Solar Panel Model Research Articles

A Review on Recycling of Solar Photovoltaic Modules for Recovery of Metals

Solar energy, as a form of renewable energy, has developed rapidly in the past few decades and presents a huge market potential. End-of-life (EOL) photovoltaic solar panels (SP) are regarded as hazardous electronic waste, making their disposal an important environmental concern. On the other hand, recovering priceless metals and stuff from such trash results in significant advantages. The steps of physical and chemical processing that take place during the recycling process will eventually become crucial. Therefore, sustainable ways of end-of-life PV cell handling are essential from both economic and environmental perspectives. This article reviews the various recycling methods for solar modules (SM), it manipulates to separate and recycle various materials in waste solar cells without destroying the integrity of various materials. This study initially, presented the solar panel models and structures, and the need for a recycling method for solar panels. Recovery of metals in the recycle of EOL photovoltaic modules describes the various techniques utilized for recycling, FRELP (Full Recovery End-of-Life Photovoltaics) is a recycling process specifically designed for end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules. It involves crushing the modules to separate the glass, semiconductor material, and metals, c-Si (Crystalline Silicon) In the recycling process for c-Si PV modules, the modules are first mechanically shredded to separate the glass, metal, and silicon cells. The cells are then chemically treated to remove impurities and separate the silicon wafers., and CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) recycling process. It also analyses the various recycling processes like mechanical, chemical, and thermal processes. Among them, physical methods are commonly utilized to separate aluminum and other materials of waste solar cells before chemical methods and heat treatment methods. The objective of chemical and heat treatment methods is similar; both are used to achieve a clear elimination of EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) film, which is the outer layer of crystalline silicon that can only be recovered after EVA film has been eliminated. Nevertheless, chemical treatment is suitable for the recovery of metal. As a result, this article also reviews current trends and developments besides the advantages of the recycling process in PV modules (PVM). The findings of the comparison studies show that this method, which combines statistical and attention mechanism recycling methodologies, is guaranteed to offer cost-effective defect detection in general with performance that is comparable to that of modern SOTA (State of the Art). SOTA refers to the most advanced and effective methodologies or techniques available for recycling processes that combine statistical analysis and attention mechanisms.

FEA of stress-strain state and vibrations of a three-layer plate

Solar panels are considered as three-layer plates with a thick, rigid outer layer and a thin, soft inner layer. The model for anti-sandwich plates was used to describe the mechanical behavior of the plates in the example of a solar panel. The literature review includes scientific articles describing models for analytical and numerical calculations of three-layer plates. During the scientific study of the mechanical behavior of the solar plate under the influence of external factors, the finite element analysis method for multilayer plates was used. The shell elements were used to calculate and model the natural waveforms of three-layer plates. The paper presents scientific research under static loading under various conditions of influence, analyzes the natural frequencies, and vibration forms, and investigates the stress-strain state depending on the vibration frequencies of the three-layer plate. As part of the scientific work, a mechanical model of a thin solar panel was studied using finite element analysis in the ANSYS program, taking into account various temperature conditions and comparing the results with existing studies.

APPLICATION OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDANCES OF PARAMETERS IN A SINGLE-DIODE FIVE-PARAMETER MODEL OF SOLAR PANELS

Current economic developments promote the application of solar panels. This results in more companies producing solar panels with quite different specifications. On the other hand, the specifications provided by the manufacturers generally do not contain the full information to be able to calculate the output of the solar panels in different usage conditions. For this reason, we are in the process of building a solar panel model that allows to calculate the output of the solar panels in different usage conditions based on the general data provided in datasheets of commercially available panels. Previously we provided the methodology of building a solar panel model from the data provided in datasheets of solar panels. In this article, we refine the proposed methodology and apply it on a solar panel BP4180T produced by BP Solar. The output of the refined model is compared with the results of the previous model and with the datasheet data of the solar panel of interest. The analysis of the obtained results shows the applicability and repeatability of the proposed model.

