Solid Carbon Monoxide Research Articles

Selective Reduction of Iron in High-Phosphorus Oolitic Ore from the Lisakovsk Deposit.

Reduction of iron in high-phosphorus oolitic ore from the Lisakovsk deposit using solid carbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. An X-ray phase analysis was used to determine the phase composition of the samples after reduction roasting. When reduced with carbon monoxide or hydrogen, α-iron appears in the samples, while phosphorus remains in the form of iron, calcium, and aluminum phosphates. After roasting with solid carbon, phosphorus is reduced from iron and calcium phosphates and migrates into the metal but remains in aluminum phosphate. A micro X-ray spectral analysis showed that at a temperature of 1000 °C and a holding time of 5 h, during reduction with solid carbon, the phosphorus content in the metallic phase reaches up to 7.1 at. %. When reduced with carbon monoxide under the same conditions, the metallic phase contains only iron, and phosphorus is found only in the oxide phase. When reduced with hydrogen at 800 °C, phosphorus is almost absent in the metallic phase, but at 900 °C, phosphorus is reduced and its content in the metallic phase reaches 2.1 at. %.

A Spontaneously Electrical State of Matter.

ConspectusMolecular deposition on solid surfaces forms crystalline or amorphous/glassy thin solid films. Intermolecular interactions govern the packing and dynamics of these films. The connection between molecular structure and intermolecular interactions is based on understanding electrostatic forces, dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding. Recently, an entire class of dipolar molecular species have demonstrated counterintuitive self-organization such that the dipole moments of individual molecules are oriented in thin films. This leads to the spontaneous generation of polarized molecular films manifesting a polarization charge equivalent to tens to hundreds of volts in strength at the film-vacuum interface, relative to the film-substrate interface. These voltages, and the corresponding electric fields present in such films, result from a collective and spontaneous orientation of molecular dipoles throughout the film during film growth and represent a metastable state of polarized material. The existence of these materials should encourage reconsideration of the importance of solid-state intermolecular electrostatic interactions.This account will detail observations of the spontaneous electric fields in molecular solids, provide insights into the dynamics and structure of molecular materials that the emergence of these electric fields can facilitate, and present a dipole-alignment based mean-field model that reproduces the temperature dependence of the electric field strength. Species as diverse as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, freons, simple alcohols, and cis-methyl formate have been demonstrated to spontaneously generate electric fields. We have reported electric fields more than 108 V m-1, have shown how field strength varies with the film deposition temperature, and have reported temperature-dependent Stark shifts observable in both infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra. The latter has led to the reporting of large Wannier-Mott excitons in wide band gap molecular materials, such as solid carbon monoxide and ammonia.Changes in the field strength with time, at specific temperatures, can be related to the structural dynamics of glassy molecular solids. Measurement of surface potentials is a very sensitive technique by which to observe the rotation and translation of molecular species buried in thin films. This is particularly true for polarized, supercooled molecular glasses, where surface potentials have been used to report on secondary relaxation processes that have hitherto been hidden from measurement.Characterizing spontaneously electric molecular films, and understanding their behavior, requires the inclusion of nonlocal and nonlinear effects. The mean-field model that we present describes the data by connecting the energy of interaction of an average dipole with the mean effective field in the film, where this field is itself a function of the degree of polarization. This feedback loop produces a smooth function with a nonintuitive, discontinuous differential. The condensation of thin molecular films is an important means by which molecular solids are generated in the interstellar medium and represents a key pathway for the generation of organic optically and electrically active materials. It may also be possible to manipulate chemistry with the intense, localized electric fields acting as or acting on catalysts. The repercussions of the spontaneous generation of bound surface charges and the presence of electric fields in molecular solids will be discussed in these contexts.

