Solar Shading Research Articles

An Overview of the Effects of Passive Solar Strategies on Thermal Comfort

The paper presents the impact of passive solar strategies on residential buildings concerning the thermal comfort factor. This study focuses on passive solar design elements like orientation, shading, and thermal mass to offer improved energy efficiency and occupant comfort. With a global natural gas crisis looming, interest in alternative heating and cooling is surging. With the growing concern of reducing the energy use by buildings while maintaining proper thermal comfort, both in cold and hot climates, the interest shifts to passive solar strategies. In this view, 547 publications have been analysed to reveal knowledge gaps and trends in the research. The bibliographic and thematic analysis techniques identified some approaches to passive solar design but no dominant method. Further, the study found under-researched areas within themes that appeared established. The authors have finally concluded with calls for further research and collaboration across institutions and nations to address these gaps and develop effective passive solar strategies. These findings contribute to sustainable architecture by pointing out the pros of applying passive solar strategies to reduce heating and cooling loads. In this respect, this was an original approach since it brought both quantitative and qualitative data together to measure thermal comfort. This is further underpinned by raising the need for energy-efficient building designs as measures toward mitigating climate change impacts.

Large-scale prediction of solar irradiation, shading impacts, and energy generation on building Façade through urban morphological indicators: A machine learning approach

Incorporating Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPVs) into urban environments offers a sustainable approach by transforming building exteriors into renewable energy sources, especially by utilizing the extensive vertical surfaces in cities. While individual building applications have been extensively studied, there is a lack of research on BIPV potential at the urban scale due to the complexity of urban fabrics. Therefore, this study presents a novel method for predicting large-scale solar irradiation and energy generation on building surfaces using urban morphological indicators through machine learning models. Using an Australian city as a case study, a hierarchical two-level machine learning model is developed to predict the solar potential for building façade PV systems. The model incorporates 13 urban morphological predictors to determine average shading height and unshaded solar irradiance. By combining these predictions with wall datasets and different façade BIPV efficiencies, the proposed method predicts unshaded electricity generation. The results showcase high efficiency and accuracy in the prediction of the shading height, solar irradiance, and electricity generation. This innovative approach aids urban planners in considering large-scale surface BIPVs into urban development.

A review of complex window-glazing systems for building energy saving and daylight comfort: Glazing technologies and their building performance prediction

The increasing energy consumption and detrimental CO2 emissions contributing to global warming underscore the urgent necessity for energy conservation, especially within buildings. Among different building components, fenestration plays a pivotal role as it accounts for the majority of heat transfer across the building envelope. This emphasises the significance of window-glazing technologies in enhancing their thermal performance. Furthermore, window-glazing systems can lead to overheating issues, particularly in summer, and glare issues, especially in winter. These challenges have spurred the development of various advanced glazing systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these advanced glazing technologies based on their functionalities and working principles, with a focus on parameters such as U-value, solar heat gain coefficient and visible transmittance. Among these technologies, vacuum and aerogel glazing systems exhibit superior thermal insulation properties, with U-values below 1 W/m2 K, making them suitable for heating-dominated climates. Smart window systems, such as electrochromic windows, are ideal for cooling-dominated climates due to their low solar heat gain coefficient (0.09–0.47) and visible transmittance (0.02–0.62). Photovoltaic window systems not only provide effective thermal insulation and solar shading but also produce additional power for on-site use. Some of these glazing systems feature complex structures, which present challenges when integrating them into existing building simulation software to assess their impact on building performance. Therefore, this paper also examines techniques for conducting energy and daylight performance simulations for buildings that make use of complex window systems. Ultimately, the authors propose an approach to characterise the thermal, optical and electrical properties of a complex photovoltaic window system within existing building simulation software, such as EnergyPlus. This approach facilitates a thorough investigation into the effects of complex window systems on building energy efficiency and indoor comfort.

