Soldier System Research Articles

The Evolution of Dismounted Soldier Systems: A Comprehensive Review of GOSSRA’s Innovations

The Generic Open Soldier System Reference Architecture (GOSSRA) project represents a significant step forward in the evolution of Dismounted Soldier Systems (DSS). This article provides an in-depth analysis of the project, drawing on direct author participation, extensive project documentation, and a wide range of academic literature. It synthesizes key insights into the technological advancements, operational challenges, ethical considerations, and strategic implications of DSS. The research highlights the potential of advanced technologies to substantially enhance soldier capabilities but also underscores the complexities of integrating these technologies into cohesive and functional systems. The analysis delves into the operational effectiveness and flexibility of DSS, illustrating their ability to improve situational awareness, decision-making, and mobility in diverse operational contexts. However, it also points out the need for systems to adapt to varying scenarios and environments. The ethical and strategic dimensions of DSS deployment are explored, emphasizing the need for robust ethical frameworks and strategic planning to ensure that advancements in military capabilities align with ethical norms and contribute positively to global security. Lessons learned from past deployments and case studies provide invaluable insights into the real-world performance, user acceptance, and integration challenges of DSS. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective, anticipating future developments in DSS and outlining strategies for their successful implementation. The conclusions and recommendations presented provide a roadmap for the development and integration of DSS, ensuring they evolve in alignment with the imperatives of modern and future warfare.

Understanding the Motivation of Young Adults to Enlist and Pursue Military Leadership Studies to Become Professional Soldiers

Since the beginning of 2005, conscription service in the Czech Republic ended, leading to the full professionalization of the Czech Armed Forces. Consequently, a career soldier system has been established. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that motivated young adults, reflecting the specifics of the military profession, to join the army, as well as the factors that motivated them to apply to the Faculty of Military Leadership at the University of Defence for military studies. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire completed by 179 respondents who were first-year military students at the University of Defence. This institution is the only military higher education establishment within the Czech Armed Forces, offering students comprehensive knowledge in the field of command and control. The questionnaire included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. In addition to their motivations, respondents also provided insights on how the Russia-Ukraine conflict influenced their decision to enlist in the army, as well as who supported or discouraged them from doing so. The results indicate that career growth, adventurous activities, job security, physical readiness, fieldwork, and interpersonal relations were among the most influential factors for the respondents. The majority of respondents agreed that the current security situation in the world supported their decision to become a soldier and strengthened their desire to defend their homeland. Parents, extended family, partners, and friends were the primary sources of support in their decision-making process. Just like any other employer, volunteer forces are seeking their own positions and competitive advantages in the labor market. Therefore, it is important for the defense sector to understand the motivations of future commanders to join and remain in the armed forces.

Designing Harvesting and Hauling Cost Models for Energy Cane Production for Biorefineries

The harvesting and hauling operations of bioenergy feedstock is an important area in biofuel production. Production costs can be minimized by maintaining optimal machinery units for these operations. The objective of this study is to design an optimal harvesting unit for bioenergy refinery and estimate harvesting and hauling costs of energy cane. A biorefinery with the annual capacity of processing twenty-five million imp. gallons of ethanol were considered. Given the efficiency of harvesting, a two-row soldier system was considered. Considering the year-round supply of energy cane to the refinery, the optimal machinery unit was designed, and the combined operation costs were derived. The average estimated ownership, repair, labor and fuel and lubricant costs of biomass harvest unit were calculated to be $0.50, $0.54, $1.78 and $1.51/mt, respectively. The costs distribution generated showed harvesting and hauling costs could range between $5.47–$9.23/mt of energy cane. The methodology and the research output will provide guidelines for investors in designing harvesting and hauling units and estimating costs for different scales of operation.

