Solanum Torvum Sw Research Articles

An Evaluation of the Medicinal Value of Solanum nigrum L and Solanum torvum Sw.

Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. are members of the solanaceae family and it is often used to treat a broad range of infectious disorders that may harm humans. These herbs not only possess beneficial medicinal characteristics, but they also mitigate the potential side effects of some medications. Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. plants have distinct chemical components included within these chemical compounds are referred to as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides. In addition, they possess beneficial therapeutic characteristics such as effectively treat a variety of fever, asthma, toothaches, eczema, reproductive disorders, painful periods and hypertension. As parts of the scope of this study, authors investigated the pharmacological processes carried out by the Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. plants and developed a list of its pharmalogical application in order to get knowledge of its medicinal components with a variety variety of possible applications.

Characteristics of Takokak (Solanum torvum Sw.) Leaves Herbal Tea Based on Drying Temperature

Pokak plant, also known as takokak or prickly nightshade (Solanum torvum Sw.), belongs to the Solanaceae family. The part of the plant commonly utilized was its leaves. Takokak leaves contained numerous bioactive components that can be developed into one of the functional foods, such as herbal tea. One crucial aspect in the herbal tea-making process is the drying temperature. The aimed of this research was to investigate the effect of drying temperature variations on the characteristics of takokak leaves herbal tea and to determined the optimal temperature that can yield the best characteristics of takokak leaf herbal tea. Parameters observed in this study included total phenols, total flavonoids, total tannins, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties comprising hedonic tests on color, taste, aroma, and overall acceptances. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there was a significant effect of treatment on the results (P<0.05), it would be followed by the Tukey test. The results showed that variations in drying temperature significantly affected the values of total phenols, tannins, flavonoids, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties regarding color, aroma, taste, and overall acceptances of takokak leaf herbal tea. The best treatment was obtained at a drying temperature of 40°C with total phenol content of 31.58 mg GAE/g, total tannin content of 0.79 mg TAE/g, total flavonoid content of 14.23 mg QE/g, total vitamin C content of 7.92 mg AAE/g, antioxidant activity of 84.26%, and sensory properties for color, aroma, taste, and overall acceptances respectively were 5.73 (like), 5.27 (slightly like), 3.77 (neutral), and 3.91 (neutral).

SCREENING FOR ANTI-HYPERURICEMIA POTENTIAL OF SOME INDONESIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS THROUGH XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITION IN VITRO ASSAY

Objective: This study aimed to examine the in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 12 plants commonly used as gout medicines by the Indonesian people.
 Methods: The measurement of xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitory activity was using UV spectrophotometry. The in vitro assessment of xanthine oxidase inhibition activity was tested on extracts from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Bulbs, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves, Alyxia reinwardtii Blume stem barks, Ruta angustifolia Pers aerial parts, Dioscorea hispida Dennst tubers, Plantago major L. leaves, Symphytum officinale L. roots, Euphorbia hirta L. aerial parts, Chromolaena odorata L. leaves, Solanum torvum Sw fruits, Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth. aerial parts and Strobilanthes crispa L. Blume leaves.
 Results: The results of this study showed that all tested plant extracts can inhibit xanthine oxidase activity with IC50 values varying from 27.80 µg/ml to 47.14 µg/ml. The IC50 value of allopurinol, used as positive control, was 1.24 µg/ml. Among all the tested plant extracts, Strobilanthes crispa L. Blume leaves extract has the best inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase enzyme with IC50 value of 27.80 µg/ml.
 Conclusion: Strobilanthes crispa L. Blume leaves extract has the best inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase, so It has the potential to be developed into herbal medicine to treat hyperuricemia. This study provides scientific support for the anti-hyperuricemia activity of these herbs, which are empirically used to treat gout.

