Sold Units Research Articles

Banana Supply Chain in Navi Mumbai, India

This study investigates the banana supply chain in Navi Mumbai, aiming to identify existing supply channels, analyze their efficiency, problems faced by producers and anayse the market potential of banana in the study area. Primary data were collected from respondents to accomplish these objectives. Secondary data were obtained from private and government publications, and review papers. Utilizing a descriptive research design and employing a probability sampling method, the study surveyed 50 farmers, 5 village traders, 5 pre-harvest contractors, 10 wholesalers cum commission agents, and 10 retailers using a semi-structured schedule. Three marketing channels were identified. Among them channel-III (Farmer - Wholesaler cum commission agent - Retailer - Consumer) was the most efficient option, offering the highest producer's share in the consumer's rupee (40.05%) and the highest marketing efficiency (0.67), with a price spread of Rs. 1711.55 per quintal. In the study area, banana producers face challenges such as high input costs, delayed availability of planting materials, and losses due to diseases and pests. Marketing hurdles include lower prices, distant selling unit locations, delayed payments, and inadequate transportation and storage facilities. Village traders, preharvest contractors, wholesalers cum commission agents, and retailers also encounter various obstacles such as price fluctuation, handling and transportation losses, low-quality produce, and labour shortages. As the total market demand for banana in Navi Mumbai was estimated to be ₹62.26 crore, addressing these challenges is vital for enhancing the efficiency and profitability of banana marketing in the study area, necessitating coordinated efforts from policymakers, agricultural stakeholders, and market participants. Establishing FPOs and FPCs can ease access to affordable planting materials and address marketing challenges, benefiting all banana market stakeholders.

Reported Rates of Intraocular Inflammation with Intravitreal Aflibercept Administered via Pre-Filled Syringe or from Vials in Clinical Practice Between 2012 and 2022.

To determine the reported rates of intraocular inflammation (IOI) in patients treated with intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) 2 mg in routine clinical practice (ie, outside interventional studies), across all indications and within all countries (excluding the United States), with access to either the vial presentation or pre-filled syringe (PFS). A search was conducted using the Bayer EYLEA® Global Safety Pharmacovigilance Database for reported cases of IOI and IVT-AFL use between October 2012 and March 31, 2022. With more than 10 years of post-marketing experience with the IVT-AFL vial presentation (>25 million sold units), and over 2 years of experience with the PFS of IVT-AFL (>6.7 million sold units) the rate of any IOI, including endophthalmitis, outside the United States was 0.3 events per 10,000 units for the PFS and 1.2 events per 10,000 units for the vial presentation. The event rates specifically for endophthalmitis were 0.1 per 10,000 units for the IVT-AFL PFS and 0.6 per10,000 units for the IVT-AFL vial presentation. In patients with retinal diseases treated in routine clinical practice with IVT-AFL either from a vial or the PFS, medically important adverse events of IOI, and in particular, endophthalmitis, are infrequently reported events. Numerically, reported rates of IOI and endophthalmitis are low for the vial presentation and even lower for the PFS.

Analisis Perhitungan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Dan Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 21 Terhadap Hutang Pajak Pada PT Higashifuji Indonesia

One of the Largest Revenues in Indonesia is the Tax Sector. Tax is a taxpayer's contribution which is applied to every taxpayer on the tax object received and the results are submitted to the State, and do not receive direct compensation and are used to finance the development of the State. This study aims to determine the calculation of Value Added Tax and Income Tax Article 21 on the Tax Payable of PT Higashifuji Indonesia. The author limits the limitation of the problem, namely Based on the background of the above discussion, the author limits it to those related to VAT and PPh Article 21 of PT Higashifuji Indonesia. In the calculation of Value Added Tax there is an error in entering the selling unit price on the Output Tax Invoice and PPh article 21, there is an error and miscalculation of PPh 21 due to allowances that have not been entered by the company and incorrectly inputting employee status. This study was conducted to determine the implementation of the reporting of Value Added Tax and Income Tax Article 21 conducted at PT Higashifuji Indonesia. Sources of data used in this study were taken from financial statements regarding tax payments in the company. Technical data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis methods used are quantitative and descriptive methods. After studying and discussing the Value Added Tax and Income Tax Article 21, it can be concluded that there is a difference between the calculation of the company and the calculation of the researcher. From the research results obtained, the value added tax in 2019 then the tax debt that must be paid is Rp. 20,950,500.00, while the calculation of income taxarticle 21 in 2019 the tax payable to be paid is Rp. 9,336,802.90.