Dynamic Slot Allocation Scheme in Tactical Multi-hop Networks for Future Soldier Systems

In this paper, we propose a dynamic slot allocation scheme to improve the slot utilization rate in tactical multi-hop networks in which the channel condition varies due to node movements. The proposed scheme takes advantage of the fact that nodes that are more than three hops apart can use the same slot simultaneously. The frame is divided into two parts: the control period and the data period. To know the available slot information within two-hop distance, the node exchanges a slot allocation information with one-hop neighbors during the control period. The node can get the information on idle slots that are not used within two-hop distance but assigned already to other nodes that are more than three-hop away. The identified idle slot can be used by the node, which increases the slot utilization rate. The performance analysis results of the proposed scheme show that it increases the slot utilization rate sufficiently despite the overhead of the control period in the multi-hop networks of the future soldier system. Keywords: ìŠ¬ë¡¯í• ë‹¹, ë™ì ì‹œë¶„í• ë‹¤ì¤‘ì ‘ì†, ì „ìˆ ë‹¤ì¤‘í™‰ 네트워크, ë§¤ì²´ì ‘ê·¼í†µì œ, ê°œì¸ì „íˆ¬ì²´ê³„ Keywords: Slot Allocation, Dynamic TDMA, Tactical Multi-hop Networks, MAC, Future Soldier System

Design of individual soldier situation generation software based on AR

According to the requirements of the individual combat command system for real-time emergency command and battlefield situation, the software design based on the AREngine platform for the individual battlefield collaborative situation generation is studied. Using the domestic smart phone to carry out the augmented reality situation of the traditional sandbox, and make full use of the powerful AR function of the smart phone with the core processing equipment of the individual soldier system equipped by the infantry commander and the combat personnel, providing the infantry with infantry command, combat deduction, The realistic deployment of power deployment and battlefield situation can be used for wartime preparation of troops and strategic deployment during simulation training, which has practical significance.

R&D Trends and Technology Development Plan on Portable Fuel Cell for Future Soldier System

R&D Trends and Technology Development Plan on Portable Fuel Cell for Future Soldier System

Defining Human Capability from Soldier and Task Data

The Soldier-Equipment-Task (SET) Framework identifies the three main components of a soldier system and the relationships between them. The human focused data collected by the Human Viewpoint during the system architecting phase can be used as initial reference data for the SET Framework. The Solder (or Human) Capability relationship is defined in the SET Framework between the Soldier and Task Components; this is where the majority of the Human Viewpoint data resides. This paper provides a mapping of the Human Viewpoint data to the SET Framework and develops a methodology to evaluate the Soldier-Task Human Capability relationship for use in Soldier System or other human system focused analyses.

Levels of SysML Compatibility for Collaborative Human System Development

Developing human centered systems across multiple design and development teams requires a common framework to ensure seamless transition of models between collaborators. It is not sufficient to simply exchange data that is syntactically correct, it is also important to ensure that the information exchanged has shared meaning among team members. A current design project that included human architecting, human performance modeling and system engineering teams provided the foundation for a level of compatibility framework for Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) using the System Modeling Language (SysML). This framework provides descriptions of four different levels of model maturity that can be used for collaborative development. At each stage, the benefits of the model are described as well as its limitations. The Levels of SysML Compatibility can be used to integrate the Human Views, Soldier System library models and IMPRINT simulations to produce a comprehensive human system modeling approach.

Dismounted Soldier System Considerations – User Feedback from Three Field Studies with Two Variants of a Hand-Held GPS Support System

Dismounted soldier systems (DSS) are developed for armed forces around the world, and several usability issues need to be considered. Feedback from soldiers after field studies provides critical insight into user needs, problems and possibilities, guiding the development towards efficient future DSS design and recommendations for procurement. Three field studies were performed with armed forces personnel, using two variants of a GPS system as a DSS. Feedback was collected in the form of questionnaire answers and focus group discussions. Most soldiers agreed upon large benefits of a DSS for platoon and squad leaders, but found it unnecessary for individual soldiers. Benefits of a DSS with evolved functions for navigation and battlefield spatial awareness were mentioned in all studies. Major concerns were battery life, information security, light emission when used in darkness, compatibility with other systems, developing tactics, and the need for sufficient training.