IDENTIFIKASI TANAMAN DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI DI DESA TIGARAS KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN

One form of land use around forest areas is a program to develop agroforestry programs.Agroforestry is one of the possible land management systems that can be offered to overcomeproblems arising from land use change and, simultaneously, to overcome food problems. Inaddition, the existence of agroforestry will provide ecological and economic benefits. Thepeople of Tigaras Village, Simalungun Regency, have used the land by planting various types ofplants, both forestry plants, plantation crops, and crops. Based on the identification results,multiple kinds of plants have been developed, including 11 types of agroforestry plants, namelyIngul (Toona sure), Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana), Durian (Duriozibethinus murr), Guava (Psidium guajava), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Pinus (Pinusmerkusii), Coffee (Coffea), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), Rimbang (Solanum torvum sw) andSugar Palm (Arenga pinnata merr.).The highest Important Value Index (I.V.I.) at the tree level was found in Mango tree species at59.74%, while the lowest I.V.I. was in Clove tree species with a value of 5.20%. The I.V.I. at thehighest pole level was found in the Mango tree species at 108.14%, while the lowest I.V.I. wasfound in the coffee plant species with a value of 2.90%. At the same time, the level of speciesdiversity is at a moderate level. Forms and Patterns of Agroforestry in Tigaras Village is asimple agroforestry combining forestry, agricultural, and plantation crops.

Predicting the field host-range of Leptinotarsa undecimlineata: A candidate biocontrol agent for Solanum torvum in Vanuatu

The host specificity of Leptinotarsa undecimlineata Stål, a candidate biocontrol agent for Solanum torvum Sw. (turkey berry) a woody pasture weed in Vanuatu was investigated. In no-choice tests, adult L. undecimlineata beetles fed and oviposited on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plants, which also supported development of first instar L. undecimlineata larvae through to adult. A systematic review of field host records indicated that L. undecimlineata has never been reported to attack S. melongena throughout most of its native range in Mexico, the Antilles and Colombia, although minor and infrequent spillover attack has been observed in Central America. Choice oviposition, ‘multiple generation’ (continuation) tests, and the relative performance risk score approach (updated to use Firth’s bias reduced logistic regressions) were used to investigate the potential risk posed to S. melongena should L. undecimlineata be released in Vanuatu. The relative risk score approach was inconclusive, indicating a low but not zero risk of S. melongena being a persistent field host for both choice and no-choice tests. In contrast, the multiple generation tests demonstrated that L. undecimlineata cannot persist on S. melongena. Adult feeding was lower and significantly fewer eggs were laid on S. melongena compared to S. torvum in no-choice adult feeding and oviposition tests. The combination of tests used provided an explanation why only minor and infrequent spillover attack on S. melongena has been reported in parts of the native range of L. undecimlineata. We conclude that L. undecimlineata poses a very low risk to S. melongena should it be introduced into Vanuatu. However, the relative performance risk score approach requires further analyses using larger datasets to investigate the potential for threshold scores to be used to reliably predict risk.

Green extraction and optimization of bioactive compounds from Solanum torvum Swartz. using ultrasound-aided solvent extraction method through RSM, ANFIS and machine learning algorithm

Biologically important phytocompounds based on total polyphenolic, flavonoid contents and their free radical scavenging potential were completely harvested from Solanum torvum Sw. through ultrasound-aided solvent extraction (UASE) method. The face-centered central composite design (FCCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the effective extraction parameters, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), as well as machine learning (ML) algorithm models were used to validate the optimized extraction parameters for the highest yield of bioactive phytocompounds. The effect of five extraction parameters, namely methanol concentration (X1: 55–65% in v/v with water), ultrasound-intensity (X2: 50–60 W cm−2), temperature (X3: 30–45 °C), time (X4: 15–25 min) and particle size (X5: 0.5–1.5 mm) at five levels (very low (−2.37), low (−1), medium (0), high (+1) and very high (+2.37)) were studied for optimized yields of total polyphenolic (TP; (y1)), total flavonoid contents (TF; (y2)) and their free radical scavenging abilities (%DPPH*sc (y3), %ABTS*sc (y4), and %H2O2*sc (y5)). The optimal condition was attained at X1 = 65%, X2 = 60 W cm−2, X3 = 45 °C, X4 = 15 min, and X5 = 0.5 mm; under this condition, the highest yields of y1 = 830.677 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, y2 = 535.38 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g, y3 = 75.22%, y4 = 84.12%, and y5 = 85.02% was obtained. Most of the experimental values were well matched with the predicted responses of the RSM model. Further, ANFIS and random forest-machine learning algorithm were utilized to compare and validate the optimized extraction parameters. Also, GC-MS and LC-MS were carried out to investigate the presence of various bioactive phytocompounds in the optimized extract.

Effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction in Solanum torvum SW: a medicinal plant

Effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction in Solanum torvum SW: a medicinal plant

Response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grafted on wild brinjal (Solanum torvum) rootstock for growth and yield

The present experiment was conducted to study the compatibility of different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties/hybrids grafted on wild brinjal (Solanum torvum Sw.) rootstock with an objective to study the effect of rootstock on growth, yield, graft success (%), crop duration and incidence of fusarium wilt in tomato. The study was carried out during rainy (kharif) season 2019 subsequently for 3 years and completed in winter (rabi) season 2022–23, which comprises 2 rootstocks, 3 scions in a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results were analyzed on the basis of 3 years pooled data with respect to growth and yield parameters. The grafting results showed significant increase in minimum number of days to 1st harvest (68.55),maximum fruit weight (81.04 g), number of fruit per plant (29.45), yield per plant (2.38 kg), yield per plot (85.68 kg) and yield per hectare (72.12 tonnes) over control. The graft combination of Phule Raja grafted on Solanum torvum showed maximum graft success (95.07%), less incidence of fusarium wilt (0.00%) with maximum crop duration of 235 days, i.e. an increase of 57 days compared to non-grafted. The benefit:cost (B:C) ratio analysis showed higher net monetary returns in grafted plants as compared to non-grafted plants. It is concluded that the grafting of Phule Raja on wild brinjal rootstock recommended for higher yield and less incidence of fusarium wilt.

A Review on In Vitro Regeneration of Ethnomedicinal Plant Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum Swartz)

In this review, we report on the different plant growth regulators (PGRs) affecting the callus induction, callus-mediated regeneration, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis from different explants and micropropagation through shoot tip and nodal cultures in Turkey Berry (Solanum torvumSW). The fruits of this plant guard against liver and kidney damage, stop certain cancers, and regulate blood sugar levels. They benefit digestion, the management of gout and menstruation, the treatment of anaemia and diabetes, the prevention of intestinal worms, cardiovascular disorders, and strokes. The protocol developed for the induction of callus can be utilized to isolate pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites in S. torvum, and the regeneration protocols optimized in this study can be used for genetic transformation and conservation of S. torvum, not only as a medicinal plant but also a model system.

Exploration of the nutritional and carotenoids profiles of vegetables in Thai cuisine as potential nutritious ingredients

Missing information on plant origin control and nutritional data on herbs, spices and vegetables could lead to sample quality deficit and misusage of the plant database. In this study, twenty vegetables that were collected and managed based on the recommendations of the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand, were investigated regarding their proximate mineral, vitamin and carotenoid contents using the standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results showed that these plants (100 g dry weight) exhibited similar energy levels (337.11–420.48 kcal), which were mainly distributed from high carbohydrate content (21.01–88.17 g), while protein (3.14–66.07 g) and fat (0.00–10.33 g) levels were quite low. As a form of carbohydrate, dietary fiber was found to be high in Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Cy. citratus) and Solanum torvum Sw. (So. torvum) (57.00–59.54 g). Interestingly, Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger (S. pennata) exhibited exceptionally high protein content, which was between 2.3 and 3.1 times higher than its carbohydrates. High mineral contents were detected in S. pennata, Ocimum africanum Lour. (O. africanum), Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum), Ocimum gratissimum L. var. macrophyllum Briq. (O. gratissimum) and Coriandrum sativum L. (Co. sativum), while Mentha cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen (M. cordifolia) was observed to be a good source of vitamin C (381.36–547.47 mg). High carotenoids were mostly found in Eryngium foetidum L. (E. foetidum), O. gratissimum, Co. sativum and O. basilicum (75.23–119.96 mg). Interestingly, the location of sample collection seemed to have minimal effect on the nutritional and carotenoid compositions. The results of this study provide reliable information concerning the nutritional and carotenoid contents in plant sources with control of origin, which could be used in the future for food development with specific nutritional requirements.

Diversity of medicinal plants in the campus Universitas Sumatera Utara

The Universitas Sumatra Utara campus is included in a green campus. Identification of medicinal plants in a campus environment that has a large enough green open area is important to know the types that exist. The identification results can be used as a reference in the future to enrich medicinal plants around the campus and open up the knowledge of the community around the campus the importance of medicinal plants to be cultivated. This study aims to make an inventory of medicinal plants in the University of North Sumatra campus environment and the benefits of medicinal plants found. The method of collecting medicinal plant species was carried out by exploring the campus of the Universitas Sumatra Utara. There are 21 types of medicinal plants found on the campus of the University of North Sumatra. Medicinal plants, which are often used by the Indonesian people as spices or flavouring mixtures in cooking, include tamarind (Tamarindus Indica L), balanced (Solanum torvum Sw), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and lemongrass (C. citratus).