A Strategy for Grid-Connected PV-Battery System of Mongolian Ger

One of the main sources of energy utilized in the Mongolian Gers is coal and wood mainly for the purpose of heating and other domestic use. This heavily increases the air pollution levels. A viable solution for handling the air pollution is switching to renewable energy sources (RES). Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery back-up provide a reliable solution to the problem addressing the energy demand and pollution control. This paper proposes a grid-connected PV–second-life battery system and its operation strategy. A single Ger, which consists of a PV array, battery energy storage system (BESS), and an electric heater (EH), is modeled and tested. The trading coefficient and selling unit price are calculated based on variables such as loan, selling price, and purchasing price. The advantages of the proposed strategy are its simple design and easy implementation. The economic result shows that there is a significant reduction in the electricity bill during winters, while the bill can be reduced to zero during summers. Furthermore, the annual profit from the proposed system is USD 15. The CO2 emissions are reduced from 32 to 7 tCO2.

Consumer returns in consignment contracts with inventory control and additive uncertainty

Consignment is a form of business arrangement, in which a vendor places goods at a retailer’s location without receiving payment until the products are sold. This paper examines consignment with consumer non-defective returns behaviour, where the upstream vendor makes a contract with the downstream retailer. The vendor decides what the consignment and refund prices are, and the retailer chooses the retail price. The vendor gets paid based on the sold units, salvages and returns. We analyze two contracts, called retailer and vendor managed consignment inventory (RMCI and VMCI, respectively), the only difference being that under RMCI, the retailer chooses the service level, and under VMCI, the vendor specifies it. We present precise solutions to VMCI for additive uncertainty and compare them to the multiplicative case. We prove that the vendor’s optimal return policy depends on a salvage value since if it is equal to zero, the vendor should not offer the return policy. We show that the channel may gain profit from the return policy for the positive salvage value. We demonstrate that the form of uncertainty and the presence of consumer returns considerably affect the solutions to the problems. As an extension, we give the results obtained under RMCI.

Manipulation of Electronic Devices and Data in Dispensing Pumps

The sale of fuel through electronics controlled based Dispensing units in the retail outlets are the source of manipulation. The stake holders are customers and are directly affected by the unauthorized manipulation by the petroleum product selling units. The electronic devices are more prone for changing the original encrypted data or stored data as a program. The program stored in this device can be altered unauthenticated by external device attached to the original circuit’s boarders. The circuits board is build with the microcontroller based hardware that controls the outlet pipe by setting the control signal by the selling unit. This can be alter by changing the pulse which are used to modulate the information bits so that cheating the customer by alter the set control bit by deliver less or more through the dispensing unit. This research article focus on explore the possibilities to make the encryption method of control bits more robust than the present simple pulse modulation techniques.

Pain Treatment Continues To Be Inaccessible for Many Patients Around the Globe: Second Phase of Opioid Price Watch, a Cross-Sectional Study To Monitor the Prices of Opioids.