An Accurate Explicit Six-Parameter Solar Cell Model Based on Single-Diode and Its Parameter Extraction for Seven Photovoltaic Technologies

Abstract The mathematical modeling of solar cells and panels is critical in many photovoltaic applications. However, the standard single-diode solar cell model, commonly selected to model these devices, is implicit and difficult to integrate into simulation software. Therefore, exact explicit solutions of this model, more suitable for computing purposes, have been proposed based on the Lambert W-function. This work introduces an explicit single-diode, easy-to-use six-parameter solar cell model. The proposed model is formulated with elementary functions. The model is developed and tested over seven photovoltaic technologies as an alternative to traditional approaches. Results of the extensive comparison of the three models (implicit, explicit Lambert W, and explicit six-parameter) show that the proposed approach is more accurate (14.81% relative improvement on average compared to the traditional methods), almost as fast as the Lambert W approach and much faster than the implicit approach. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, the proposed model will become an alternative in photovoltaic applications such as energy prediction and maximum power point tracking.

Optimizing the operation of photovoltaic panels using mathematical regression models

Solar (PV) panel models are necessary for the implementation of solar panel control algorithms such as maximum power point tracking. If real-time control is required, these models will be used on microcontrollers and, therefore, will be subject to constraints of memory and execution time: the model implemented on the microcontroller must occupy a memory area as small as possible and the mathematical relationships it contains can be computed in the shortest possible time. Analytical models usually do not fit this criteria, therefore searching for equivalent models which do fit it is required. In this paper, equivalent mathematical models are determined in the MATLAB programming environment based on data obtained by simulating an analytical model in the LabVIEW programming environment. In this paper, the models were obtained by modeling the current distribution in the panel through regression methods, more specifically by using an optimal response surface which has been validated through the resolution of an optimization problem with restrictions. The optimal response surface was used to estimate the extreme values of the power produced by the panel for certain given weather conditions (maximum power in summer and minimum power in winter).

Investigating the Temperature Shock of a Plate in the Framework of a Static Two-Dimensional Formulation of the Thermoelasticity Problem

The paper investigates the stress–strain state of a homogeneous rectangular plate after a temperature shock. It is believed that the plate is the first approximation of the solar panel model of a small spacecraft. To study the stress–strain state of the plate, a two-dimensional thermoelasticity problem is posed. The problem has a static formulation, since it does not take into account the dynamics of the plate’s natural oscillations. These oscillations affect the stress–strain state through the initial deflection of the plate at the time of the temperature shock. This deflection changes the parameters of the temperature shock and does not allow the use of a one-dimensional formulation of the thermoelasticity problem. As a result of solving the static two-dimensional thermoelasticity problem, approximate solutions are obtained for the components of the plate point’s displacement vector after the temperature shock. An approximation of the temperature field is presented. A numerical simulation is carried out. The correspondence of the obtained approximate analytical dependencies of the components of the plate point’s displacement vector to the numerical simulation data is analyzed. The proposed method can be used to assess the significance of the influence of the small spacecraft’s solar panels temperature shock on the dynamics of its rotational motion.

Qualitative modeling of solar panel cooling by nanofluid jets: Heat transfer and second law analysis

The present paper highlights heat transfer and entropy generation due to mixed convection for an inclined channel. The channel is heated by its upper wall and cooled by two jets of nanofluids penetrating through its lower wall. The studied configuration is chosen to model, in qualitative way, a cooling system for photovoltaic panel. The set of partial differential equations that governing the flow was numerically solved using COMSOL software. Effects of the inclination angle of the channel, Reynolds number and nanoparticles fraction, on heat transfer, hydrodynamic and created entropy are examined. The inclination angle, the Reynolds number and the nanoparticle fraction are ranging from 0° to 30°, from 50 to 150 and from 0% to 8% respectively. It was found that the effect of the angle of inclination, on heat transfer and thermal irreversibility, is weak and that it cannot exceed 2%. Whereas the nanofluid concentration and the Reynolds numbers alter at once the created entropy and the heat transfer. Results show an increase of nearly 15% of Nusselt number and thermal irreversibility when the nanoparticle concentration reaches 8%. The local irreversibility maps reveal that the created entropy is significantly localized at the impact locations of the cooling jets. Since irreversibility is synonymous with the aging of the system, which naturally leads to usury, it can be concluded that the channel may be damaged at these locations.

