Soil Specimens Research Articles

Shear band analysis of silt-clay transition soils under three-dimensional stress-strain conditions

This paper investigates shear banding as a possible failure mode for silt–clay transition soils under general three-dimensional stress conditions. Drained and undrained true triaxial tests with constant b values were performed on tall prismatic specimens of such soils with systematically varying silt contents. Based on the values of critical plastic hardening modulus, shear banding does not govern the strength characteristics of the soils for b values less than 0.2. For larger b values, shear band formation is essentially critical as it takes place in the hardening regime of the stress–strain curves prior to the smooth peak failure points. An increase in silt content appears to move the onset of shear banding to lower levels of shear in the stress–strain relations of the silt–clay transition soils. It is also demonstrated that a non-associated constitutive model with a single hardening law is capable of accurately predicting the onset of shear banding in normally consolidated silt–clay transition soils based on bifurcation theory.

Theoretical Model and Experimental Application for Solute Diffusion in Leaching Test With Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions

Abstract Measuring the diffusion coefficient of clay-based liner materials is important in estimating and predicting long-term barrier performance in waste containment facilities. Various theoretical models, including the finite cylindrical model, have been commonly used to determine the diffusion properties of clay-based liner materials in leaching tests. However, the assumption of zero-concentration boundary conditions of the traditional finite cylindrical model contradicts the measured variation of concentration in real leaching tests, likely resulting in (1) underestimated and unconservative diffusion coefficient, or (2) requirement of a relatively large liquid-to-soil ratio and frequent leachate replacement in the experiment to maintain the zero-concentration boundary condition. In this study, a theoretical model was developed to evaluate the solute diffusion process within a soil specimen under arbitrary, time-dependent concentration boundary conditions. The proposed model, incorporating the time-dependent boundary conditions, provides efficient calculations of the concentration distribution and the cumulative fraction leached of solute across the soil specimen. The example application of the proposed model to experimental data demonstrates the capability of the proposed model to determine apparent diffusion coefficients of clay-based liner materials without introducing errors associated with the assumption of a zero concentration boundary condition. The proposed model provides a comprehensive method to investigate the dynamic transport behaviors of solutes through clay-based liner materials in future studies.

Application of Asaoka’s Method in Multistage Triaxial Compression Testing of Normally Consolidated Soils

Abstract Determination of shear strength parameters becomes a challenge when it is difficult to retrieve a minimum of three identical undisturbed soil specimens. In such a situation, multistage triaxial compression testing can be adopted using a single specimen. Multistage triaxial testing involves stage-wise consolidation and shearing at three confining pressures without the failure of the specimen until the last stage. A critical issue associated with multistage triaxial testing is the estimation of ultimate deviator stress and the corresponding pore pressure as the specimen was not allowed to reach failure in each stage. Conventionally, the failure stress state in each stage is computed by extrapolating the stress–strain and pore pressure–strain data to a finite strain by employing Kondner’s rectangular hyperbola model. However, it is reported in the literature that the aforementioned method often overestimates the deviator stress and pore pressure values. In this context, the present study investigates the suitability of Asaoka’s observational procedure for predicting these values at failure state. The validity of the proposed procedure is verified by comparing the ultimate deviator stress and pore pressure values obtained by analyzing the stress–strain data collected from the literature and by performing multistage triaxial testing on three reconstituted soil samples with that of the rectangular hyperbola method. From the results, it was observed that Asaoka’s method is more suited for predicting the shear strength parameters. It is believed that the proposed methodology would aid in obtaining the shear strength parameters of a soil from a single specimen by conducting multistage triaxial testing.

Modified Complex Electrical Resistivity Technique: Applications to Saturated and Unsaturated Soils

Abstract Direct current (DC) electrical resistivity is a common laboratory soil characterization method to support geotechnical infrastructure design and to supplement site investigations. The complex electrical resistivity method has the potential to provide additional electrical soil properties to enhance electrical soil characterization. Both methods are conventionally performed under fully saturated soil conditions; however, many environments exist where soil is not fully saturated, such as ballast structure supporting railways. In this study, a new experimental setup featuring a current enhancing agent (agar) for complex electrical resistivity testing is evaluated by testing five different soil specimens reconstituted at saturated and unsaturated conditions. Results showed that the new experimental setup is valid and can be used to obtain repeat measurements, particularly for specimens reconstituted in the unsaturated conditions where the traditional DC electrical resistivity setup yields results that are unreliable. This is one of the very few studies where tolerances for triplicate specimens are reported to establish differences in measurements from sample preparation versus discernable variability between different geomaterials. Additionally, all results are supported by a Cole-Cole model. The results show that the additional data collected in a complex electrical resistivity test can be used to differentiate different soil types that are ambiguous with the DC electrical resistivity method. The additional data have the potential to more fully characterize the electrical properties of saturated and unsaturated soils, as well as to help distinguish unique geophysical signatures of various geomaterials to enhance a geophysical site investigation for identifying soil variability in the subsurface.