Kajian Molecular Docking Senyawa Quercetin dari Buah Terong Pokak (Solanum torwum Swartz) sebagai Antiinflamasi pada Protein Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)

Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity. Quercetin is a chemical compound found in Solanum torvum Sw fruit. Quercetin is one of the compounds that are considered to have anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation is a localized protective response elicited by tissue damage caused by physical trauma, damaging chemicals, or microbiology. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that functions in mediating the innate immune response. Irregular production of cytokines can lead to various immunopathological conditions, including auto-inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancer-causing diseases. This study aims to determine the potential of quercetin compounds derived from turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) which have the potential as anti-inflammatory drugs with parameters such as ∆G, the interaction of residues on TNF-α protein (PDB ID: 6X85) with molecular docking, and pharmacophore studies using Lipinski, pkCSM, and SwissADME filters. The molecular docking simulation results showed that the quercetin compound had a ∆G value of -8.55 kcal/mol and had amino acid residue interactions in the form of ILE155; TYR59; GLY121; TYR119; GLN61; TYR151; VAL123; LEU157; ILE58; GLY122; SER60; LEU120; LEU157. Quercetin has the potential as an anti-inflammatory drug on TNF- α protein with an LD50 value of 2.471; bioavailability value of 0.55; does not have hepatotoxicity and skin sensitization properties and has passed the Lipinski test.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw) fruits using response surface methodology

The extraction of phenolic antioxidants from turkey berry fruits (TBF) was evaluated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction variables (ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, time, and solvent-solid ratio), to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities of the extracts. The model significantly explained the responses and the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were significantly influenced by ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and solvent-solid ratio. The optimum UAE conditions for achieving maximum TPC (192.3 mg GAE/g), DPPH (47.4 μg AA/g) and ABTS (116.2 μmol TE/g) scavenging activity were 56.7% ethanol concentration, 80 °C, extraction temperature, 17.3 min extraction time, and 49.7 mL/g solvent-solid ratio. The experimental values of TPC and radical scavenging activity obtained were in agreement with the predicted values. Also, the results confirmed that UAE can recover higher phenolic antioxidants from TBF in shorter time than the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) process. Furthermore, the main phenolic compounds found in the TBF extract were catechin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin and syringic acid. Consequently, this study revealed the aptness of UAE and RSM in improving the extraction conditions of phenolic antioxidants from TBF.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Extracts of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae)

The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic bacteria extracts isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae), a plant traditionally used in the treatment of many pathologies such as diarrheal diseases. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient media. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Muller Hinton Broth (MHB). An antibacterial screening of the extracts was carried out on 04 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The strains having demonstrated activity were retained for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cytotoxicity tests of the extracts were carried out on healthy macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and healthy kidney cells (Vero). A total of 41 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. torvum. The antibacterial screening made it possible to retain 08 extracts which demonstrated antibacterial activity on the S. aureus and S. flexneri strains with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml. All extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity except for one extract. Extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from S. torvum showed antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity on the pathogenic strains tested. This study shows that the endophytic bacteria of S. torvum are a source of antibacterial compounds to be explored to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against bacterial infections.

Efficacy of Solanum torvum Sw. as a Potential Antifungal Medicinal Plant against Candida albicans in In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models

Solanum torvum Sw. is a native plant of India found abundantly in North East. It has many medicinal properties and its berries are used to treat fungal infections by the natives of the study area. The efficacy of Solanum torvum Sw. was evaluated using both in vitro antimicrobial methods and in vivo model of vaginal Candida albicans infection. Two in vitro models, disc diffusion assay and micro dilution broth assay was used and in in vivo study laboratory female rats were used. In the disc diffusion assay highest concentration i.e. 200 mg/ml Solanum torvum Sw. methanolic extract dose shows larger inhibition zone of fungal growth than the other concentrations of extract. In the microdilution broth assay, 150 mg/ml concentration of extract shows highest fungal growth inhibition. Histological study was done by loading fungal conidia on vaginas of in vivo model (rat) where 600 mg/kg extract treated group showed complete reduction of fungal growth over vaginal epithelium and vaginal cavity. In result, this plant proves its efficacy in reducing the fungal load from vaginas of infected rat as well as showing good minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition at in vitro study. From the above study, it was clear that Solanum torvum Sw. showed promising positive result against Candida albicans.