Determination of eigen vibration modes for three-layer plates using the example of solar panels

Solar panels are considered as three-layer plates with a thick hard outer layer and a thin soft inner layer. To describe the mechanical behavior of the plates on the example of a solar panel, a model for anti-sandwich plates was used. The literature review includes scientific articles describing models for analytical and numerical calculations of three-layer plates. During the scientific study of the mechanical behavior of the solar plate under the influence of external factors, the method of finite element analysis using the element of the spatial shell was used. This type of elements is used for theories of single and multilayer plates. Shell elements were used for calculations and modeling of the natural forms of vibrations of three-layer plates. The paper presents scientific studies under static loading under different exposure conditions, as well as an analysis of self-oscillations of a three-layer plate using the Kirchhoff and Mindlin theories as an example. As part of the scientific work, a study of the mechanical model of a thin solar panel was carried out using finite element analysis in the ABAQUS program, taking into account different temperature conditions. The article provides analytical calculations of the application of various theories to determine the natural forms of plate vibrations.

The Effect of Solar Panel Output Power Analysis with Reflector Angle Optimization and Addition of Heatsink-Fan Cooling System

The addition of reflectors to solar panels is used to increase the intensity of sunlight received by solar panels so that the electrical power generated by the panels increases. In adding reflectors to solar panels, they must consider various factors to be able to increase the power generated without having a negative effect on solar panels , one of which is providing a cooling system. Therefore, research is needed to increase the power generated by solar panels and cooling systems that are suitable for overcoming rising temperatures due to the addition of reflectors. The study was conducted by varying the glass mirror reflector, aluminum foil reflector, angle of the reflector, and heatsink-fan cooling system. The research method used in this study was to compare 2 solar panel models, namely: solar panels with the addition of glass mirror reflectors / aluminum foil and heatsink-fan cooling systems, and solar panel models without any addition. The results show that the solar panel model with the addition of a glass mirror reflector / aluminum foil can increase the output power according to the angle of the reflector, the highest increase reaching 16.70% in the 450-angled aluminum foil mirror reflector. The heatsink cooling system is considered to be useful for reducing the temperature of solar panels, but the decrease is relatively small below 5%.

А NEW MODELING APPROACH TO SINGLE-DIODE MODEL OF SOLAR PANELS USING MULTISIM SOFTWARE

There are many variations of the solar panel model, but the one with one di-ode and two (parallel and series) resistors is the most exploited model for PV panel investigation. In this scheme, the diode represents a semiconductor material of the so-lar cell and the series resistance represents the energy dissipated in the form of heat in the electric circuit. The doping of the semiconductors is not perfect, and hence there are defects in the solar panel. These defects can cause alternative paths (shunt), so this effect is presented as a shunt resistance in the circuit model. Calculations for the solar panel model with one diode and two resistors were mainly carried out with MATLAB or other similar mathematical programs. Thus, these works are based on complex mathematical calculations. The proposed new modeling approach in this work is simpler from the implementation point of view, and also pro-vides an equivalent accuracy. In this work, a simulation of a solar panel model with one diode and two resis-tors is performed in the MULTISIM environment, taking as a basis the data of the BP MSX 120 datasheet. As a result of simulations, we have obtained the volt-ampere characteristics of the solar module of the mentioned model for temperatures of 00C, 250C, 500C, 750C. We have compared the results with the results of the mathematical modeling and showed the viability of the proposed new modeling approach for PV panel explo-ration. Furthermore, we have compared the simulation data with measurement results and showed the temperature dependance of root-mean-square deviations of these data.

SOLAR PANEL MODEL SELECTION FOR DEVELOPING A COMPLEX SOLAR PANEL TESTING SYSTEM SOFTWARE BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The right choice of a solar panel model is essential while developing a software for a solar panel complex testing system. Currently, there are many versions of solar panel mod-els, but not all of them give accurate results and reflect the performance of the solar panel. Different models of solar panels are considered. Perhaps the most famous of them are the circuits with single diode, with one diode - one resistor, and with one diode - two resistors. In this work, research and analysis of the mentioned schemes are carried out. Simu-lations have been carried out for all the mentioned schemes. For the comparative analysis, the standard test condition (STC) - 250C temperature was chosen for all models and the comparison was made with the results presented for the corresponding temperature in the BP-MSX120 and BP 4180T solar panel datasheets. Of the 11 parameters that exist in solar panels, perhaps the most important are three parameters, short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), maximum power point (MPP). Thus, we performed modeling for the three selected schemes (one-diode, one-diode and one resistor, one-diode and two resistor models), calculated the specified param-eters, obtained the curves and performed a comparative analysis taking into account all the three parameters. According to the principle of compromise, considering the most im-portant parameter, MPP. We compared those parameters, and considered the model whose MPP is closer to the real results to be the best.