Depletion of gaseous CO in protoplanetary disks by surface-energy-regulated ice formation

Empirical constraints of fundamental properties of protoplanetary disks are essential for understanding planet formation and planetary properties1,2. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is often used to constrain disk properties3. However, estimates show that the CO gas abundance in disks is depleted relative to expected values4,5,6,7, and models of various disk processes impacting the CO abundance could not explain this depletion on observed ~1 Myr timescales8,9,10,11,12,13,14. Here we demonstrate that surface energy effects on particles in disks, such as the Kelvin effect, that arise when ice heterogeneously nucleates onto an existing particle can efficiently trap CO in its ice phase. In previous ice formation models, CO gas was released when small ice-coated particles were lofted to warmed disk layers. Our model can reproduce the observed abundance, distribution and time evolution of gaseous CO in the four most studied protoplanetary disks7. We constrain the solid and gaseous CO inventory at the midplane and disk diffusivities and resolve inconsistencies in estimates of the disk mass—three crucial parameters that control planetary formation.

Density and Refractive Index of Carbon Monoxide Ice at Different Temperatures

This paper is intended to study the density and the refractive index of the solid carbon monoxide in the interval 13–28 K to improve our understanding of the dynamics in the astrophysical environments where they are present. A series of deposition experiments have been performed under high vacuum conditions to study the properties of this ice under astrophysical conditions. Ice density has been experimentally calculated at different deposition temperatures of astrophysical interest, which complement the scarce values present in the literature. The refractive index has also been experimentally determined. The data have been used to obtain an experimental relationship between refractive index and density. Values of density are necessary to interpret observations of astrophysical objects or to design irradiation experiments to understand how irradiation affects ices present in these objects. The experimental relationship found between density and refractive index allows us to estimate density from a known refractive index, even for temperatures not reached using our experimental setup.

UV Photolysis of C2H5SH in Solid CO and Ar

Ethanethiol (C2H5SH) contains the −SH group, a functional group considered to be crucial for the prebiotic polymerization of amino acids. Ethanethiol is also one of about 250 molecules detected in the interstellar medium or circumstellar shells. We irradiated C2H5SH embedded in carbon monoxide (CO) as well as argon (Ar) ices. Using spectroscopy, we detected methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), carbon monosulfide (CS), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dihydrogen sulfide (SH2), thioformaldehyde (H2CS), ethanethial (CH3CHS), thiirane, ethenethione (H2CCS), ethynethiol (HCCSH), thiirene, ethenedithione (SCCS), methylene radical (CH2), ethylthiyl radical (C2H5S), thioketenyl radical (HCCS), sulfanyl radical (SH), and sulfur atoms. Additionally, we observed OCS luminescence during annealing of the Ar matrix sample, which indicates the existence of a free sulfur atom. All products contain fewer atoms than the parent. CH3CHS was the main organic product in CO; OCS is the only product detected that formed due to a reaction with CO. Quantum chemical computations show that the S–H bond can easily be broken upon electronic excitation. Although more experimental and theoretical data are needed, we suggest that C2H5SH can exist only in interstellar clouds shielded from UV radiation like G+0.693-0.027 but not in Orion KL.

Mechanism study on the high-performance BaFe2O4 during chemical looping gasification

As an attractive oxygen carrier, BaFe2O4 shows an outstanding chemical looping gasification (CLG) performance with a high CO yield, but the reaction mechanisms of BaFe2O4 during CLG process are still not clear. The present work aims to reveal the reaction mechanisms of BaFe2O4 with solid carbon (C) and carbon monoxide (CO) by means of experiments and computational methods based on the density functional theory (DFT). The performance of Fe2O3 was also investigated for comparison. Results of fixed-bed experiments show that BaFe2O4 has a better reactivity in solid–solid reaction with high CO yield, while Fe2O3 shows a better performance in solid–gas reaction with high CO2 yield. Components of Fe and FeO were detected in the products of BaFe2O4-C reaction, but not found in the products of Fe2O3-C reaction, indicating that BaFe2O4 is more active in the solid–solid reaction. Pure Fe and FeO phases in the products of Fe2O3-CO reaction suggest that Fe2O3 is more active in the solid–gas reaction. Combining the experimental and calculation results, it can be found that both the solid–solid reaction and the solid–gas reaction can be divided into the steps of C/CO adsorption, formation of CO*/CO2* complex, CO*/CO2* desorption and lattice oxygen migration. The rate-limiting-steps in solid–solid and solid–gas reactions are the formation of CO* and CO2* complex, respectively. The adsorption energy of C/CO on BaFe2O4 surface is lower than that on Fe2O3 surface, and there is a large amount of adsorbed CO on BaFe2O4 surface, indicating that BaFe2O4 surface is more active than Fe2O3 surface. The BaFe2O4-C reaction is more favorable with a lower energy barrier (0.545 eV) than that Fe2O3-C reaction (0.960 eV). In the solid–gas reaction, Fe2O3-CO reaction has a lower reaction energy barrier of 0.791 eV than BaFe2O4-CO reaction (0.997 eV). The large amount of Fe2+ ion in Fe2O3 bulk indicates the strong oxygen migration ability. Therefore, BaFe2O4 displays good potential in CLG process due to its relative stronger surface activity and weaker migration ability of lattice oxygen.