Development and User Evaluation of an AlH3 Wearable Power System (WPS)

Aluminum hydride (AlH3) has been identified as a promising H2 storage material for soldier wearable power applications. Presented is the development and performance of a wearable 20W AlH3 based fuel cell system which has achieved a high energy density (582 Wh/kg for a 20W/72 h load) while maintaining a small size (0.7 kg, 0.622 L). The paper also reviews AlH3 properties and safety aspects. Soldier system evaluation as well as future developments are also discussed.

Optimization of the Future Soldier System: An Integrative Approach Based on an Agent-Based Simulation and Response Surface Method

Optimization of the Future Soldier System: An Integrative Approach Based on an Agent-Based Simulation and Response Surface Method

미래병사 생체환경센서 시스템 설계에 관한 연구

This paper includes the algorithm of eliminating noise, the processing technique of sensor and the results of designing vital and environmental sensor, one of the survivability subsystem of Future Soldier System. In this paper, we propose the adaptive filtering, moving noise removal in order to detect signals stabilized. And these help that we get bio-signals the ECG calculating methods such as search back and ensemble method. It is made up the vital and environmental sensor including the flexible sensor. In that sense, this study can be applied when it is planned the modular type Future Soldier System.

총기 경사도에 따른 명중률 변화에 관한 연구

In this paper, a study on variation of an accuracy rate as the gradient of a rifle is shown. In the a state of hostilities, a soldier is not easy to take a shot vertically against the ground. If a soldier shoots as the pistol is inclined, how the accuracy rate is changed. While the pistol is shot, the change of ballistic curve is estimated. And we also verify the accuracy rate through the firing test. Then we compare two results and present some ideas which overcome the decrease of an accuracy rate. Hereafter, it is possible to adapt in the future soldier system and expected that the accuracy rate of the conventional gun is maintained.

National formation in modern Japan and consideration about the soldier system exercise

National formation in modern Japan and consideration about the soldier system exercise

지하옹벽 무지주 거푸집 개발 및 경제성 분석에 관한 연구

건축공사에서 지하공사는 주공정으로 전체공기와 공사비에서 큰 부분을 차지하고 있으며, 특히 도심지의 경우 해마다 규모가 증가하고 있다. 현재 현장에서 시공하는 지하옹벽은 많은 기능 인력이 필요하고, 공사기간 측면에서도 불리한 유로폼+솔져시스템에 의하여 공사가 진행되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 토목공사 현장에서 일부 사용되고 있는 무지주 거푸집을 기초로하여 건축공사에 적용 가능한 무지주 거푸집을 개발하였다. 또한 거푸집의 크기를 가정하여 건축공사 현장에서 가장 많이 사용되는 유로폼+솔져시스템과 경제성 측면에서 비교.분석하였다. 연구 결과, 합성 무지주 거푸집은 유로폼+솔져시스템에 비해 공사비가 약 9%높게 나타났으며, 비합성 무지주 거푸집은 약 9%낮게 나타났다. 하지만 합성 무지주 거푸집의 경우 구조체공사에서 콘크리트와 철근의 물량이 현저히 감소하여, 기존옹벽 시공가격 보다 약 35% 경제적 원가절감 효과를 볼 수 있다. In an architectural construction, underground construction is a critical path forming a major part of the total construction period and cost, and particularly in big cities, its size has been increasing every year. A basement wall currently constructed in the field needs a large functional work force, and the construction is under progress by the Euroform and Soldier system, which is disadvantageous in terms of the construction period. Therefore, in this research, non-supporting forms which are applicable to the buildings construction were developed, based on the non-supporting forms partly used in some civil engineering works. In addition, the size of a form was assumed and its economical efficiency was compared to that of the Euroform and Soldier system which is used most in construction fields, and the results were analyzed. The study results showed that the construction cost of composite non-supporting forms was higher than that of the Euroform and Soldier system by about 8%, and the construction cost of non-composite non-supporting forms were lower than that of the Euroform and Soldier system by about 9%. However, in the case of composite non-supporting forms, the amount of concrete and reinforcing rods remarkably decreased in structural construction, so it has the effect of an economical cost reduction compared to the construction cost of existing walls by about 35%

