Solar Water Research Articles

Integrated Functionality of Photothermal Hydrogels and Membranes in Solar Water, Chemical, Mechanical, and Electrical Domains

AbstractSolar energy can be harnessed and converted into heat via the photothermal effect, which can then be utilized to drive many other reactions to produce important resources, such as water, fuel, electricity, and even mechanical actuation in a clean and sustainable manner. Hydrogels and membranes coupled with photothermal materials are particularly suitable for this purpose because they possess advantageous properties, such as porosity and adaptability. These properties allow for the introduction of diverse additives and functionalities, ensuring that photothermal systems can be customized for specific tasks, thereby enhancing their overall performance, functionality and versatility. This review aims to provide an overview of recent developments and the significance of employing photothermal hydrogels and membranes in multiple fields ranging from clean water, fuel production, electricity generation to mechanical actuation, followed by a discussion on key considerations in materials design and engineering. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and future directions of photothermal applications.

ANALISIS FAKTOR GEOGRAFI DALAM PEMBUDIDAYAAN TANAMAN PORANG DI DESA WATUMBELAR KECAMATAN LEWA TIDAHU KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR

This study aims to (1) find out how geographical factors affect the cultivation of porang plants in Watumbelar Village, Lewa Tidahu District, East Sumba Regency. The research conducted in Watumbelar Village, Lewa Tidahu District, East Sumba Regency. This type of research used a qualitative approach. .Informal research in this study is all porang cultivation in this research informants as many as 6 groups consisting of 2 people each group and 4 people from village aporators so the number of informants is 16 respondents with purposive sampling methodsampling. The research used a classifier structure in basic translation units.data collection techniques used techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that 1. .Geographical factors in porang cultivation in Watumbelar village is very good because climate factors are very supportive of farmers, with temperature of 23-35 C˚ while rainfall is between 300-500 mm. The soil has a loose texture and rich in nutrients, making it suitable for cultivation porang plants. The availability of water are dug wells, and solar water can be utilized as well as the environmental conditions of farmers to conserve trees as protection from direct sunlight, 2. .cultivation of porang plants in Watumbelar Village, the first thing to do is preparing the land by clear then couse and make embankments. Second seed preparation. The third planting process, fourth maintenance, ad fifth harvest.

Simulation of Anti Reflecting Coating for Improving External Quantum Efficiency of Photovoltaic Cell

Due to a dramatic drop in solar module prices/watt peaks, photovoltaic (PV) electricity has become more concentrated over the last decade. Crystallized silicon (c-Si) solar cells have dominated the solar market since their creation, outperforming all other photovoltaic technologies. PV modules are frequently required to work in inclement weather. Outdoor photovoltaic performance is affected by a number of factors, including 1) solar radiation, 2) the shape of the absorbed solar spectrum, 3) ambient temperature, 4) location, 5) wind speed, and 6) aerosols. These parameters, on the other hand, are out of our hands. It does not prevent solar panels from becoming heated on hot days, which has a negative impact on their electrical performance and longevity. To protect the solar cell from various external variables, multiple layers are applied to solar cell modules, including EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), polyvinyl fluoride sheet (Tedlar), front solar glass, metal frame, and side water seal. One of the main causes of the absorber layer temperature in solar modules rising is this. For single-layer and multi-layer ARC designs, a range of materials are used in the ARC of solar modules. Instead of functioning as a radiative cooler, the ARC can be changed or simple tweaks can be made to improve absorption and lower the temperature of the solar module. Based on light and radiation properties, choose materials for SR-ARC design of solar cells and modules. The chosen material must have very low absorption between 300 and 1200 nm and emit between 8 and 13 m. The annual power generation of a 1kW system in India's complicated environment is determined with the aforesaid efficiency increases and temperature reductions. From a single layer c-Si solar module system, the double layer module of the 1kW system generates 54kWh. Furthermore, the cooling effect was calculated, with the failed component losing 80% of its initial efficiency by the end of 2014, but the two- and three-layer components reached this level by the end of 36. The dual layer SR-ARC coated module system will start producing single layer modules at the end of 26 or 36, with or without replacement.