The Intriguing Behavior of Ultraviolet Photodesorption and Color Temperature of Astrophysical CO Ice Analogs: A Possible Indication of Molecular Disorder

Abstract Ejection of molecules from ice-covered dust exposed to ultraviolet photons, known as photodesorption, is summoned to account for gas abundances in cold regions. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the second most abundant ice component in interstellar clouds. Photon energy transfer between CO molecules can eventually excite molecules on the ice surface, allowing desorption. CO photodesorption drops linearly by a factor of 4 for increasing ice deposition temperature between 7 and 20 K. Because translation of molecules leading to crystallization occurs above 20 K, amorphous CO ice must hold another property that depends on deposition temperature and has an impact on photodesorption. CO ice molecules act as tiny dipoles weakly bonded to each other. We used colorimetry to trace variations of the relative orientations between CO molecules, a process not observed using other techniques. Color variations seen by eye at different deposition temperatures range from brown to translucent, or transparent when CO ice is deposited above 20 K and is nearly crystalline. As expected, apolar N2 ice did not display a visual color. Color temperature measurements allowed quantification of this phenomenon. The behavior of color temperature matches the photodesorption, allowing a better understanding of this process, and provides a method to monitor structural changes in molecular solids. An implication in astrophysics is that the albedo of icy bodies can be low in CO patches. A brownish color is not only indicative of organic matter, as it may be due to disordered solid CO, and allows to determine the build-up temperature of CO ice.

Ab initio investigation of solid carbon monoxide phase diagram at low temperature

The physics fundamentals of carbon monoxide crystal and structural differences are of great fundamental and practical significance, not only because of its high toxicity but also due to its therapeutic potential and important signaling capabilities in physiological and pathophysiological situations. Despite decades of theoretical researches, the crystal structures of solid carbon monoxide polymorphs as well as the transitions between polymorphs at atomic level are still far from well understood. Especially, the “low-temperature, high-pressure state” phase ε of solid carbon monoxide (ε-CO) has not been demonstrated accurately. Here, with the high-precision MP2 theory, we present a practical ab initio electronical correlated method which can calculate the Gibbs free energy and thus the phase transition between α-CO and ε-CO of carbon monoxide from under high-pressure and low-temperatures conditions. The obtained atomic structures, Raman spectra and phase transitions conditions agree well with the experimental results. The presented approach could determine locations of phases α and ε of carbon monoxide crystal in the phase diagram, and has special prospects in promoting the exploration of investigating new crystals from experiments under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions with potentially important applications.

Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the State of Woody Plants in Volgograd

Studies conducted in different cities have shown that trees growing in urbanized areas reduce noise levels and cleanse the air of solid particles, ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and other pollutants contained in car fumes, transport dust and generated by industry. The reaction to the influence of negative factors in woody plants is in disturbances in metabolism and biochemical composition, their general development also changes, and their population decreases. The indicators of disorders occurring at the cellular and tissue levels are more sensitive to the influence of negative anthropogenic factors in comparison with external manifestations. The research was carried out on woody plants: small-leaved linden (L. Tíliacordáta), horse chestnut (L. Aésculus); the soil. The research was carried out in 9 districts of Volgograd. The assessment of the state of woody plants was carried out by the visual method based on external signs. GOST methods were used to determine the concentrations of chemical elements in the foliage and soil of woody plants. Using physical and chemical methods, the concentrations of chemical elements in the soil and biomass of woody plants taken from the selected areas of the city of Volgograd were obtained, and the correlation between these indicators and the life state of woody plants was determined. The dependence of the indicators of the concentration of nutrients in the soil and the state and viability of woody plants was well traced. In general, the state of most of the woody plants of the city was healthy or moderately weakened. Such a high level of the life state is explained by the relatively young age structure of the studied plants, because at a young age woody plants are more resistant to negative factors of the urban environment. The revealed features of the life of woody plants in the city can be taken into account in the practice of city green building.