Strong opioids are a cornerstone of pain treatment, of which morphine is considered an essential analgesic by the World Health Organization. Access to opioids is limited, due to restrictive laws, limited education, and high prices. This is the second phase of a global project to monitor and report the dispensing price of opioids with the specific aim to expand and increase the information and allow further analysis of the challenges in their availability and affordability. Participants were asked to provide the lowest dispensing price of the smallest selling unit and lowest strength of five opioids in 13 formulations from a licensed pharmacy located closest to a public facility that provides diagnosis/treatment for life-threatening conditions. Data were collected from July 2015 to March 2016. Average availability, median (Me), and interquartile range (IQR) price were calculated for four gross national income (GNI) categories: higher income countries (HIC), upper middle income countries (UMIC), low middle income countries (LMIC), and low income countries (LIC). Affordability for one month of treatment with morphine immediate release (IR) tablet was also calculated. Data were submitted by 67 participants from 43 countries. Availability is strongly related to GNI level (Kruskal-Wallis tests p < 0.0001). Mean price for morphine IR tablets for a 30-day treatment within the GNI categories ranged between USD 3.28 and 376; average USD 78.5 (SD = 92, Me = 49.7, IQR = 80.5). Methadone oral liquid and hydromorphone slow release were the lowest priced (Me = 13.1, IQR = 70 and Me = 14.9, IQR = 89.1, respectively). Morphine IR tablet is less affordable in countries in lower income groups: LIC (mean = 54.1 ± 0.873, Me = 54.1); LMIC (mean = 21.1 ± 19.6, Me = 10.6); UMIC (mean = 14.1 ± 14.1, Me = 10.23); and HIC (mean = 3.2 ± 5.2, Me = 1.33). A negative correlation between the number of days and the countries' income category (Rs = -0.7; p < 0.001) was identified. Patients in LIC and MIC have less access to opioid medications. This highlights the need to continue efforts at improving access, availability, and affordability.

Cross-Sectional Pilot Study to Monitor the Availability, Dispensed Prices, and Affordability of Opioids Around the Globe

ContextOpioids are essential medicines. The World Health Organization and Health Action International monitor the price of essential medicines. However, their surveys do not include opioids, and there is no information on their affordability. ObjectivesTo provide information on access to pain treatment, as measured by the availability and dispensed price of five opioids in 13 formulations, and the affordability of oral immediate-release (IR) morphine. MethodsThe International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care members were distributed by their countries' Gross National Income (GNI) level using the World Bank categories, i.e., high income country (HIC), upper middle income country (UMIC), lower middle income country (LMIC), low income country (LIC), and randomized. A total of 10 participants were selected from each (n=40) domain. Participants were asked to identify a pharmacy located closest to a public facility that provides diagnosis/treatment for life-threatening conditions and report the lowest dispensed price of the smallest selling unit and strength of each formulation. Availability and median (Me) price were calculated for each. Affordability and percentage of international buyer price (IBP) were calculated for morphine oral solid IR. ResultsA total of 30 participants from 26 countries (response rate=75%) responded. Significant correlation was found between availability and GNI (range: 65–68% [HIC and LIC]; R=0.781; P<0.0001). Injectable and morphine oral solid sustained release (SR) were the most available (59% and 55%). Methadone (oral) was the least expensive (Me=0.5) followed by fentanyl (transdermal; Me=2.2). The Me price for morphine oral solid IR and ratios between dispensed and IBP were lower in HIC than in LMIC (price=0.03 vs. 0.16; ratio=2.23 vs. 0.03). Affordability for morphine oral solid IR was five days (Me=0.1; range=29–0.25). ConclusionPatients in LMIC and LIC have limited access to opioids, and there are subsidies in place for more expensive medications and formulations in all GNI levels, but not for morphine oral solid IR. Additional research is necessary to identify the reasons behind these findings.

Adaptive Communication: The Adaptation of the Seller's Interpersonal Style to the Stage of the Dyad's Relationship and the Buyer's Communication Style

Selection of the appropriate communication style by the selling unit can be explicitly managed; but effective selection requires an understanding of the situational nature of communication style selection as it pertains to the stages of an exchange relationship. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a normative model that describes how sellers might adapt their communication style to best fit the buyer's primary interpersonal communication style and the relevant stage of the exchange relationship.