The influence of snow deposits on thermal efficiency of vacuum tube collectors

Global warming promotes the acceleration forces all countries to reduce fossil energy sources and increase renewable energy sources with the development of environmentally friendly resource-saving technologies. The vast territory of Russia is permafrost or has seasonally frozen soils. The use of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy sources, is especially important for such territories.The article presents the experimental results of the operating modes of a pilot industrial solar hot water supply system with two vacuum tube collectors after snow pollution or icing of pipe surfaces. This technique is used to measure the hourly values of thermal energy from the conversion of solar radiation by collectors with polluted and cleaned collector surfaces on a sunny day after snowfall or icing. The average hourly value of solar insolation (with contaminated surfaces and after their cleaning) is obtained by integrating the meter recordings on the incident heat flux from the sun (by 600 values each) at an interval of 6 seconds. It is found that when the collector pipe surface is iced, the decrease in the thermal energy supply is maximum and amounts to 36.96 %. In other cases it varies from 8.51 to 13.47 %.

Role of bioconvection, porous medium, and activationenergy on the dynamic of Sisko nanofluid: the case of anenlarging cylinder

The current problem is attributed to various features of Sisko nanofluids flow over-stretching cylinder along bioconvection of motile microorganisms in the presence of activation energy and non-Fourier thermal diffusion. The appropriate methodology is adopted to transform the governing boundary layer equations of fluid flow into the dimensionless nonlinear ODEs. The transformed coupled nonlinear differential equations are resolved numerically with MATLAB software with Bvp4c (Lobatto-IIIa) solver. The effect of dissimilar parameters viz., the Sisko material parameter, porosity parameter, bioconvection Lewis number, thermophoresis parameter, and bioconvection parameter on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and micro-organisms distribution are presented in numeric and graphics modes. The porous drag force of the Darcian linear system is used to evaluate the porosity parameter. It is also noticed that the numerical values of the porosity parameter reduced the velocity while it is enhancing the temperature. This research of wall cooling and heating bears is indispensable applications in solar porous water absorber systems, chemical engineering, space technology, metallurgy, substantial processing, and so forth.

Carbon fiber coated by quinoa cellulose nanosheet with outstanding scaled salt self-cleaning performance and purification of organic and antibiotic contaminated water

To date, various solar driven evaporation technologies have been developed for treatment of seawater and wastewater but with the threat from salt polluted and single treatment of seawater. Herein, we develop a multifunctional evaporator constructed by carbon fiber coated by quinoa cellulose nanosheet (CFQC) with outstanding self-cleaning performance and good purification property for treatment of organic and antibiotic polluted water. The resulting Zn-CFQC exhibits good light to thermal performance which can absorb about 86.95% lights in the range of UV–Vis–NIR (200–2500 nm); therefore, the wet and dry surface temperatures of Zn-CFQC are held at 62.1 and 124.3 °C respectively, and keep a speed of 3.2 kg m−2 h−1 for water evaporating under 1000 W m−2 illumination. Such good light-to-thermal capabilities can be mainly imputed to the unique surface microstructures of the carbon fiber which decorated by two-dimension cellulose and activated by ZnCl2. Additionally, Zn-CFQC shows good salt automatic-cleaning capability at night and corresponding mechanism has been simply elucidated according to the chemical potential theory. The method of treatment of carbon fiber opens a new way for commercial carbon fiber utilization of solar assisted water purification.

Aqualuz: a new solar disinfection device for treatment of cistern water

Abstract We conducted field, laboratory and modeling studies to evaluate the efficiency of a new solar disinfection (SODIS) device called Aqualuz for the removal of Escherichia coli (EC) from cistern water in the Brazilian semiarid, for different solar exposure–water temperature conditions. The results indicated EC contamination (100–300 MPN/100 mL) in all tests performed. As compared to the literature, lower exposure times (2.5–4.0 h) and solar radiations (250–410 W/m²) were sufficient for EC elimination. Then, assuming the complete-mix approach and first-order kinetics, it was possible to adjust EC decay rate constants (k) considering three different models: constant k-value, k as a function of water temperature and a new formulation for k as a function of both solar radiation and water temperature. All models performed well with normalized root mean squared logarithmic error (NRMSLE) lower than 20%, but the best fitting was obtained with the new approach. A new relationship between solar radiation and water temperature was also obtained, which allowed model simulations of EC decay for 34 municipalities in the Brazilian northeast, resulting in a color map for the region depicting the exposure periods of 1.8–5.6 h for reaching a 3-log reduction.