CRECIMIENTO DE PLÁNTULAS DE CAOBA (Swietenia macrophylla King) EN RESPUESTA A EXTRACTOS VEGETALES

La caoba (Swietenia macrophylla King) requiere nutrientes para que las plantas muestren buena calidad durante su crecimiento en vivero. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta a extractos foliares de Ricinus communis L., Solanum torvum Sw. y frutos de Solanum mammosum L. en plántulas de caoba. La hipótesis fue que estos extractos mejoran la calidad de las plántulas. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos: T1) R. communis L., T2) S. torvum Sw., T3) S. mammosum L., y T4) testigo sin extracto vegetal, y con cuatro repeticiones de 45 unidades experimentales. Las variables evaluadas fueron morfológicas (tasas de crecimiento de altura y diámetro de tallo, y longitud y número de raíces) y de calidad (peso seco, índice de robustez e índice de calidad de Dickson). Los datos se analizaron mediante ANDEVA de una vía y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p≤0.05). Los tratamientos se aplicaron a las plántulas a los 15 d de emergencia y los extractos se aplicaron vía foliar cada 15 d, con dosis de 60 mL 20 L-1 de cada extracto. Las unidades se midieron cada 15 d, durante 60 d. La aplicación de los extractos produjo tasas de crecimiento y pesos secos 38% superiores respecto a los testigos. El extracto de R. communis obtuvo las tasas más altas y el mejor índice de calidad de Dickson (0.28). Por lo tanto, el extracto de esta especie fue la mejor alternativa orgánica para mejorar el crecimiento y la calidad de las plántulas de caoba en vivero.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis and Plantlet Development of Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum SW)

In the present study it was reported on direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledon and leaf explants of Turkey berry/pea egg plant (Solanum torvum SW), a medicinally important plant. Somatic embryogenesis has several advantages over other routes of in vitro plant regeneration. Somatic embryogenesis was induced directly from cotyledon and leaf explants on MS medium fortified with BAP (0.5 mg/L)+NAA (0.5-6.0 mg/L). High percentage of somatic embryogenesis (90%), maximum number of somatic embryos formation (62±0.18) along with high percentage (76%) conversion of somatic embryos into bipolar embryos was observed on cotyledon explants in 0.5 mg/L BAP+2.5 mg/L NAA. At the same concentration of BAP (0.5 mg/L)+NAA (2.5 mg/L) also resulted on the maximum percentage of somatic embryogenesis (92%), the highest number of somatic embryos formation (88±0.15) and the highest percentage (76%) of somatic embryos conversion into bipolar embryos in leaf explants. A mixture of globular, heart and torpedo-shaped embryos were germinated on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IAA+1.0-4.0 mg/L BAP. Maximum germination frequency (75±0.14) of somatic embryos and plantlet formation was found in 0.5 mg/L IAA+2.0 mg/L BAP, but they didn’t germinate on ½ MSO and MSO media. The survival rate of regenerated plants after field transfer was recorded to be 75%. These regenerated plants were found morphologically similar to donor plants. The present protocol can be used for conservation of the species and also for genetic transformation experiments in S. torvum.

Phenetic analysis of turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) based on morphological character in Semarang region

Turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) plant is originated from America, then spread widely to Asian regions. They used as food and pharmaceutical. The differences of latitude affecting morphological variations of Turkey berry since it affecting the physicochemical condition of their habitat, namely temperature and pH. Environmental temperature is one of important factor since it influencing the interaction process, while pH determines the growth and formation of chlorophyll. Morphological variations in turkey berry plant cause a similarity relationship that can examined using phenetic analysis. Currently, studies of turkey berry phenetic analysis based on morphological characters have not been done yet. This study examines the morphological variations of turkey berry that grow in different altitude specifically in the Semarang area. The sampling method which used in this study is the purposive sampling method. Turkey berry samples were obtained from altitude of 300, 600 and 900 above sea level respectively. Data analysis was performed using MVSP (MultiVariate Statistical Package) application. The algorithm used in the MVSP application is UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean) with the Simple Matching Coefficient method, or grouping method with the complaints of paired pairs by analysis of the distance between pairs. The Operations Taxonomic Units (OTUs) analyzes 27 individuals, with 33 different morphological characters. Phenetic analysis shows the coefficient corelation between OTUs reaches 0.81 which is divided into 2 main clusters and 11 sub-clusters. This shows that turkey berry does not form subspecies to grow in different inner regions.

