Soils Found Research Articles

Bioefficacy of Different Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F. SP. Carthami

Significant Oilseed Crop Farmed in Over 60 Countries Worldwide (Gilbert, 2008). With an Acreage of 5.17 Lakh Hectares, India Is the World’s Second Largest Producer of Safflower (43.67 MT), Yet Its Average Yield Is Only 843 KG/Ha (Anonymous, 2020). Fusariumoxysporum F. SP. Carthami Is a Pathogen Found in Soil and Seeds That Causes Safflower Wilt. Fusarium Wilt Has Become the Key Limiting Issue for Safflower Production in India (Sastry and Chattopadhyay, 2003), Causing the Country to Lose Its Status as the World’ S Leading Producer of Safflower.chemical Fungicides, Despite Their Severe Environmental Implications, Are Currently Farmers’ Preferred Choice for Disease Control Due to Their Ease of Usage and Rapid Recovery. When Seed Treatment With Fungicides Fails to Protect Crops for an Extended Period of Time, Alternative Control Strategies, Such as Biological Control, Are Claimed to Be an Effective, Safe, and Environmentally Friendly Approach to Plant Disease Management.considering the Benefits of Bio- Agents, the Current Study Was Conducted to Evaluate the Efficacy of Different Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F. SP. Carthami in Safflower Under in Vitro conditions.

1419. A Rare Case of Clostridium beijerinckii Traumatic Osteomyelitis

BackgroundWe present a case of Clostridium beijerinckii osteomyelitis in the presence of retained foreign bodies not seen on MRI.MethodsA 45-year-old female with type 2 diabetes sustained multiple open right leg injuries, grossly contaminated with gravel, after a motor vehicle collision. She underwent external fixation (ex-fix) and 5 irrigations and debridements (I&D) initially. Polymicrobial intraoperative cultures (Cx) were treated with vancomycin and ertapenem for 6 weeks. One month post-antibiotic completion, pain, and swelling developed in ankle; contrast MRI revealed avascular necrosis and osteomyelitis (OM) of talus. Cx from repeat I&D grew same organisms; meropenem was recommended for 6 weeks. During meropenem week 6, pain was minimal and wound was closed. During attempt to implant hardware, pus was seen around peroneal tendon. Cx grew Clostridium species and Bacteroides from tibia, calcaneus, talus, and peroneal tendon sheath; meropenem was continued. Pain worsened 3 weeks later; I&D revealed pus in lateral ankle. To better access the medial ankle, a longitudinal incision was made along posterior tibial tendon, perpendicular to prior surgical incision. Immediate purulence, grass blades, and rocks were seen. Brucella agar had a rare gray colony at 48 hours and was subbed to blood and Brucella agar; it grew on Brucella agar with aero tolerance test. Gram stain showed Gram-positive rods with subterminal spores. Rapid ANA panel identified isolate as Clostridium beijerinckii (Cb) with > 99.9% probability and bioscore 1/24.ResultsCb is a strict anaerobic gram-positive rod with oval subterminal spores. Found in soil and water, its main use is industrial solvent production. Infection by Cb is rare; only 2 cases of OM, 1 traumatic endophthalmitis, and 1 mitral valve endocarditis have been reported. While uncommon, Clostridial osteomyelitis is associated with contaminated open traumatic injuries. It can be difficult to eradicate, despite aggressive surgical intervention and appropriate antibiotics.ConclusionThis is the third case of Cb OM described. Anaerobic cultures should be collected during I&D of open traumatic wounds. If infection persists, careful intraoperative evaluation of wound for residual foreign bodies, even if not seen radiologically, should be performed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Surface Wave Methods for Predicting Oil Sand Properties

The use of seismic analysis to estimate ground material properties such as bulk modulus, shear modulus or stiffness has been the subject of research in recent decades. In general, the velocity of a generated wave depends on the properties of the ground through which it travels. While in the case of subsurface methods, where the P- and S-wave velocities are measured, surface methods rely on the velocity of surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (Tokimatsu et al. in Soils Found 31(2):153–163, 1991, doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.31.2_153 ; Matthews et al. in Proc ICE-Geotech Eng 119(2):84–95. 1996). The results of previous analyses on passive seismic monitored truck motion on oil sand was collected via an array of 72 geophones spaced at 1 m intervals on an oil sand haul road. This paper describes the principles to determine a ground shear modulus from seismic data. The method applies to stationary envelopes of data filtered to obtain a conclusive comparison.

