ray diffractometer. The solid casting method was employed in the production of CPFs and fired at 850 °C and 950 °C. The flow rates of CPFs were determined, with Sample A, giving the highest flow rate of 2.5 L/h followed by B (2.0 L/h), C (0.2 L/h) and D (0.06 L/h). Results showed that sample A has the best physical properties determined, with the best firing temperature of 850 °C. The choice Sample A was further tested and compared with B, by usage in treating water samples from a rural community. The morphology of the selected sample was determined using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Analyses of the untreated and treated water samples showed removal efficiencies for turbidity, TDS, TSS, E coli and coliform as 79%, 64%, 62%, 100% and 100% respectively. All results obtained were within the WHO limit. Results confirmed the suitability of the materials for CPFs production.

Corrosion Improvement and Microstructure Evaluation of SEM-Solid A356 Alloy by Ecap Process

Al-Si is a casting alloy developed mostly for automobile and aircraft engine industries. This research presents a study related to the semi solid casting of Al-Si A356 alloy produced by cooling slope known as thixoforming process. The sample has then undergone T6 heat treatment. The grain refinement was achieved suitable for thixoforming by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) technique through Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). The ECAP was conducted at room temperature in which a 10 mm rod was pressed through a constrained channel of a die that was bent abruptly close to 120°. The coarse α-Al phase and silicon particles changes into a globular shape after thixoforming process and T6 heat treatment. The ECAP processing through route A leads to particle refinement after one pass and further refined with an average particle size of 41.2μm after two pass pressing. The potentiodynamic test showed that the corrosion rate reduced to 0.0024 mmpy after two passes of ECAP processing. It confirms that particle refinement through ECAP processing leads to significant enhancement of corrosion resistance in A356 alloy.

A Tale of a 4-year-old Biliary Stent: Lessons to Learn

FigureComplications associated with biliary stents are rare and include stent occlusion, stent migration and cholangitis. Despite the high success rate, limited data is available about their long term complications. We report the case of a 47 y.o. woman presenting with biliary colic secondary to an impacted forgotten BS. Only few cases were reported in the English literature where biliary duct obstruction resulted from forgotten BSs that promoted the formation of new bile stones. A 47 y.o. woman presented for 2 week history of postprandial right upper quadrant abdominal pain that radiated to her back. Medical history was significant for a benign common bile duct (CBD) stricture that was treated with balloon dilatation and a 10 Fr x 7.5 cm CBD stent placement 53 months ago. The patient was asymptomatic since and never followed up. Laboratory tests showed cholestasis. A contrast abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed central intrahepatic and CBD dilatation up to 1.2 cm. Attempts to remove the old BS were unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a non mobile filling defect consistent with small stones causing moderate distal CBD obstruction. The retained BS appeared to be embedded in the filling defect. A new 7FR x 12cm BS was placed. Another ERCP was performed. A 6mm x 4cm biliary balloon was used to dilate the CBD under fluoroscopic guidance. After dilation, the retained BS was successfully removed with a snare. Small stone fragments and gravel were also removed by a wire guided biliary basket. Spyglass cholangioscopy demonstrated large solid casting of stones in the CBD where the distal end of the old stent resided. A wireguided 10Fr x 10cm plastic BS was placed to facilitate biliary drainage. The remaining stones were removed with electrodynamic lithotripsy in 2 sessions. The ultimate goal of biliary endoprosthesis is the prevention of cholangitis through the maintenance of an uninterrupted biliary flow. However patients usually fail to follow up view the resolution of their symptoms. The most feared complication of retained biliary stents remains cholangitis therefore plastic stents need to be removed or replaced every 3-6 months to prevent flow disruption and superimposed bacterial infection. Management of retained stents includes endoscopic stent retrieval, especially in uncomplicated cases However in case of stent impaction and development of large stentolith, surgical intervention may be the only therapeutic choice.

Системний аналіз технології виробництва масивного металевого лиття

Системний аналіз технології виробництва масивного металевого лиття

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al bimetallic composite fabricated by compound casting

The present study shows that magnesium and aluminium light alloys have been widely utilised in lightweight automotive applications, which is an important future research direction of energy conservation and environmental protection for automobile. In this study, Mg/Al bimetallic composite consisting of AZ91D magnesium alloy and ZL105 alumina alloy was fabricated by compound casting. The results prove that Mg/Al bimetallic composites can be successfully fabricated by liquid–solid compound casting. The structure of interfacial transition zone is made up of three different zones, i.e. Al-side transition zone, interfacial intermediate zone and Mg-side transition zone and α-Al, γ-Al3Mg2, β-Al12Mg17, Mg2Si and δ-Mg are the main specific composition of these zones. Bending strengths of pouring temperature from 620 to 700°C are different, while the maximal bending strength is 23·06 MPa under pouring temperature of 680°C.