Pre-combustion carbon-capture technologies for power generation: an engineering-economic assessment

SUMMARY An engineering-economic analysis of the behaviours of each of two pre-combustion gas-turbine combined cycles with CO2 capture (an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and an Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle (IRCC)) is described. Their economic performances have been evaluated in terms of the break-even electricity selling price. The results show that the proposed pre-combustion power plant efficiency values (37% and 43.7% for the IGCC and the IRCC respectively) are significantly lower compared to a conventional plant value (55.3%). The CO2 emissions of the latter are less than half those of the conventional plant. Introducing an hypothetical carbon tax equal to 50£/tCO2, the break-even selling price (BESP) for the proposed IGCC and IRCC plants is 4.40 p/kWh and 4.10 p/kWh respectively, while for the conventional plant amounts to 4.73 p/kWh. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out by varying the most influential investment parameters. The analysis has revealed that, considering the uncertainties associated with these key parameters, a substantial risk that the BESP could exceed the first value obtained is so prominent in some cases to alter their ranking order with respect to the most competitive technology. The final part of the analysis is a Monte-Carlo simulation to determine the impact of simultaneous variations of all the variables, subject to uncertainty, on the break-even selling unit price for the generated electricity. From the simulation, it derives that the BESP value ranges from 3.13 p/kWh to over 6.00 p/kWh for the IGCC case with a 50% probability of exceeding the first value obtained (4.40 p/kWh). In the IRCC case, the range of possible value for the BESP is from 2.85 p/kWh to 6.10 p/kWh, and there is a 60% probability that the actual BESP would exceed the first value obtained (4.10 p/kWh). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Artemisinin combination therapies price disparity between government and private health sectors and its implication on antimalarial drug consumption pattern in Morogoro Urban District, Tanzania

BackgroundUniversal access to effective treatments is a goal of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. However, despite official commitments and substantial increases in financing, this objective remains elusive, as development assistance continue to be routed largely through government channels, leaving the much needed highly effective treatments inaccessible or unaffordable to those seeking services in the private sector.MethodsTo quantify the effect of price disparity between the government and private health systems, this study have audited 92 government and private Drug Selling Units (DSUs) in Morogoro urban district in Tanzania to determine the levels, trend and consumption pattern of antimalarial drugs in the two health systems. A combination of observation, interviews and questionnaire administered to the service providers of the randomly selected DSUs were used to collect data.ResultsALU was the most selling antimalarial drug in the government health system at a subsidized price of 300 TShs (0.18 US$). By contrast, ALU that was available in the private sector (coartem) was being sold at a price of about 10,000 TShs (5.9 US$), the price that was by far unaffordable, prompting people to resort to cheap but failed drugs. As a result, metakelfin (the phased out drug) was the most selling drug in the private health system at a price ranging from 500 to 2,000 TShs (0.29–1.18 US$).ConclusionsIn order for the prompt diagnosis and treatment with effective drugs intervention to have big impact on malaria in mostly low socioeconomic malaria-endemic areas of Africa, inequities in affordability and access to effective treatment must be eliminated. For this to be ensued, subsidized drugs should be made available in both government and private health sectors to promote a universal access to effective safe and affordable life saving antimalarial drugs.

Inventory model with two rates of production for deteriorating items with permissible delay in payments

Goyal (1985) [‘Economic Order Quantity Under Conditions of Permissible Delay in Payments’, Journal of Operational research Society, 36, 35–38] assumed that unit selling price and unit purchasing price are equal. But in real-life the scenario is different. The purpose of this article is to reflect the real life problem by allowing unit selling price and purchasing price to be unequal. Our model is a continuous production control inventory model for deteriorating items in which two different rates of production are available. The results are illustrated with the help of a numerical example. We discuss the sensitivity of the solution together with the changes of the values of the parameters associated with the model. Our model may be applicable in many manufacturing planning situations where management practices for deterioration are stringent; e.g. the two-production rate will be more profitable than the one-production rate in the manufacture of cold, asthma and allergy medicine. Our proposed model might be applicable to develop a prototype advance planning system for those manufacturers to integrate the management science techniques into commercial planning.

Multi‐unit pricing

AbstractA price takes the form of a cost for either one unit (single‐unit pricing) or multiple units (multi‐unit pricing). I consider a monopolist selling units of a good to a population of homogeneous consumers to explain why one is preferred to the other. A mental cost arises if the division problem a multi‐unit price causes is done. If marginal utility remains high multiple units are desired. Multi‐unit pricing is preferred since it creates a cost if fewer units are purchased. If utility exhibits strong diminishing returns single‐unit pricing is used to avoid the calculation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Franchising as a plural system: A risk-based explanation

Empirical studies show that most franchise systems consist of both franchisee-owned and franchisor-owned units. We contribute a new theory that explains why such a mixture exists, using a model that focuses on the franchisor's optimal risk allocation. The costs of risk and controlling franchised units explain the varying fraction of franchisee-owned to total selling units, and the incentive to franchise decreases with an increasing fraction of franchisee-owned to total selling units, as well as with decreasing costs of control. Our explanation for these plural systems is consistent with the ownership redirection hypothesis.