Erratum to “Multiple contact compression tests on sand particles” [Soils Found. 57 (2017) 126–140

Erratum to “Multiple contact compression tests on sand particles” [Soils Found. 57 (2017) 126–140

Evaluation of liquefaction potential and post-liquefaction settlements in a coastal region in Atakum

Soil liquefaction is one of the most momentous causes of damages induced by earthquakes. It can be described as a sudden decrease in the strength of saturated, cohesionless soil layers, remaining effectual for a length of time under transient and cyclic loading due to excess pore water pressure generation. Consequently, the most appropriate and typical soil condition which brings the potential out to liquefy is loose sand with a groundwater table close to ground surface. This study is pertinent to determine the liquefaction potential in a coastal region in Atakum County of Samsun Province, Turkey. Therefore, empirical equations were used to determine the peak ground accelerations for three scenario earthquakes with the magnitudes of 6.5, 7.0, and 7.2 in order to consider in the simplified procedure context proposed by Seed and Idriss (J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. ASCE 97:1249–1273 1971). Liquefaction potential evaluations were performed using standard penetration test blow counts for four boreholes for sandy portions of the soil profile which exist in the first 20 m below ground surface. In addition to analytical evaluations, two-dimensional nonlinear analyses were ran with Towhata-Iai constitutive model suitable for liquefaction analysis available in DIANA finite element software to clarify excess pore pressure generation that leads to liquefaction. It is also well-known that sands tend to densify when subjected to seismic shaking. Densification of undersoil causes settlement at the ground surface. Liquefaction induced settlements usually cause damages on both superstructures and infrastructures. On the basis of this fact, the method proposed by Ishihara and Yoshimine (Soils Found. 32:173–188 1992) was used to determine the settlements for scenario earthquakes.

Assessment of empirical equations for the compression index of fine-grained soils in Missouri

The use of correlations and empirical relationships in geotechnical engineering provides a fast, cost-effective means of predicting the value of a parameter based on the values of certain other, possibly more easily determined, parameters. The correlation between two or more soil properties has been found to be dependent in varying degrees on soil type, the testing method used to obtain the numerical value of the parameter itself and the homogeneity of the soil. Many empirical correlations among soil properties have been published. These correlations, based on widely sourced data, may not be appropriate for local situations. Hence, there is a need for correlations that are based on local data. This paper evaluated the validity of published empirical equations for the index of fine-grained soils in Missouri, USA. Four indices were used in the assessment including the root mean square error, the ratio of the estimated to laboratory-determined compression index, the ranking index and the ranking distance. Results reveal the overall best correlations for the Southeast Region and "Other Regions" of Missouri are given by Azzouz et al. (Soils Found 16:19–29, 1976).

Empirical ground-motion relations using moderate earthquakes recorded by Medellín–Aburrá Valley (Colombia) strong-motion networks

We tested attenuation relations obtained for different regions of the world to verify their suitability to predict strong-motion data recorded by Medellin and Aburra Valley Accelerographic Networks. We used as comparison criteria, the average of the difference between the observed and the predicted data as a function of epicenter distance and its standard deviation. We also used the approach developed by Sherbaum et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 94:2164–2185, 2004) that provides a method to evaluate the overall goodness-of-fit of ground-motion prediction equations. The predictive models selected use a generic focal depth. We found that this parameter has an important influence in the ground-motion predictions and must be taken into account as an independent variable. We also found important to characterize the local soil amplification to improve the attenuation relations. We found empirical relations for peak horizontal acceleration PGA and velocity PGV based on the Kamiyama and Yanagisawa (Soils Found 26:16–32, 1986) approach. $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} (PGA)=0.5886M_L -1.0902\log _{10}(R)-0.0035H+C_{st}\pm 0.\text{29} \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} (PGV)=0.7255M_L -1.8812\log _{10}(R)-0.0016H+C_{st}\pm 0.36 \end{aligned}$$ where PGA is measured in cm/s\(^{2}\) and PGV in cm/s, \(M_{L}\) is local magnitude in the range 2.8–6.5, \(R\) is epicentral distance up to 290 km, \(H\) is focal depth in km and \(C_{st}\) is a coefficient that accounts for the site response due to soil conditions of each recording station. The introduction of focal depth and local site conditions as independent variables, minimize the residuals and the dispersion of the predicted data. We conclude that \(H\) and \(C_{st}\) are sensitive parameters, having a strong influence on the strong-motion predictions. Using the same functional form, we also propose an empirical relation for the root mean square acceleration a\(_\mathrm{rms}\): $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} \left( {a_{rms} } \right)=0.4797M_L -1.1665\log _{10} (R)-0.00201H+C_{st}\pm 0.40 \end{aligned}$$ where a\(_\mathrm{rms}\) is measured in cm/s\(^{2}\), from the S-wave arrival and using a window length equal to the rupture duration. The other variables are the same as those for PGA and PGV. The site correction coefficients \(C_{st}\) found for PGA, PGV and a\(_\mathrm{rms}\) show a similar trend indicating a good correlation with the soil conditions of the recording sites.

Optimal location of piles in slope stabilization by limit analysis

Many studies have been conducted to establish the optimal location of a row of piles to reinforce and stabilize slopes. However, the results obtained are very different, and in some cases even inconsistent and contradictory. The factor of safety of piled slopes is determined by the magnitude of resistive forces exerted by the piles on the slope. At the same time, the maximum retaining forces provided by the piles are also affected by the pile position. In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of piles used to stabilize slopes is analyzed using a combination of limit slope stability analysis and the theory of Ito and Matsui (Soils Found 15:43–59, 8) to calculate limit lateral loads on piles. Using an illustrative example slope, some of the issues including the most effective position, the most suitable position, and the position with the largest safety factor are discussed. The results show that the most effective pile position, the most suitable pile position, and pile position where the factor of safety can take maximum value are different from each other for a given slope.