Shear behavior at the interface of rough surfaces and cohesive soils under axial loading

Foundation elements with rough (textured) surfaces mobilize larger interface shear resistance than ones with conventional smooth or random rough surfaces when sheared against soils under monotonic loading. The overall performance of foundation elements such as piles supporting offshore wind turbines, suction caissons supporting tidal energy converters, soil nails, and soil anchors installed in cohesive soils could be enhanced through utilizing rough (textured) surfaces to resist applied static and/or cyclic loading. This paper describes the shear behavior of smooth and rough (textured) surfaces in kaolinite clay and kaolinite clay-sand mixture soils under static and cyclic axial loading. The experimental investigation presented herein consists of a series of interface shear tests performed on 3D printed rough (textured) surfaces and a 3D printed smooth reference surface utilizing the Cyclic Interface Shear Test system. The paper includes a description of the interface testing system components, cohesive soil specimens’ preparation procedure, smooth and rough (textured) surfaces details, testing procedure, and results of static and cyclic tests. Test results indicate that kaolinite clay-sand mixture soil mobilized larger static and post-cyclic interface shear resistance and volume contraction relative to kaolinite clay soil when sheared against the smooth reference surface. When tested against rough (textured) surfaces with variable asperity height, larger shear resistance was mobilized and larger soil dilation greater than that mobilized by the reference untextured surface in both soils. The results also indicate rough (textured) surfaces exhibited a prevalent frictional anisotropy increases with asperity angle and height in cohesive soils, the surfaces mobilized larger shear resistance and volume change in one direction (i.e., against the asperity right-angled side) than the other direction (i.e., along the asperity inclined side).

Relationship between root characteristics and saturated hydraulic conductivity in a grassed clayey soil

Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity plays a crucial role in the fields of hydrology, geotechnical and geological engineering. This study investigated the relationship between root characteristics and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in a grassed soil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens with varying soil dry densities and planting densities were experimentally determined. Root parameters of each specimen were measured, and the relationship between root parameters and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was determined through the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Experimental results show that both soil dry density and planting density significantly influence root growth and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the grassed soil. Root length ratio (>4 cm), root length, and root weight density exhibit a positive correlation with planting density, while root length density and root length ratio (>4 cm) are negatively correlated with dry density. Higher dry density leads to lower soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and the permeable effects become more pronounced with increased planting density. When planting density is higher, roots create more preferential flow channels in the soil, resulting in increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Root length density exerts the most significant effect on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (|r| = 0.82, p＜0.01), followed by root length ratio (>4 cm) and root weight density. This study provides insights into the relationship between root parameters and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and identifies key root parameters that govern the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. These findings hold significant implications for enhancing the understanding of slope protection using vegetation.

Experimental study and analysis of the static and dynamic mechanical properties of graphene oxide cement soil under composite salinity erosion

In coastal and saline-alkali regions, cement soil materials face significant challenges from salt erosion and both dynamic and static loads, threatening their structural stability. To enhance the mechanical properties of cement soil, this study explores the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO). We subjected GO cement soil specimens to various concentrations of a composite salt solution (with a NaCl to Na2SO4 mass ratio of 1:1) in erosion experiments lasting 7 and 30 days. The specimens were analyzed through unconfined compressive strength tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine changes in stress-strain curves, peak stress, and energy dissipation. The results indicate that the dynamic and static peak stresses, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency of the GO cement soil specimens are inversely related to the concentration of the mixed salt solution. Notably, in a 4.5 g/L erosion environment after 7 days, an increasing trend was observed in static peak stress, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency. Additionally, when the salt concentration was fixed, these properties showed a positive correlation with impact gas pressure. SEM analysis revealed that the nucleation effect of GO and its strong bonding with the cement matrix significantly improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing pores and defects, thus enhancing density and overall performance. Furthermore, in an 18 g/L erosion environment, a notable presence of ettringite (AFt) was identified in the GO cement soil specimens.