Choosing the distribution channel for meat products

In the paper, the author deals with the problem of choosing the distribution channel and offers the use of selected methods which should contribute to the final distribution process decision for the firm pursuing production and sale of meat and smoked goods. It is direct qualitative estimate approach, weighted factor summing approach and distribution cost approach. The last two methods try to quantify the decision criteria. In case of the weighted factor summing approach, the weights are assigned to each of the decision factors and at the same time each channel alternative is rated and the overall weighted factor score is computed which is the basis of setting up the scale of distribution variants. Distribution cost analysis made for specific situation proves higher effectiveness with distribution through the own retail selling unit than with sale by intermediary (concretely by 350,533 CZK). However, a&amp;nbsp;single numerical result cannot be used as the only evaluating indicator but it is necessary to consider the other factors which would increase the objectivity of the final decision.

Effects of Ingratiation on Lateral Relationship Quality within Sales Team Settings

The prevalence of ingratiatory-based influence processes in organizational settings is widely recognized. But the consequences of how sales professionals use ingratiation to influence their colleagues in pursuit of personal benefits or organizational goals has not been investigated. This study addresses this need by examining the nature of the ingratiatory influence tactics used by industrial salespeople when attempting to influence members of their sales team. The study also examines the influence that use of these tactics has on the quality of lateral relationships within these work groups. Significant relations were observed between the lateral interpersonal attachment present within team selling units and five of the six ingratiatory influence tactics derived in this study. Whereas ingratiation has generally been viewed as negative, illicit, and self-serving, these findings suggest certain forms of ingratiation may actually contribute positively to group solidarity and teamwork within organizational settings.

Limit laws in a stochastic model for profit from units sold under pro rata warranty

A stochastic model is developed describing the profit/loss experienced by a firm selling units under a simple pro rata warranty based on the life of the unit. The expected profit and profit variance are computed for this model, and various limit theorems are developed under two scenarios: (1) that expected profit due to the exercise of the warranty (as opposed to the purchase of the initial unit) is zero, and (2) that a constant expected net profit is realized each time the warranty is exercised. It is shown that for (1), scale mixtures of the normal distribution arise as the limiting distributions and for (2), the exponential distribution is the limiting distribution.

How should Factoring Service be Launched?

Factoring is basically the purchase of book debts of client companies. Apart from financing investments in book debts, the factoring company offers individualized service packages covering credit screening, ledger keeping and collection, and provision for doubtful debts and write offs. In the context of the government policy of strengthening money and capital markets, a study group of the Reserve Bank of India is considering how to launch factoring service in India. S P Singh considers two approaches to launching factoring service. One is the conventional approach of letting banks, which are providing cash credit for book debts, promote factoring as an extension of their activities. The other the market approach of enabling independent companies compete on improving upon the current average collection period and percentage of write offs. Singh recommends the market approach to launching factoring service. Efficient factoring, requires a culture of price banking, aggressive selling and low unit cost operations�a culture unfamiliar to public sector banks and financial institutions.