지하옹벽 무지주 거푸집 사례의 경제성 분석에 관한 연구

건축공사에서 지하공사는 전체 주 공정으로 전체공기와 공사비에서 큰 부분을 차지하고 있으며, 특히 도심지의 경우 해마다 규모가 증가하고 있다. 현재 현장에서 시공하는 지하옹벽은 많은 기능 인력이 필요하고, 공사기간 측면에서도 불리한 유로폼+솔져시스템에 의하여 공사가 진행되고 있다. 이를 보완하기위해 신소재 거푸집과 신공법이 개발되고 있으며, 공사기간 단축과 원가 절감이 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 건축공사 현장에서 가장 많이 사용되는 유로폼+솔져시스템과 토목공사 현장에서 사용된 무지주 지하옹벽 거푸집 공법을 경제성 측면에서 비교해 보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 유로폼+솔져시스템이 재료비 측면에서는 유리하나, 노무비 측면에서는 불리한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 무지주 거푸집의 현장 적용 활성화를 위해서는 재료비의 절감을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Considering the entire critical path, underground works in construction projects occupy a large part of the total construction period, as well as a large part of the construction costs. Particularly in the downtown area, the scale of underground work has been increasing every year. Currently, underground retaining walls, which are built at construction sites, require many skilled workers, and the works are being undertaken by means of the Euroform+Soldier system, which is quite disadvantageous in terms of the construction period. In order to complement this, forms made of new materials and new construction methods have been developed. Now more than eyer, the shortening of construction periods and the reduction of construction costs is required. Considering this, in this study, the researcher has tried to compare the Euroform+Soldier system, which has been the system most frequently used on construction sites, to the non-supporting form system, which has been used on the sites of civil engineering work. The results of the research revealed that although the Euroform+Soldier system was advantageous from the perspective of material costs, it was disadvantageous in terms of labor costs. It is thought that an additional study on a method for reducing the material costs is required, so as to revitalize the application of non-supporting forms to the construction site.

Biomechanical Assessment Of Canadian Military Soft Armor Systems

Due to the nature of the threat from Improvised Explosive Devices (IED), the pattern and probability of injury has changed for both mounted and dismounted military personnel. This work was performed for the Soldier System Integration Group at Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC)-Toronto in support of the Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) Technical Demonstration Project (TDP). PURPOSE: 1) To quantitatively assess three different designs of military soft armour systems that provide the same level of ballistic protection, yet differ in stiffness, bulk and weight; 2) To compare subjective data from soldiers' preferences with electromyography (EMG) and range of motion (ROM) data. METHODS: Eight male Canadian Armed Forces personnel participated in this investigation. Surface EMG data were recorded from eight muscles on the subjects' dominant side including: the Biceps (bilaterally), Triceps, Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius, External Oblique (bilaterally). Upper body kinematics were recorded using seven MTx inertial motion sensors (Xsens, Netherlands) placed on the head, the C7 spinous process, the sacrum (L5/S1), as well as the upper and lower arms (bilaterally). Muscle activity and joint range of motion were assessed for a total of three different soft armour systems across a battery of upper body & trunk range of motion tasks. In addition soldiers were asked to complete a questionnaire at the end of test session, requiring them to rank each of the armour systems from best to worst in terms of overall maneuverability. RESULTS: Results from this investigation indicate that this approach of combining EMG concurrently with ROM is able to provide an objective biomechanical assessment of personal protective equipment. The EMG and ROM objective measures were all positively correlated to soldiers' subjective responses using a Spearman's Ranked Correlation Test. These correlations were particularly strong for the shoulder region ROM tasks (RS =1.0 for all three comparisons). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that less stiff, less bulky, and lighter systems are deemed superior for dynamic tasks, whereas, stiffer, bulkier, and heavier systems may have advantages for static holding tasks. Research Funded by DRDC-Toronto.