Calculation of three-layer plates by methods of vibration theory

A three-layer plate with thick hard outer layers and a thin soft inner layer was studied. A model is considered on the example of an anti-sandwich panel to describe the mechanical behavior of a plate on the example of a solar panel. A review of the scientific literature was conducted, in which models of both analytical and numerical methods for calculating three-layer plates are displayed. The scientific work uses the method of finite element analysis using a spatial shell element, as well as the theory of single- and multi-layer plates. These elements combine the topology of volumetric elements and the kinematic and structural equations of a classical shell element. Shell elements based on continuum mechanics were used for numerical simulation. The study was carried out under static load under different conditions, and also the self-oscillations of the anti-sandwich were analyzed using the theories of Kirchhoff and Reisner-Mindlin. As part of the scientific work, a study of the mechanical model of a thin solar panel was carried out using finite element analysis taking into account different temperature conditions and comparing the results with existing studies

Hybrid Model of Solar panel With High Efficiency

Hybrid Model of Solar panel With High Efficiency

Modeling and Optimization of Triple Diode Model of Dye-Sensitized Solar Panel Using Heterogeneous Marine Predators Algorithm

The reliable mathematical model construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using the triple-diode model (TDM) is proposed but it is a challenge due to its complexity. This work implements a novel method incorporating a recent meta-heuristic optimizer called the heterogeneous marine predators algorithm (H-MPA) to identify the nine parameters of the triple-diode equivalent circuit of DSSCs. In the optimization procedure, the nine unknown parameters of TDM are employed as decision variables, but the objective function to be minimized is the root mean square error (RMSE) between the experimental data and the estimated data. To prove the superiority of the H-MPA, the obtained results are compared with the slime mold algorithm (SMA), Transient search optimizer (TSO), Manta-Ray Foraging Optimization algorithm (MRFO), Forensic-Based Investigation (FBI), Equilibrium optimizer (EO), and Artificial ecosystem-based optimizer. The primary findings demonstrated the superiority of the proposed strategy in building a consistent model of the triple-diode model of DSSCs.

Distributed cooperative control for vibration suppression of a flexible satellite

The vibration suppression problem of the flexible satellite is investigated in this paper, and a distributed cooperative control approach is proposed to solve this problem. The dynamic model of the flexible satellite solar panel is established with the agent-like component framework. The distributed cooperative controller is then proposed based on graph theory and consensus theory. Contrary to previous decentralized control methods which rely solely on feedback stabilization terms, it is designed to add consensus coordination terms between the individual controllers, to improve system performance and stability. The stability of the closed-loop system and its performances to controller failure are analyzed analytically and the stability conditions are derived. Besides, the effectiveness of the proposed distributed cooperative controller is verified by different experimental examples. The results demonstrate that the vibration is effectively suppressed by the proposed method, and the dynamic performance of the closed-loop system is improved. Moreover, the vibration suppression can also be achieved when the controller fails.

Improvement on the passive method based on dampers for the vibration control of spacecraft solar panels

In this study, a passive vibration control method termed as translational root mounting method is proposed and investigated, for suppressing the low frequency vibrations of spacecraft solar panels. The translational root mounting method employs dampers installed at the roots of solar panels to dissipate the dynamic energy. The key of translational root mounting method is that translational root mounting method modifies the fundamental mode shape of the solar panel, by releasing the translation freedoms at its root. The root of the solar panel then has translational freedom instead of rotational freedom. As a result of mode shape modification, the translational root mounting method enables the root dampers to have sufficient working stroke, however without obviously reducing the solar panel’s fundamental frequency. Finite element model of a satellite solar panel with the length of 7 [Formula: see text] is established. Applying the finite element model, the limitation of a conventional passive vibration control method based on rotational root mounting is illustrated. To verify and illustrate the principle of translational root mounting method, the free vibration of the 7 [Formula: see text]-length satellite solar panel controlled by translational root mounting method is analyzed by finite element method. Finite element analysis (FEA) results indicate that the effect of a conventional passive control method is not obvious unless dampers with quite large damping coefficients are employed. In contrast, applying dampers with much smaller damping coefficients, the effect of translational root mounting method is fantastic comparing with the conventional passive method. To optimize the translational root mounting method and theoretically compare it to the conventional passive vibration control method, the solar panel is simplified into a non-linear one-degree of freedom system, and the analytical solution of its low frequency vibration is derived. Applying the analytical solution, it is found that damping ratio of the whole solar panel system does not increase with the damper’s damping coefficient, instead there are optimum values of damping coefficient. Applying the translational root mounting method, for the discussed 7 [Formula: see text]-length satellite solar panel, the damping ratio of which can be elevated from 0.0027 to 0.326.