Research on Film Insulation Technology for Artificial, Open Water Delivery Canals Based on Solar Heat Radiation Utilization

A measure of insulation film floating on the water surface was put forward to solve the problems of ice damage to water delivery canals during the winter operation period in cold regions. Firstly, a circulating flume test system was designed in an indoor radiation- and temperature-controlled environment. Secondly, five groups of comparative tests were carried out according to different application scenarios. Lastly, combined with the experimental data, the radiative degree-day method was used to calculate the ice thickness growth under the film. The results show that, in a sufficient radiation condition, a membrane can effectively melt the canal ice and prevent ice formation. In a limited radiation condition, a membrane can delay the ice sealing time and reduce the ice thickness, avoiding ice thrust damage to canal lining. The ice thickness growth formula can predict the development process of water and ice thickness under this technique. The research provides certain theoretical guidance and practical significance for the combination of solar thermal technology and water delivery engineering in cold regions.

SCHEMING OF CONTROLLER FOR SINGLE STAGE SOLAR PV FED BLDC MOTOR-DRIVEN WATER PUMP

To optimize the solar photovoltaic (PV) generated power using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, a DC-DC conversion stage is usually required in solar PV-fed water pumping which is driven by a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. This power reformation stage leads to an increased cost, size, difficulty, and decreased efficiency. As a unique solution, this work addresses a single-stage solar PV energy conversion system feeding a BLDC motor pump, which eliminates the DC-DC conversion stage. A simple control technique capable of operating the solar PV array at its peak power using a common voltage source inverter (VSI), is proposed for BLDC motor control. The proposed control eliminates the BLDC motor phase current sensors. No supplementary control is associated with the speed control of the motor pump and its soft start. The speed is controlled through the optimum power of the solar PV array. The suitability of the proposed system is exhibited through its performance evaluation using MATLAB/Simulink-based simulated results. keywords: MPPT, solar PV array, BLDC motor, Water pump, Voltage source inverter (VSI)

Drawing the borders of the mesophotic zone of the Mediterranean Sea using satellite data

The 30–150 m bathymetric range is commonly adopted in the literature to constrain the mesophotic zone. However, such depth interval varies depending on sunlight penetration, which is primarily a function of solar radiation incidence and water clarity. This is especially obvious in the Mediterranean Sea with its peculiar biophysical properties. Integrating information on light regime in the estimation of the bathymetric range of the mesophotic zone would provide a more robust definition, orienting conservation actions targeting its ecosystems. We present a first assessment of the spatial and vertical extension of the mesophotic zone in the Mediterranean Sea based upon light penetration, comparing our prediction with literature data. Our study also represents a baseline to monitor future variations in the bathymetric interval associated with the mesophotic zone in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to global changes.

The SHAPE Project: An Innovative Approach to Understanding Seasonal and Diel Dissolved Oxygen Dynamics in the Marano and Grado Lagoon (Adriatic Sea) under the WFD/2000/60/CE

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key element for the survival of marine organisms and is a supporting element in the current Water Framework Directive (WFD). DO deficiency is a common event that occurs in coastal environments such as estuaries and lagoons, but a long-term DO database that helps detect daily and seasonal oscillations is difficult to obtain with commonly used sampling and analytical procedures. In this work, a network of multi-parametric probes was deployed in the Marano and Grado Lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in order to obtain a dataset from the continuous monitoring of DO and complementary parameters. DO showed a high degree of variability both in terms of spatial and seasonal distribution and was dependent on solar radiation and water temperature. During the summer and in areas characterised by scarce water renewal, DO was below the threshold set as the minimum requirement for aquatic life, thus some water bodies (WBs) were classified as moderate sensu WFD. The inputs of freshwater discharge from inland and marine waters during tides are, however, able to well oxygenate most of the lagoon. These results will be useful in supporting the management and protection of this vulnerable environment.