Injecting Realistic Human Models into the Optical Display of A Future Land Warrior System for Embedded Training Purposes

Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) have traditionally been and are currently utilized in a variety of applications including training, entertainment, and military operations. Most applications of HMDs seek to provide the user with enriched information, that is, information beyond that of what a human can gather with only biological vision. The Land Warrior is an operational system that utilizes a HMD. For Land Warrior, the HMD provides the Soldier better battle field situational understanding through text by communicating command and control information. Other Land Warrior battlefield tasks include target detection and recognition. This paper evaluates the visual components of the current Ground Soldier System (GSS), Land Warrior HMD, analyzes embedded training requirements (specifically detection ranges for embedded virtual targets and human performance issues associated with HMDs), and proposes an optical model to overcome some of the limitations inherent to the current commercial version of the Land Warrior HMD and other commercially-available HMDs. The design quality of the Land Warrior HMD has a direct impact on a soldier's performance in the field. The varying stringent environment in which LW operates provides HMD visual component design challenges, due to the correlation between the equipment style, information formatting, and use environment. Information formatting affects a Soldier's workload. The current LW HMD visual implementation contains information formatting limitations based on its ability to scale to other resolutions and size linearly. By increasing the performance of the HMD of the Land Warrior System, the potential to improve readiness and survivability also increase. Forty-five thousand sets of Land Warrior equipment will be fielded between 2001 and 2014.

Using value-focused thinking to select a simulation tool for the acquisition of infantry soldier systems

In order to maintain an edge during this time of unprecedented technological growth, the U.S. Army must field infantry soldier systems quickly. However, given the considerable developmental, production, and fielding costs associated with such systems, the risk is high that the fielded systems will not have sufficient utility to justify the expenses. Therefore, the acquisition community must estimate the operational impact of proposed systems with an increasing degree of accuracy. For this, the Army has turned to combat simulations. Unfortunately, the representation of the individual soldier in simulations has not kept pace with other representations. Consequently, in order to support the needs of the infantry soldier system acquisition community, we applied a systems engineering process with a multi-objective approach rooted in value-focused thinking to identify the best path forward to utilize and/or develop capabilities that provide program managers with adequate and effective decision support to meet their needs. In this paper, we discuss the methodology that we applied, the results of the process, and the transition from our recommendation to implementation of the desired course of action. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 9: 199–212, 2006

Energy sources for the future dismounted soldier, the total integration of the energy consumption within the soldier system

At present, the energy supply for the electronic equipment of the soldier is problematic. Each component has its own battery pack. These battery packs are not interchangeable and each requires its own charger. Furthermore, because they are all dimensioned to deliver the peak power for each item of equipment, this leads to a higher battery weight than necessary. It is expected that the system of the future soldier will use a central power source to supply the energy for all the different components. An energy bus will be integrated within the soldier’s system for this. The different components will generate their required voltages from the bus voltage by using high efficiency dc/dc converters. The use of an energy bus with local voltage conversion will facilitate inter-operability between different forces. The energy sources can easily be exchanged. For the near future, batteries are still considered to be the best option for the energy source. Rechargeable batteries are preferred above non-rechargeable ones due to logistic and environmental problems. For the long-term replacement of batteries, the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is considered a viable option. Several different battery packs were tested for their capability to supply both the required energy and power during a 24 h mission. The tests were carried out with a controlled power method, as maximum power should be deliverable during 10% of the operation time.