Formation of chiral CO polyhedral crystals on icy interstellar grains

ABSTRACT The crystallinity and morphology of solid carbon monoxide (CO) on icy interstellar grains were examined by observing the deposition, crystallization, and UV and electrons irradiation of solid CO using transmission electron microscopy. Herein, we found that solid CO deposited in molecular clouds was crystalline, and that even if amorphous CO was deposited, amorphous CO crystallized within 103 yr at 10 K. Conversely, crystalline CO was not amorphized by UV rays or electron beam at 10 K. These results indicated the occurrence of chiral crystalline CO instead of amorphous CO in space. Furthermore, the large surface diffusion coefficients of CO on eamorphous H2O and crystalline CO at 10 K facilitated the morphological equilibration of crystalline CO. Bad wetting of crystalline CO with amorphous H2O proved that the morphology of the ice grains was not spherical with an onion-like structure, as hitherto assumed, but rather it was a polyhedral crystalline CO attached to amorphous H2O. This has important implications for phenomena associated with the collision and subsequent sticking between ice grains, surface chemical reactions, non-thermal desorption of molecules and the origin of homochirality in interstellar biomolecules.

Definition of conditions of selective iron reduction from iron-manganese ore

The article presents thermodynamic modeling results of reduction roasting of ferromanganese ore with a high phosphorus content in the presence of solid carbon. The modeling was carried out using TERRA software package. Influence of the process temperature in the range 950 – 1300 K and carbon content in the amount of 8.50 – 8.85 g per 100 g of ore on reduction of iron, manganese and phosphorus was investigated. With these parameters of the system, iron is reduced by both solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO to the metallic state, and manganese is reduced only to MnO oxide. The degree of phosphorus reduction depends on the amount of reducing agent. With an excess of carbon relative to the reduction of iron, all phosphorus is converted into metal at a temperature of 1150 K. Phosphorus is not reduced at temperatures below 1150 K and such amount of carbon. The process of solid-phase reduction of iron from manganese ore with the preservation of manganese in the oxide phase was researched in laboratory conditions. Experimental results of direct reduction of these elements with carbon and indirect reduction with carbon monoxide CO are presented. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory Tamman furnace at a temperature of 1000 – 1300 °C and holding time of 1 and 3 hours. Results of the research of phase composition of the reduction products, as well as chemical composition of the phases are considered. The possibility of selective solid-phase reduction of iron with solid carbon to the metallic state was confirmed. Iron in the studied conditions is reduced by carbon monoxide CO and passes into magnetic part. During the magnetic separation of the products of ore reduction roasting with solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO, the non-magnetic part contains oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium. The work results can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of ferromanganese ores, which are not processed by existing technologies.

The Influence of Power Sources for Charging the Batteries of Electric Cars on CO2 Emissions during Daily Driving: A Case Study from Poland