Exergetic Analysis of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Water Heater

Heat exchange mechanisms involved in the conversion of solar energy to heat were determined using a parabolic trough collector. This study's goal is to examine the impact of operational and environmental factors on the energetic, performance of three different Parabolic Trough Collector receivers used to generate hot water. The collectors used uncoated, grey, and black receiver tubes. The parabolic trough concentrator is built of mild steel as the mainframe support with a segmented mirror reflector. Reflectivity is 0.85, rim angle is 90, an aperture area is 2.42 m2, and concentration ratio is 11.7. The parabolic trough concentrator's focal point has galvanized iron receiving tubes. The receiver tubes were fitted individually via the parabolic reflector's focal point. The thermal exergy of each absorber tube was determined while water flowed at 0.003 kg/s. During the investigation, solar radiation, and water temperatures at the absorber tube's input and outflow were all measured. The results show that both the temperature of the heat transfer fluid and the amount of solar radiation have a substantial effect on thermal energetic performance. This concentrator reduces dependency on electric power while minimizing fossil-fuel emissions, reducing pollution.

Reduced DC sensor based grid-interactive operation of single-stage solar photovoltaic water pumping system

ABSTRACT The grid-interactive operation of a single-stage solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) requires additional power electronic interface and a number of sensors. This paper realizes the grid-interactive operation of the single-stage SPVWPS with reduced sensor and without adding to the cost of the grid-interface converter. The single-phase grid is connected directly with the SPVWPS and the three-phase inverter is controlled as a single-phase grid-interactive inverter. The motor winding inductance is utilized as a current filter. This arrangement functions as a photovoltaic-static synchronous compensator (PV-STATCOM) with voltage-oriented current control by feeding the peak solar photovoltaic (SPV) power to the grid and supporting the reactive power to alleviate steady-state grid voltage variations. The modified adaptive second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is utilized for effective grid-angle estimation under the presence of DC-bias in the input signal. The modified perturb and observed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is implemented using grid-side quantities, which curtails the requirement of the SPV current sensor. Extensive experiments are performed on the developed prototype under the variable atmospheric and the variable grid voltage conditions. The presented grid-interactive SPVWPS is realized with single power electronics device and three sensors. The cost of power electronics interface is reduced in presented single-stage grid-interactive SPVWPS by 22% compared to two-stage grid-interactive SPVWPS. Abbreviations: FLL: Frequency Looked Loop; PFC: Power Factor Correction; FFT: Fast Fourier Transform; PV: Photovoltaic; SPVWPS: Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System; MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracking; P & O: Perturb and Observe; SPV: Solar Photovoltaic; OSG: Orthogonal Signal Generator; PWM: Pulse Width Modulation; SOGI: Second-order Generalized Integrator; PEC: Power Electronic Converter; RMS: Root Mean Square; VSI: Voltage Source Inverter; PF: Power Factor; RMF: Rotating Magnetic Field; VSC: Voltage Source Converter; PI: Proportional Integral; SySPWM: Synchronous Sine Pulse Width Modulation

Nb-Doped Nife Ldh Nanosheet with Superhydrophilicity and Superaerophobicity Surface for Solar Cell-Driven Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

Nb-Doped Nife Ldh Nanosheet with Superhydrophilicity and Superaerophobicity Surface for Solar Cell-Driven Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

Thermo-Economical Performance Analysis of a Direct-Expansion Solar Heat-Pump Water Heater Driven by a Photovoltaic Array and the Electrical Grid in Medellin Colombia

Thermo-Economical Performance Analysis of a Direct-Expansion Solar Heat-Pump Water Heater Driven by a Photovoltaic Array and the Electrical Grid in Medellin Colombia

Complementarities and synergies with intermittent renewable energy, related issues - Burkina Faso cases studies

Pumped Storage Plants (PSP) offer opportunities for better water mobilization and to unlock the development of hydropower in Burkina Faso. The revolution in photovoltaic energy, which has greatly improved reliability and production costs, has opened up major prospects for the energy development of Sahelian countries with a very large solar energy deposit that has remained fallow for the time being. The lower production cost of solar energy makes it more attractive to mobilize water in offshore (outside rivers) basins and reservoirs in areas where there are few underground water resources and where flat land limits the construction of dams. This paper will develop these perspectives for a country like Burkina and the Sahel in general where access to electricity is one of the lowest in the world which, paradoxically, have a very large solar deposit and insufficient water resource mobilization.