Modulation of a “CD59‐like” Protein in Naegleria fowleri Amebae by Bacteria1

Found in soil and freshwater habitats, Naegleria fowleri are free-living amebae that cause a fatal disease in humans called Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. In the natural environment, amebae feed on bacteria. In the infected host, the amebae lyse and ingest nerve tissue. Recently, we have established that N. fowleri expresses a "CD59-like" surface protein, but the function of this protein in the ameba has not been elucidated. In mammalian cells, CD59 is a complement-regulatory protein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis of cells expressing this protein. In the present study, expression of the "CD59-like" protein in response to bacteria and bacterial toxins was investigated by Western immunoblot analysis. Co-culture of N. fowleri with log phase Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in differential expression of the "CD59-like" protein. Co-cultures of amebae and bacteria were examined by electron microscopy. The results of our study implicate a possible protective role of the "CD59-like" protein in response to bacterial predators and bacterial toxins, because amebae remained intact after co-culture with bacteria.

Stresses due to vertical subsurface loading for an inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space

AbstractIn this article, we present the solutions for the stresses induced by four different loads associated with an axially loaded pile in a continuously inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are parallel to the horizontal surface of the half‐space, and the Young's and shear moduli are assumed to vary exponentially with depth. The four loading types are: an embedded point load for an end‐bearing pile, uniform skin friction, linear variation of skin friction, and non‐linear parabolic variation of skin friction for a friction pile. The solutions for the stresses due to the pile load are expressed in terms of the Hankel integral and are obtained from the point load solutions of the same inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space which were derived recently by the authors (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2003; 40(5):667–685). A numerical procedure is proposed to carry out the integral. For the special case of homogeneous isotropic and cross‐anisotropic half‐space, the stresses predicted by the numerical procedure agree well with the solutions of Geddes and Wang (Geotechnique 1966; 16(3):231–255; Soils Found. 2003; 43(5):41–52). An illustrative example is also given to investigate the effect of soil inhomogeneity, the type and degree of soil anisotropy, and the four different loading types on the vertical normal stress. The presented solutions are more realistic in simulating the actual stratum of loading problem in many areas of engineering practice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Penicillium oxalicum . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium oxalicum . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil and maize (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On plants: It appears to be a common pathogen of greenhouse cucumbers (70, 2351). On animals: It has been implicated in genital diseases of water buffalo (RMVM 23, 32). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a preference for warmer climates.

Penicillium citrinum . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium citrinum . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil, decaying vegetation etc. (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: Although not known to be pathogenic, it has been implicated in mycelial keratitis (Gugnani et al. , 1977). Additionally, it caused allergic reactions in workers producing ATP using the species as source (RMVM 21, 2235). In animals: It may be implicated in Balkan swine nephropathy outbreaks (Beuchat, 1987), and causing abortion in water buffaloes (RMVM 23, 32). World-wide, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates.

Penicillium glabrum . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium glabrum . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil, cereals, cereal crops etc. (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: It has been implicated in suberosis, a respiratory disease of workers in the cork industry (Avila & Lacey, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, particularly in acid forest soils.

Effect of initial stress conditions on liquefaction of sands: experiments and an interpretation. Technical note : Erguvanli, M A; Ozaydin, I K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P102–107

Effect of initial stress conditions on liquefaction of sands: experiments and an interpretation. Technical note : Erguvanli, M A; Ozaydin, I K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P102–107

Influence of strain rate on pore pressures in consolidated undrained triaxial tests on cohesive soils : Kimura, T; Saitoh, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P80–90

Influence of strain rate on pore pressures in consolidated undrained triaxial tests on cohesive soils : Kimura, T; Saitoh, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P80–90

Undrained deformation characteristics of sand in multi-directional shear : Yamada, Y; Ishihara, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P61–79

Undrained deformation characteristics of sand in multi-directional shear : Yamada, Y; Ishihara, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P61–79

Simple optimization techniques for evaluating deformation moduli from field observations. Technical note : Arai, K; Ohta, H; Yasui, T Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P107–113

Simple optimization techniques for evaluating deformation moduli from field observations. Technical note : Arai, K; Ohta, H; Yasui, T Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P107–113

Analysis of landslides during the 1978 1zu-ohshima-kinkai earthquake : Ishihara, K; Nagao, A Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, p19–37

Analysis of landslides during the 1978 1zu-ohshima-kinkai earthquake : Ishihara, K; Nagao, A Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, p19–37

Relationships of consistency limits and activity to some physical and chemical properties of ariake marine clays : Ohtsubo, M; Takayama, M; Egashira, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P38–46

Relationships of consistency limits and activity to some physical and chemical properties of ariake marine clays : Ohtsubo, M; Takayama, M; Egashira, K Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, P38–46

Simplified procedure for probability-based zero internal friction angle stability analysis : Asaoka, A; Matsuo, M Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, p8–18

Simplified procedure for probability-based zero internal friction angle stability analysis : Asaoka, A; Matsuo, M Soils Found, V23, N1, March 1983, p8–18