Strip Tillage and Crop Residue Retention Decrease the Size but Increase the Diversity of the Weed Seed Bank under Intensive Rice-Based Crop Rotations in Bangladesh

Cropping under conservation agriculture (CA) has become increasingly attractive among farmers in recent years. However, weed control may be more difficult during the transition to CA from conventional establishment methods due to the reduction in tillage intensity. Conversely, CA changes to weed dynamics can alter the weed seed bank in the longer run. In Bangladesh’s intensively cropped rice-based rotations, the nature of weed seed bank shifts over time after adopting CA are poorly known. Two 2-year studies were sampled from on-farm CA experiments under wheat-mungbean-winter rice and monsoon rice-mustard-winter rice rotations. We investigated the effects of reduced soil disruption in the form of strip-tillage (ST) combined with increased deposition of standing reside from previous crops (0 vs. 50%). The weed seed bank in 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm depths of soil were quantified in a shade-house experiment by measuring weed emergence over 12 months in seedling trays. After 2 years of field study, the year-round count of emerged weeds from the seed bank showed that ST plus 50% mulch had a lower weed abundance and biomass and fewer weed species than that of conventional tillage (CT) without residue. The perennial weeds Ageratum conyzoides L., Alternanthera philoxeroides L., Cynodon dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L., Jussia decurrence Walt., Leersia hexandra L., Scirpus mucronatus (L.) Palla., and Solanum torvum Sw. were enriched in the smaller-sized ST seed banks in terms of both density and biomass. The CT, on the other hand, was dominated by annual weeds: Cyperus difformis L., Cyanotis axillaris Roem., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Eleusine indica L., Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl., and Rotala ramosior L. Overall, ST plus 50% residue had a more diverse seed bank than CT without mulch. The majority of weed seeds were amassed in the 0–5 cm soil depth of the ST, while most of them were accumulated in the 10–15 cm layer of the CT. The wheat-mungbean-winter rice rotation had a more diverse floristic composition with many more weed species than the monsoon rice-mustard-winter rice rotation.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Responses in a New Model Root-Knot Nematode Infection System Using Solanum torvum and Meloidogyne arenaria.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most devastating pests in agriculture. Solanum torvum Sw. (Turkey berry) has been used as a rootstock for eggplant (aubergine) cultivation because of its resistance to RKNs, including Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria. We previously found that a pathotype of M. arenaria, A2-J, is able to infect and propagate in S. torvum. In vitro infection assays showed that S. torvum induced the accumulation of brown pigments during avirulent pathotype A2-O infection, but not during virulent A2-J infection. This experimental system is advantageous because resistant and susceptible responses can be distinguished within a few days, and because a single plant genome can yield information about both resistant and susceptible responses. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of S. torvum inoculated with A2-J and A2-O at early stages of infection was used to parse the specific resistance and susceptible responses. Infection with A2-J did not induce statistically significant changes in gene expression within one day post-inoculation (DPI), but afterward, A2-J specifically induced the expression of chalcone synthase, spermidine synthase, and genes related to cell wall modification and transmembrane transport. Infection with A2-O rapidly induced the expression of genes encoding class III peroxidases, sesquiterpene synthases, and fatty acid desaturases at 1 DPI, followed by genes involved in defense, hormone signaling, and the biosynthesis of lignin at 3 DPI. Both isolates induced the expression of suberin biosynthetic genes, which may be triggered by wounding during nematode infection. Histochemical analysis revealed that A2-O, but not A2-J, induced lignin accumulation at the root tip, suggesting that physical reinforcement of cell walls with lignin is an important defense response against nematodes. The S. torvum-RKN system can provide a molecular basis for understanding plant-nematode interactions.