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Solar Salt and Subcritical Water in the Model of Tube-Shell Heat Exchanger

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Solar Salt and Subcritical Water in the Model of Tube-Shell Heat Exchanger

Extracting salt from hypersaline water by pulsed corona discharge

ABSTRACT Seawater bittern is obtained as a by-product of the solar salt industry or saline water conversion plants. This product is rich in Mg2+, Cl−, SO4 2-, K+, as well as Na+ ions. In the present work, we investigated the chemical products of seawater extraction during the conventional evaporation-crystallization process, when plasma is applied over the solution. In the present work, we investigated the chemical products of seawater extraction during the conventional evaporation-crystallization process, when plasma is applied over the solution. Crystal films were formed on the surface, both in the region surrounding the plasma application and far regions. However, the films in the vicinity of the discharge had grain sizes up to 97% smaller than those of natural evaporation. We also observed that the region close to the plasma produces salt with higher Mg/Na and K/Na ratios than in the sedimented salts, indicating greater selectivity of the plasma process. This study adds to the growing body of research that indicates plasma as energy source in the desalination or separation processes.

IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKRO HIDRO (PLTMH) OLEH DINAS ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT DI SOLOK SELATAN

This study aims to determine the Renewable Energy Development Implementation in South Solok Regency. New and Renewable Energy is clean energy that is rich in diversity and quantity such as solar energy, wind, natural gas, ocean waves, garbage, wood, biomass, nuclear and water (microhydro). New and Renewable Energy was developed by the West Sumatra Provincial ESDM Office in the South Solok area since 2013, however, in implementing this development there were still some obstacles which was faced by the West Sumatra Provincial ESDM Office as the community which has not felt the impact of developing the benefits of PLTMH. It was because there were some PLTMH which were not functioning or have damaged caused by natural disasters such as floods and landslides, there was still a lack of technicians to repair the damage to the PLTMH, there was still a lack of costs obtained from PLTMH customers who aimed to repair damage to PLTMH generators and turbines. This study was a qualitative research which used descriptive method. The research respondents were selected by using a purposive sampling technique. For the data collection, this study used interview guidelines, observation, and documentation of the research as the instrumentation. The validation technique used the triangulation method. Furthermore, the data analysis technique was reducing data, displaying data, and drawing the conclusions of the study which has been conducted. The findings showed that the Renewable Energy Development implementation for Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH) by the ESDM Office of West Sumatra Province in South Solok was still not running as it should be, because there were still some obstacles which were faced in developing of New Renewable Energy of PLTMH that the results was not being implemented properly. Supporting factors for the implementation of this PLTMH development were the data and information, communication, bureaucratic attitudes, and organizational structure. While communication, organizational characteristics, economic environment and human resources were the inhibiting factors. The Effort to overcome these obstacles was the government has signed several commitments related to the development of Renewable Energy. Beside that, to fill the conditions of the national electricity, the government has also involved the private sector

Improving the Performance of Solar Heat Collector Using Molten Salts

An individual solar collector and two partly freight cylinders filled with molten salts embedded storage tank were connected to each other and forced circulated water by electric pump to improve the thermal performance of residential solar hot water tank. Multi flow rates of 25, 50 and 70 l/h. used to achieve an appropriate flow rate of circulating water. The calcium nitrate tetra hydrate Ca(NO3)2-4H2O and magnesium nitrate hex hydrate Mg(NO3)2-6H2O were mixed to form cheap binary molten salts base on different weight ratios. These molten salts combined could be used as both sensible heat materials and latent heat storage materials, besides they can directly use as heat transfer fluid due to freezing temperature. Six samples of different mixing ratio of molten salts had tested to assess the thermal analysis of each sample. The result indicated that the mixture 60%Ca(NO3)2+40%Mg(NO3)2 had the best performance for thermal storage tank with melting point of 38°C and the thermal value is 8.7 mW, and thermal stability of molten salts were noticed by DSC 60 SHIMADZSU devise.