Numerical simulation on the effects of Ambient velocity and Temperature on solar panel efficiency

In desert regions like Thar located in India, the efficiency and capacity of solar panels is affected by many natural factors like wind velocity, surrounding temperature, dust, humidity etc. The main aim of this research is to find the temperature rise observed in solar panels due to surrounding temperature and wind velocity in the Thar Desert. A solar panel model is constructed for this research. The panel is simulated under three different velocities, 2.23m/s, 6.17m/s and 10.10m/s that are prominently observed in different months of a year in the Thar Desert. The surrounding temperatures considered for the simulation are 22.22°C, 30°C and 45°C respectively. Analysis results are obtained using Ansys simulation software. Based on the result, the ambient temperature and wind velocity can be determined to obtain best efficiency of the solar panel constructed in the Thar Desert.

Effect of Sunlight on Photovoltaics as Optical Wireless Communication Receivers

This paper explores the effects of sunlight on using a low-cost off-the-shelf silicon solar panel as an optical wireless communication (OWC) receiver. A receiver circuit structure has been proposed to maximize simultaneous energy harvesting and data communication performance. An equivalent circuit model of the solar panel for simultaneous energy harvesting and wireless optical communication is discussed. By using the solar panel model, the effects of varying sunlight conditions on the performance of the model as an OWC receiver are estimated. Furthermore, an experimental setup is developed to study the effects and verify the simulated estimations. The experimental setup consists of a 3.5 m wireless optical link with a full Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network stack. The system uses DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) to use the available communication bandwidth efficiently. A 940 nm low-cost off-the-shelf laser device along with an off-the-shelf off-axis-parabolic mirror is used as the transmitter. The maximum user throughput achieved over the air is 28.3 Mb/s while simultaneously harvesting energy using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The peak power harvested with simultaneous communication is 4.5 W. The harvested energy is stored in a 38 Wh lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery.

Mathematical modelling for solar cell, panel and array for photovoltaic system

Renewable energy is considered as next alternative to fossil fuels and nowadays, it attracts much attention in agriculture and environmental protection. Application of solar photovoltaic system is drying and dehydration of products, heating, irrigation, greenhouse and power generation etc. Temperature and sun radiation varies nonlinearly. Power generation varies with reference to radiation and temperature in photo-voltaic (PV) system. PV characteristic is nonlinear and PV cell is the basic unit for electricity generation. To get the characteristic response of PV, it aimed to develop a solar cell/panel model and array on a platform like MATLAB. In this research paper, step by step procedure has been defined for modelling solar cell, panel, and array models of the photovoltaic system. Kyocera solar KC-200GT 200W solar panel is used as a reference model for further modelling. The PV array characteristic are simulated for different irradiance(200W/m2,400 W/m2 ,600 W/m2 ,800W/m2 ,1000W/m2)and temperature variation(25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, 75°C). The output characteristic of the reference model matches with simulated results. The output reduced when the solar irradiation reduced from 1000 to 200 W/m2. As the temperature increased, the output voltage decreases, whereas the output current increases slightly. This model would be useful for investigating the effect of different parameters like series resistance, shunt resistance, thermal voltage, solar cell temperature coefficient of short circuit current etc. It would also be useful for investigating the working parameters like temperature & radiation condition and different series and parallel combinations of panels. This modelling is useful in investigating the performance of solar arrays in different applications of solar power generation, as well as modelling provides a major role in the mounting of PV panels.

Deep learned recurrent type-3 fuzzy system: Application for renewable energy modeling/prediction

A deep learned recurrent type-3 (RT3) fuzzy logic system (FLS) with nonlinear consequent part is presented for renewable energy modeling and prediction. Beside the rule parameters, the values of horizontal slices and membership function (MF) parameters are also optimized. The stability of suggested learning scheme is guaranteed. The proposed method is applied for modeling of both solar panels and wind turbines. By the use of experimental setup and generated real-world date sets, the applicability of suggested approach is shown. Comparison with convectional FLSs demonstrates the superiority of the suggested scheme.