Building and system design's impact on thermal resilience to overheating during heatwaves: An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

Rising heatwaves necessitate thermally resilient buildings to mitigate occupant heat-stress and mortality, ensuring habitable conditions during thermal shocks. This study's aim and novelty is to identify key design parameters affecting three thermal resilience aspects -(i) shock impact or SET-Dh i.e., degree hours above standard effective temperature threshold of 28 °C (ii) absorptivity time (tabs) and (iii) recovery time (trec) across varying degrees of shock intensities (doS-low, medium and high). A reference Belgian apartment is simulated with varying design parameters (building orientation, envelope and glazing properties, glazing percentage, airtightness, operation and control of passive strategies, cooling systems) during three types of heatwaves. Uncertainty analysis quantified the impact of design variations on thermal resilience, while global sensitivity analysis pinpointed key parameters affecting resilience during different shocks. The study shows that while 87 % of design variations remain thermally resilient during shorter shocks, only 21 % do so during longer shocks and that WWR, cooling capacity, and passive strategies (operation of natural night ventilation and solar shading) have twice the impact on thermal resilience compared to building orientation and glazing properties. While tabs is affected by heat build-up factors (e.g., WWR, solar shading), trec is influenced by heat removal factors (e.g., cooling capacity, NNV). Parameters such as heavy thermal mass extend heat absorption but also delays heat dissipation during prolonged heatwaves. This study guides designers and architects to focus on interventions that enhance buildings' thermal resilience during both short and long heatwaves, aiding in climate adaptation and the ability to withstand future extreme heat periods.

Characterisation of view relative to solar-control systems

Solar shading can be an effective way of avoiding overheating by reducing solar gains in buildings. However, solar shading systems can block or obscure the view-out with the consequence that occupants may refrain from using the shading system. As such, there is a need to quantify the effects of shading on occupants’ perception of the view.In this study, we developed a method to identify the photometric parameters and compositions that are effective in characterising the view-out in relation to different solar-control systems. We hypothesized that the photometric composition, e.g., contrast, in the visual environment as a result of using solar-control systems impacts the subjective assessment of the view. We conducted objective photometric measurements using calibrated luminance cameras and subjective responses from 64 participants in a semi-controlled work environment to test the hypotheses. The participants were randomly allocated to a combination of five view-outs and six solar shading systems in a work environment where they answered questions related to the indoor environment and view quality. The relation between view and solar-control systems and their impact on the subjective view assessment was tested using linear mixed-effects models. The models were developed using forward and backward selection based on AIC and likelihood ratio tests (LRT) to test the effects of adding or removing variables. The achromatic contrast calculated based on the measured luminance data both locally and globally was significantly associated with view assessment and satisfaction when using different shading types.

A novel decision support system for designing fixed shading systems in the early design stage: A case study in Egypt

Solar shading is a crucial element that can significantly impact lighting conditions and energy consumption, especially in hot regions. However, selecting the best shading design that achieves optimal daylight performance while meeting architects' requirements is very challenging. This is because it involves considering many design parameters and balancing multiple objectives. The paper introduces a decision support system for designing fixed shading systems to enhance interior environments and reduce energy consumption. Parametric simulation, a meta-model based on automatic selection of regression machine learning algorithms (RMLA), and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) are used to prepare the designs for selection. Three multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are employed: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy, and the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) in two combinations (AHP-TOPSIS and entropy-TOPSIS) to adapt to different expert availability scenarios. The proposed method is coded and automated with an easy-to-use interactive interface for flexibility and easy application. The method is applied to help design a fixed shading system for hot climate regions in Cairo, Egypt, which involves considering five objectives: useful day light illuminance (UDI), energy use intensity (EUI), solar gains (SG), daylight autonomy (DA), and continuous daylight autonomy (CDA). The proposed method can provide an efficient design that significantly improves daylight performance. Different dataset sizes are used for training the meta model to study their effect on the final selected design. A sensitivity analysis is done to explore the impact of changes in experts’ opinions on the decision-making process.