Mapping Regional Shopping Center Trade Volumes in Atlanta, Georgia

MAPPING REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTER TRADE VOLUMES IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA Borden D. D en t* INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this paper is to report on a study that was conducted in Atlanta, Georgia, to determine the retail trade areas of eight large regional shopping centers distributed throughout the metropolitan area. A regional shopping center is defined as any planned center with at least one large department store. The present study focuses on the application of a method not frequently seen. An adaptation of the Huff model was devised, applied to the study area centers, and used to determine if the adaptations give reasonably reliable results in delimit­ ing retail trade areas in practical application, especially when compared to the familiar shopper survey technique. The study is not theoretical in its orientation; it was planned to develop a simple, yet firm, base upon which quick reliable estimates could be made regarding components of the retail landscape of any large metropolitan area. BACKGROUND NOTES. Geographers and others interested in the spatial aspects of marketing have carefully studied many of the char­ acteristics of retailing at the urban scale, especially with regard to trade area delimitation. One of the earliest certainly was William J. Reilly, who formulated what is now generally known as “Reilly’s Law of Retail Gravitation.” (1) Subsequently, others joined this vigorous research, notably Converse, who devised slightly altered versions of Reilly’s original formulations. These have been called the “New Laws of Retail Gravitation.” (2) Central place theory is implicit in Reilly’s research although it was done prior to Christaller’s Die zentralen orte in Siiddentochland . Fundamentally, these laws are not theoretically based, but are rigid, deterministic devices that allow researchers 1) to ascertain the relative strengths of two towns’ retailing activities, and by extension, 2) to determine breaking points which give approximations for develop­ ing trade areas around centrally located towns. The mathematical formu­ lations for these laws can be found elsewhere. (3) There have been fewer studies on retail trade area delimitation at the intra-city level. Yet from these it is clear that trade area delimitation at this scale is exceedingly difficult. The principal reason is that as shoppers have so many intervening opportunities, it becomes more burdensome to place them in one, well-defined trade area. (4) Most of •Dr. Dent is associate professor of geography at Georgia State University. The paper was accepted for publication in June 1972. 70 S o u t h e a s t e r n G e o g r a p h e r the research and practical application has been to develop trade areas around individual selling units, the chain-store supermarket for ex­ ample. (5) A few studies have dealt with intra-city trade areas of large shop­ ping centers, perhaps most recently by Brunner and Mason. (6) These researchers have found that in addition to the recognized factors of population, population density, purchasing power, and others, driving time is also a factor in consumer shopping center preferences. (7) Spe­ cifically, their findings for Toledo, Ohio, led them to conclude that the 15-minute driving time line was adequate for delimiting a center’s principal trade area (three-quarters of the center’s patrons resided within this area). Subsequent research by Cox and Cooke has supported the findings, but also points out that shopping center size and natural barriers around each center also influence trade area. (8) HufFs work is notable in this discussion because it was the basis around which the present research was formulated. Huff has stated that for intra-city trade area delimitation, Reilly’s law of retail gravitation fails because 1) it leads to a “fixed boundary” for trade areas, 2) there is no good reason to assume that a constant exponent in the equation would exist to describe all intra-urban consumer movement, 3) it incor­ porates little theoretical framework. (9) As a consequence of these stated limitations, he developed a more behaviorally oriented model, with the consumer at its center, to assist in developing shopping center trade areas. Huff states: “The analysis will utilize the conceptual prop­ erties of the gravity model, but its focus will be on the...

Cost Accounting for Water Works

It is very difficult to present a plan of cost accounting procedure applicable to all water companies of the state, for many cities would require an elaborate set-up of forms and accounts, while the cost of maintaining such a system would be prohibitive for the smaller companies. Most companies have someone in their organization capable of developing a cost system in keeping with their individual needs. For this reason I shall attempt to outline to you only the advantages of cost accounting as they pertain particularly to water companies. Regardless of what system may be used, the object of cost accounting practice is to present in comprehensive manner the results of operation, so that in the end deficiencies may be remedied and intelligent rates produced. The organization should be divided into departments and each department into units of performance. To illustrate, there may be a department known as the Operating Department, with units of performance as follows: Pumping, Purification and Chemical Treatment, Distribution of Water, Storage, etc. A general accounting plan would probably include the costs in a single operating account, whereas, under a cost accounting plan, the expenses incident to each classification would be treated separately. For instance a general system would give you the total cost of repairs, but would not attempt to secure the cost of production of each sales unit, or divide this cost over the different processes, as a cost system would do. To the cost per selling unit of distributed water, should be added administrative and selling expenses to arrive at the selling price. Labor and material being used in various departments in different amounts, the total amount should be allocated to the different units, or processes, which use them. There is no question but that cost data are very valuable in all water works organizations, but care must be used in the cost accounting