The main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from the transport sector are diesel- and gasoline-powered passenger cars. The combustion of large amounts of conventional fuels by cars contributes to a significant release of various compounds into the atmosphere, such as solid particles, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. In order to reduce these pollutants in places of their high concentration (especially in urban agglomerations), the use of ecological means of transport for daily driving is highly recommended. Electric vehicles (EV) are characterized by ecological potential due to their lack of direct emissions and low noise. However, in Poland and many other countries, electricity production is still based on fossil fuels which can significantly influence the indirect emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere associated with battery charging. Thus, indirect emissions from electric cars may be comparable or even higher than direct emissions related to the use of traditional cars. Therefore, the aim of the work was to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide emissions associated with the use of electric vehicles for daily driving (City, Sedan, SUV) and their impact on the environment on a local and global scale. Based on the assumed daily number of kilometers driven by the vehicle and the collected certified catalog data (Car Info Nordic AB), the direct emissions generated by the internal combustion engines (ICE) were calculated for specific cars. These values were compared to the indirect emissions related to the source of electricity generation, for the calculation of which the CO2 emission coefficient for a particular energy source and energy mix was used, as well as reference values of electricity generation efficiency in a given combustion installation, in accordance with the KOBiZE (The National Centre for Emissions Management) and European Union regulation. Indirect emissions generated from non-renewable fuels (lignite, hard coal, natural gas, diesel oil, heating oil, municipal waste) and renewable emissions (wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, biomass, biogas) were considered. The results indicated that for the Polish case study, indirect carbon dioxide emission associated with the daily driving of EV (distance of 26 km) ranges 2.49–3.28 kgCO2∙day−1. As a result, this indirect emission can be even higher than direct emissions associated with ICE usage (2.55–5.64 kgCO2∙day−1).

Experimental Approach to Physicochemical Hydrogen Processes on Cosmic Ice Dust

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and thus atomic and molecular hydrogen play important roles in chemical evolution in space. In particular, the physicochemical processes of hydrogen on cosmic dust, such as the diffusion of H atoms and nuclear spin conversion of H2 molecules at low temperatures, are recognized to significantly influence the subsequent chemical evolution. However, it is not easy to track the hydrogen on the surface by conventional experiments. We have recently succeeded in applying a combination of photostimulated desorption and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization methods to detect hydrogen on cosmic dust analogues. In this paper, we present a brief review of our recent experiments for elucidating the behavior of hydrogen on water ice, pure solid carbon monoxide, and diamond-like carbon as cosmic dust analogue surfaces.

Comparison of Iron and Chromium Reduction from Chrome Ore Concentrates by Solid Carbon and Carbon Monoxide

The possibility of reduction of chromium and iron from complex oxides by gaseous carbon monoxide and solid carbon was investigated. The chromium ore concentrates of Kempirsai and Aganozero deposits used in present study had different ratio of iron and chromium content. The Reduction in CO gas atmosphere did not result in reduction of chromium and iron from spinels; however, it resulted in reduction of fines from the drying apparatus, where the particles of coke presented along with the particles of the Kempersai chromite. At the same time, iron and nickel were reduced from the silicates of the gangue minerals. In the samples mixed with solid carbon a continuous layer of carbides formed on the surface of the spinel grains. The formation of a continuous shell retarded and practically stopped the reduction process. The further development of reduction was possible after destruction of the shell that occurred as a result of smelting of the carbides and silicides mixture that constitute the shell.

Influence of different nanoparticles embedded in crystalline carbon monoxide matrix on heat transfer in the nanocomposite

The preliminary results of investigations of heat transfer in nanocomposites consisting of nanoparticles randomly distributed in solid carbon monoxide matrix are presented. In the experiment the thermal conductivity coefficient dependence on temperature for CO crystal with silica and palladium nanoparticles of different size embedded in the crystal structure was determined over the temperature range 2.2–35 K by steady-state heat flow method. The results of the measurements were analyzed within the frame of relaxation time approximation. The analysis shows that lowering of the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites relative to pure carbon monoxide crystal observed for both types of the investigated nanoparticles, palladium and silica, is caused mostly by scattering of phonons by boundaries of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the presence of the nanoinclusions promotes higher density of dislocations and influences the matrix lattice dynamics.

Supported Palladium Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 2‐Quinolones from 2‐Iodoanilines and Alkynes Using Oxalic Acid as C1 Source

Abstract3‐Aryl/alkyl‐2‐quinolones were synthesized employing microwave assisted multicomponent reaction of 2‐iodoanilines, terminal alkynes and oxalic acid dihydrate ((CO2H)2 ⋅ 2H2O) under polystyrene supported palladium (Pd@PS) nanoparticles‐catalyzed conditions. The use of a heterogeneous palladium catalyst was explored first time for 2‐quinolone synthesis involving carbonylation reaction employing (CO2H)2 ⋅ 2H2O as a solid and bench stable carbon monoxide (CO) source. The reaction exhibited good substrate generality for 2‐iodoanilines and alkynes with wide functional group tolerance and good regio‐selectivity. The ligand free operation, recyclability of heterogeneous Pd@PS catalyst and use of bench stable C1 source are the invaluable merits of the protocol.magnified image