Exploring the effects of landscape interventions on outdoor thermal comfort using digital simulation

Abstract The assessment of outdoor thermal comfort plays an important role in design decisions and encourages better planning and development of outdoor environments. This study explores the potential effects of landscape interventions on outdoor thermal comfort, testing two thermal comfort indicators on a selected hospitality development. Results are crucial factors to consider as the success of hospitality developments and its outdoor spaces are dependent on how visitors perceive and interact with them. Digital simulations were conducted using Rhinoceros software and the Grasshopper tool to produce heat maps. For the purpose of the study, two sets of simulations were developed to examine changes in the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and Incident Radiation of the site – a) buildings alone and b) with landscape elements. As a result, UTCI with landscape intervention decreased by 2°C while Incident Radiation is significantly lower throughout spaces provided with shading elements. Results of UTCI simulations still deliver strong heat stress to occupants, while Incident Radiation has considerably improved with landscape interventions. The provision of shading elements helped lessen solar radiation penetrating the site, thus improving the thermal comfort of users. Wind velocity showed minimal effects on perceived heat based on the UTCI assessment scale. Nonetheless, improvement in the planning and orientation of buildings and strategic provision of demountable sun shading elements in future developments are recommended to allow better air circulation.

Optimizing Window Configurations for Energy-Efficient Buildings with Aluminum Alloy Frames and Helium-Filled Insulating Glazing

This research investigates building energy consumption in the Fujian region of China, characterized by warm winters and hot summers. The study focuses on window configurations and their impact on heat exchange and solar gain management. Initially examining three aluminum alloy window frames, the study utilizes the Multi-Quality Metric Calculator (MQMC) software V1 to assess the benefits of filled insulating glass. The reference values for the heat transfer coefficient, visible transmittance, and sun shading coefficient are established. Subsequently, Ecotect software V5.6 is employed to conduct a comprehensive year-round energy consumption simulation analysis, identifying an optimal window layout tailored to Fujian’s climate. In the Fuzhou simulation, aluminum–plastic co-extruded windows exhibit the lowest cooling energy consumption, while aluminum alloy windows have the highest. Summer cooling energy consumption, comprising about 75% of the total annual energy usage in hot summer and warm winter regions, significantly influences overall energy consumption. Windows made of aluminum–plastic co-extruded material with superior thermal insulation qualities can greatly reduce building energy consumption. The results contribute valuable insights to sustainable building practices and energy-conscious designs in regions characterized by warm winters and hot summers.

Assessing thermal resilience to overheating in a Belgian apartment: impact of building parameters

Globally and in European Union, climate change and heatwaves (HWs) challenges the thermal resilience performance (buildings’ ability to withstand and recover from a shock) of airtight, highly insulated buildings with no cooling strategies. Ensuring thermal resilience in buildings is crucial for maintaining habitability amid climate change uncertainties. This study, under the framework of IEA EBC Annex 80, aims to explore the impact of design parameters (thermal mass, window to wall ratio (WWR), operation of solar shading and natural night ventilation) on the thermal resilience in a Belgian apartment. Although a number of recent studies explored impact of building design on overheating, there is still a lack in the state-of-the-art exploring and varying ranges of the design parameters that impact the thermal resilience performance of apartments during short-term shocks such as heatwaves. In order to reach the aim of this study, building energy simulations were performed. Initially, the default apartment was evaluated during current weather scenario varying the parameters. Results showed overheating risk in default apartment during current weather scenario. Then the worst, improved and, the optimized variation of the building is evaluated against 6 days HW. The apartments’ thermal resilience performance assessment conclude that high window-to-wall ratios (WWR >30%) without solar shading and lighter thermal mass decrease thermal resilience during shocks, highlighting WWR’s significance. For short-term overheating events, heavy thermal mass improves the thermal resilience by pro-longing the absorptivity time (withstanding capability) of the excess heat. However, if excess heat is absorbed by the building (higher WWR resulting in higher solar gains), lighter thermal mass enhances the thermal resilience performance (recovery capability) by flushing out the excess heat. Solar shading and passive cooling strategy like natural night ventilation aids in temperature management, improving the buildings’ thermal resilience performance by prolonging the absorptivity and speeding the recovery from the shock.

Injury severity analysis of e-bike riders in China based on the in-vehicle recording video crash data: a random parameter ordered logit model

This study investigates the impacts of various factors on e-bike riders’ injury severity in crashes with motor vehicles, based on the in-vehicle recording video crash data in China. Variables from human factors, vehicle characteristics, road conditions, and environmental attributes are extracted from the video, especially for drivers and riders’ illegal and avoidance behaviour before the crash, and sun shade canopy use. Results of mixed logit models reveal that drivers’ speeding, running red lights, slow-down and swerve behaviour, light trucks, heavy trucks, and buses have significantly varied impacts on riders’ injury. Moreover, both drivers and riders’ illegal behaviour leads to an increased injury, while their avoidance behaviour before crashes can protect riders. In addition, types of visual obstacles, accidents occurring at night, large vehicles’ involvement, and the application of sunshade canopies by riders increased the probability of severe injury, while helmet use can protect riders in accidents with motor vehicles.

Evaluating the impact of high-resolution irradiation data on the daylight performance assessment of adaptive solar shading systems

Adaptive solar shading systems offer a dynamic solution to balance daylight availability and glare control in buildings. While building performance simulation methods are useful to understand the potential of these systems to improve daylight conditions in indoor spaces, it is unclear if established practices such as the use of hourly averaged climate data are sufficient to accurately estimate the benefits of adaptive solar shading in real-world conditions. This study investigates how the time resolution of irradiance data in simulation models affects the predicted performance of adaptive solar shading systems. To that end, a series of simulations for models with time resolutions from 1 to 60 min are run, and the results are compared to quantify the variation in daylight metrics between different resolutions. The outcome of this comparison study reveals that while hourly averaged irradiance data generally suffices for daylight performance estimations, it is also likely to overlook short-term periods of glare discomfort that would be present in high-resolution irradiance data. In the context of adaptive shading design, capturing these discomfort periods can be key to providing solutions that achieve specific visual comfort goals. This suggests that the need for high-resolution irradiance data is project-specific, which emphasizes the need for more tailored approaches in the representation of adaptive shading systems in early building design.

Modeling a solar shading system that controls heat gain by using solar energy to change louver slat angles

In this study, we propose a model for a passive louver system that adjusts slat angles using solar heat energy. The model is structured in two stages: predicting the surface temperature of a solar collector plate and using this temperature to determine the slat angles. The system was installed and monitored in a building in Okinawa, Japan, to validate the model’s accuracy with field measurements. The validation showed that while the model accurately predicted the daily opening and closing times of the louvers, it faced limitations in minute-by-minute variations, making it less suitable for scenarios requiring instantaneous state evaluations, such as lighting environment assessments. Additionally, predicting the temperature for the double-skin façade was challenging and could affect overall model accuracy. Despite these issues, the model effectively achieved its primary goal of predicting annual energy consumption by accurately forecasting the daily opening and closing times of the louvers. The model’s fast computation speed and simplicity make it particularly suitable for annual energy simulations and easy to integrate with existing energy simulation programs. Further research is needed to enhance minute-by-minute reproducibility and integrate temperature predictions for double-skin façades, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of both thermal and lighting environments.

Control algorithm for dynamic solar shadings: A simulation study for office buildings based on ISO 52016-3

In 2019, the building sector was accountable for emitting 12GtCO2, equivalent to 21 % of global GHG emissions. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, the building sector must change its pace. One of the ways to achieve this goal is through the installation of dynamic solar shadings in buildings. This study focuses on a single office in two locations characterised by a temperate climate: Liège (Belgium) and Milan (Italy). Two control strategies are designed for Venetian and Roller blinds, one with and one without glare evaluation. They both integrate horizontal illuminance, room occupancy, indoor operative temperature and vertical irradiance according to a multi-criteria approach based on ISO 52016-3. The control strategy aims to balance visual comfort, heating, artificial lighting and cooling energy needs and considers user satisfaction by evaluating the shading activation time. The control algorithms are applied and validated on a DesignBuilder shoebox model. Regardless of location, the control strategy that includes glare control improves the user's visual comfort in terms of light quantity and discomfort glare. However, a total annual energy needs increase is registered independently of the shading. Conversely, if glare is not included in the control strategy, control of thermal loads is observed. This work contributed to developing ISO 52016-3 shading control scenarios for offices and is intended for shading producers, solar shading associations, façade engineers, facility managers and the scientific community working on solar shading simulation and analysis.