Nickel-catalysed carbonylative homologation of aryl iodides

Homologation is an important organic transformation which extends the carbon chain of a parent molecule, and many procedures have been established. However, although carbonylation reactions are now well developed as valuable methods for the synthesis of carbonyl-containing compounds, studies of carbonylative homologation are limited. Here we report a nickel-catalysed carbonylative homologation of aryl iodides. With molybdenum hexacarbonyl as the solid carbon monoxide source and silane as the deoxygenation reagent, benzylic units can be effectively produced. Various (hetero)arenes can be successfully benzylated and give the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields.

IR spectral fingerprint of carbon monoxide in interstellar water–ice models

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the second most abundant molecule in the gas-phase of the interstellar medium. In dense molecular clouds, it is also present in the solid-phase as a constituent of the mixed water-dominated ices covering dust grains. Its presence in the solid-phase is inferred from its infrared (IR) signals. In experimental observations of solid CO/water mixed samples, its IR frequency splits into two components, giving rise to a blue- and a redshifted band. However, in astronomical observations, the former has never been observed. Several attempts have been carried out to explain this peculiar behaviour, but the question still remains open. In this work, we resorted to pure quantum mechanical simulations in order to shed some light on this problem. We adopted different periodic models simulating the CO/H$_2$O ice system, such as single and multiple CO adsorption on water ice surfaces, CO entrapped into water cages and proper CO:H$_2$O mixed ices. We also simulated pure solid CO. The detailed analysis of our data revealed how the quadrupolar character of CO and the dispersive forces with water ice determine the energetic of the CO/H$_2$O ice interaction, as well as the CO spectroscopic behaviour. Our data suggest that the blueshifted peak can be assigned to CO interacting {\it via} the C atom with dangling H atoms of the water ice, while the redshifted one can actually be the result of CO involved in different reciprocal interactions with the water matrix. We also provide a possible explanation for the lack of the blueshifted peak in astronomical spectra. Our aim is not to provide a full account of the various interstellar ices, but rather to elucidate the sensitivity of the CO spectral features to different water ice environments.

Wannier-Mott Excitons in Nanoscale Molecular Ices.

The absorption of light to create Wannier-Mott excitons is a fundamental feature dictating the optical and photovoltaic properties of low band gap, high permittivity semiconductors. Such excitons, with an electron-hole separation an order of magnitude greater than lattice dimensions, are largely limited to these semiconductors but here we find evidence of Wannier-Mott exciton formation in solid carbon monoxide (CO) with a band gap of >8 eV and a low electrical permittivity. This is established through the observation that a change of a few degrees K in deposition temperature can shift the electronic absorption spectra of solid CO by several hundred wave numbers, coupled with the recent discovery that deposition of CO leads to the spontaneous formation of electric fields within the film. These so-called spontelectric fields, here approaching 4×10^{7} V m^{-1}, are strongly temperature dependent. We find that a simple electrostatic model reproduces the observed temperature dependent spectral shifts based on the Stark effect on a hole and electron residing several nm apart, identifying the presence of Wannier-Mott excitons. The spontelectric effect in CO simultaneously explains the long-standing enigma of the sensitivity of vacuum ultraviolet spectra to the deposition temperature.

X-ray induced synthesis of a novel material: Stable, doped solid CO at ambient conditions

We report a novel synthesis of stable doped solid carbon monoxide (p-CO) via hard X-ray irradiation of strontium oxalate at ambient conditions and high pressure. We also show via mid- and far- infrared (IR) techniques that CO2 produced via X-ray photochemistry remained trapped within the recovered sample for many months in contrast to pure p-CO which decomposes in days. Our results demonstrate that p-CO doped with carbonates (as verified with IR and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopies) is relatively stable, enabling longer term and practical use of this novel material for CO2 storage or as a novel electrical/optical material.