Basics of energy-efficiency of renovation of existing office buildings and restoration of listed buildings

The article highlights the basics of energy-efficiency of renovation of existing office buildings, adaptive reuse of buildings for the office function and energy restoration of listed buildings. The advantages of renovation over the new construction in terms of sustainability and reduction of energy consumption were considered. Three different approaches to energy renovation were studied, depending on the location of the buildings and their listing status: existing buildings located outside the historical areas of the cities; existing buildings located in the historical areas of cities; and listed buildings. Principles and methods of energy-efficient renovation of existing office buildings and energy restoration of listed buildings were reviewed. As for the listed buildings, during the modernization or restoration aiming the increase of energy efficiency - the material component of the buildings, which determines its authenticity, should be preserved as much as possible. Regarding the renovation of existing not listed buildings but located in the historical areas - the height, scale, plastic solution, character, finishing materials, etc. must be preserved. It has to be done in order to preserve the identity and the character of the historically inherited environment of a certain area of the city. A list of passive and active design strategies for energy consumption reduction of office buildings during renovation and energy-efficient restoration was provided. Including following passive strategies: facades and roof insulation; low infiltration values; optimization of the glazing ratio; optimal selection of glazing types; use of solar shading devices; use of daylight; passive heating due to solar radiation in winter; use of natural ventilation; integration of greenery into the building; use of internal structures of the building with high heat capacity; use of "double" glass facades, etc. The limitations that reduce the possibilities of energy modernization of listed buildings were considered. Ukrainian and foreign case-studies of renovation, adaptive reuse and restoration were researched and critically analyzed.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Prevention Interventions for Skin Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review.

Preventing the onset of skin malignancies is feasible by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation. We reviewed published economic evaluations of primary prevention initiatives in the past decade, to support investment decisions for skin cancer prevention. We assessed cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and benefit-cost analyses published from 1 September 2013. Seven databases were searched on 18 July 2023 and updated on 15 November 2023. Studies must have reported outcomes in terms of monetary costs, life years, quality-adjusted life years or variant thereof. A narrative synthesis was undertaken and reporting quality was assessed by three reviewers using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist. In total, 12 studies were included with five studies located in Australia; three in North America and the remaining four in Europe. Interventions included restricting the use of indoor tanning devices (7 studies), television advertising, multi-component sun safety campaigns, shade structures plus protective clothing provision for outdoor workers and provision of melanoma genomic risk information to individuals. Most studies constructed Markov cohort models and adopted a societal cost perspective. Overall, the reporting quality of the studies was high. Studies found highly favourable returns on investment ranging from US$0.35 for every $1 spent on prevention, up to €3.60 for every €1 spent. Other studies showed substantial skin cancers avoided, gains in life years, quality-adjusted survival, and societal cost savings. From both population health and economic perspectives, allocating limited health care resources to primary prevention of skin cancer is highly favourable.

A design workflow for effective solar shading of pedestrian paths

Shading pedestrian paths is strategically important to ensure accessibility and comfort for pedestrians in cities. Limited applicability in practice of previous research about the effectiveness of natural and artificial shading devices was found. This paper proposes a workflow to design effective installations of shading devices on sidewalks; it relies on a design tool developed prioritising compatibility with other software/processes for its application to urban design. The methodology was tested on the city of Milan; the performance of 60 % linear path in shade was set as the design goal. Based on solar radiation exposure of urban canyons, a time of the day was associated with each simulated summer scenario. A library of shading devices was compiled allowing designers to test various proposals. The workflow was applied at first to theoretical urban canyons, then to a real case study sidewalk. Results included a catalogue of solutions with installation guidelines, a table to estimate the recommended number of shading devices for each sidewalk location, and the opportunity to iteratively test master planning proposals. Four applications of the workflow were proposed in response to resources availability and increasing outcome suitability. The workflow would support urban designers in implementing solar radiation exposure analysis in their practice.

Maximizing solar energy generation: guidelines for optimizing photovoltaic panel placement on building facades

PurposeThis purpose of this paper is to address the research problem of optimizing photovoltaic (PV) panel placement on building facades to maximize solar energy generation.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines the significance of various design configurations and their implications for PV system performance. The research involves analysis of relevant literature and energy simulations. An exemplary case study is conducted in a hot climate zone to quantify the impacts of PV panel placement on energy generation. Various application scenarios are developed, resulting in 28 scenarios for PV on building facades. Energy simulations using Grasshopper Rhino software and Ladybug plugin components are performed.FindingsThe paper identifies key factors influencing PV panel placement and energy generation through qualitative analysis. It introduces an appropriateness matrix as a decision-making framework to evaluate placement options. The study identifies design configurations and external features impacting PV location selection and performs a qualitative classification to determine their impact on energy generation.Practical implicationsThe results and decision-making framework enable informed choices based on solar radiation levels, shading conditions, and building requirements. Optimizing PV panel placement enhances solar energy harvesting in buildings, benefiting architects and engineers.Originality/valueThe novel contributions of this paper include practical insights and guidance for strategically placing PV panels on building facades.

Green roof thermal performance of small-scale prototype using IES-VE simulation in tropical climatic condition

Abstract This study investigates the thermal performance of green roof systems in a tropical climate, focusing on the small-scale building prototypes. Batu Pahat, Malaysia is experiencing the increasing temperatures due to climate change. Green roofs are considered as a potential solution, but their effectiveness depends on various factors such as building orientation, solar shading, and thermal resistance (R-value). Therefore, modeling and simulation are crucial for understanding green roof thermal behaviour. This study employs the Integrated Environmental Simulation Virtual Environment (IES-VE) software for analysis. Three identical small-scale buildings were constructed, one with Portulaca Grandiflora (PGR) plants, another with Alternanthera Paronychioides (ATN) plants, and a control roof with no vegetation. The R-values from the on-site green roofs were measured at 0.8899 m²K/W for PGR and 1.1477 m²K/W for ATN, while the control roof had an R-value of 0.1 m²K/W. Green roofs with higher R-values demonstrated a substantial reduction in indoor temperatures, making them a valuable solution for improving thermal comfort in tropical climates. This study underscores the importance of green roofs in mitigating rising temperatures in tropical climates. Simulation using IES-VE approved that green roofs can potentially reduce indoor temperatures, demonstrating their suitability for tropical regions. These findings have significant implications for sustainable building design and urban planning in hot and humid climates.

An Approach to Assess the Impact of High Biaxial Photovoltaic Trackers on Crop Growth and Yield

The growing need for producing renewable energy such as photovoltaic electricity, and the mitigation of the increasing occurrences of heatwaves and drought affecting annual crops, could be addressed by the installation of agrivoltaic systems. Depending on pedoclimatic context, cultivated crop, solar panels technology and implementation configuration, solar panels shading can improve or reduce crop growth and yields. Among photovoltaic installations, solar trackers might have a high development potential. These photovoltaic panels are mounted on a vertical axis at a 7m height. Thanks to their height, their biaxial moving capacity, their small anchoring surface and their punctual structure making plants design easily adaptable to agricultural constraints, they can fit with all types of agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of such trackers on crop growth and yields. For this purpose, a set of 6 different fields crop located in western France were studied. Crop phenology, height and yield were investigated. Results showed a delay in crop development near the trackers that was overcome late in the crop cycle, near harvest. For crop height and crop yield, the results showed important spatial variability but without clear trend related to the tracker shadow. The results are discussed in the light of new perspectives, including the consideration of microclimatic and pedological data to better explore the effects of trackers on plant growth and development, the measurement of morphological and physiological traits of plants, the accounting of a multi-trackers effect implemented on the same site, the temporal dynamics of the effect of a tracker.

Heat exposure mitigation in renovated nearly zero-energy dwellings during concurrent heat waves and power outages

As heat waves increase in intensity and duration, the risk of heat exposure in dwellings in countries with mixed humid climates is expected to rise. The impact of heat waves on building performance has been extensively researched. However, building performance during concurrent heat waves and power outages needs further investigation to reduce the dependency on active cooling during critical infrastructure failures. This paper presents a simulation-based study of heat exposure risks for a nearly zero dwelling during a concurrent heat wave and power outage in Brussels, Belgium using weather data from field measurements. Combinations of promising passive design strategies like natural ventilation, cool roof, and solar shading were evaluated along key performance indicators like indoor overheating degree, standard effective temperature, exceedance hours, and heat index. The building performance results showed that existing building-level passive cooling renovation strategies like natural ventilation alone would not be sufficient to mitigate heat exposure with an indoor overheating degree of 0.59 °C. Therefore, they will require additional passive measures like solar shading using window louvres to mitigate heat exposure risks and lower indoor overheating to 0.19 °C. The findings provide unique insights that inform building renovation practices, setting the stage for future research on the topic.