The Influence of Abaca Fiber Treated with Sodium Hydroxide on the Deformation Coefficients Cc, Cs, and Cv of Organic Soils

This study shows the influence of the inclusion of abaca fiber (Musa Textilis) on the coefficients of consolidation, expansion, and compression for normally consolidated clayey silt organic soil specimens using reconstituted samples. For this purpose, abaca fiber was added according to the dry mass of the soil, in lengths (5, 10, and 15 mm) and concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) subjected to a curing process with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The virgin and fiber-added soil samples were reconstituted as slurry, and one-dimensional consolidation tests were performed in accordance with ASTM D2435. The results showed a reduction in void ratio (compared to the soil without fiber) and an increase in the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) as a function of fiber concentration and length, with values corresponding to 1.5% and 15 mm increasing from 75.16 to 144.51 cm2/s. Although no significant values were obtained for the compression and expansion coefficients, it was assumed that the soil maintained its compressibility. The statistical analysis employed hierarchical linear models to assess the significance of the effects of incorporating fibers of varying lengths and percentages on the coefficients, comparing them with the control samples. Concurrently, mixed linear models were utilized to evaluate the influence of the methods for obtaining the Cv, revealing that Taylor’s method yielded more conservative values, whereas the Casagrande method produced higher values.

Particle tracking-aided digital volume correlation for clay–sand soil mixtures

In this study, a novel, interdisciplinary method is introduced that merges fundamental geomechanics with computer vision to develop an advanced hybrid feature-aided digital volume correlation (DVC) technique. This technique is specifically engineered to measure and compute the full-field strain distribution in fine-grained soil mixtures. A clay–sand mixture specimen composed of quartz sand particles and kaolinite was created. Its mechanical properties and deformation behaviour were then tested using a mini-triaxial apparatus, combined with micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (μCT). The CT slices underwent image processing for denoising, segmentation of distinct phases, reconstruction of sand particles and feature extraction within the soil specimen. The proposed approach incorporated a two-step particle tracking method, which initially uses particle volume and surface area features to establish a preliminary matching list for a reference particle and then use the iterative closest point method for precise target particle matching. The soil specimen's initial displacement field was then mapped onto the DVC method's grid, and further refined through sub-voxel registration by way of a three-dimensional inverse compositional Gauss–Newton algorithm. The proposed method's effectiveness and efficiency were validated by accurately calculating the displacement and strain fields of the soil mixture sample, and comparing the results with those from a traditional DVC method. Given the soil's compositional and microstructural characteristics, these image-matching techniques can be integrated to create a versatile, efficient, and robust DVC system, suitable for a variety of soil mixture types.

Development and assessment of eco- and user-friendly geopolymeric stabilizers for sustainable soil improvement

This paper presents an innovative approach to address inherent limitations in traditional geopolymerization methods by focusing on producing eco and user-friendly mechano-chemically activated geopolymeric (M-GP) stabilizers for soil stabilization applications. A comparative analysis is conducted to benchmark the effectiveness of these stabilizers against conventionally activated geopolymer (C-GP) stabilizers. The study also investigates the influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) amount on the mechanical and durability characteristics of stabilized soil specimens. Furthermore, the effect of activation techniques on the efficacy and strength of soil after sulfuric acid (H2SO4) exposure was investigated. The durability performance was evaluated by submerging the samples in a 1 % H2SO4 solution for a period of 60 and 120 days. The evaluation addresses various aspects such as visual appearance, mass changes, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of geopolymer-stabilized soil samples. Results indicate that the UCS of M-GP samples surpassed C-GP-stabilized soil by 12–45 %. Moreover, the geopolymer-stabilized soil exhibited a significant increase in strength, with improvements of 114 %, 247 %, and 361 % observed at GGBFS content levels of 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % by weight, respectively. After exposure to the H2SO4 solution, M-GP-stabilized soil demonstrated superior resistance to sulfuric acid compared to C-GP-stabilized soil. The residual ultimate compressive strength (UCS) for M-GP and C-GP specimens was 80 % and 76 % respectively after being subjected to the H2SO4 solution for 60 days. However, these values further declined to 53 % and 48 % after 120 days of exposure. In addition, the result showed that geopolymer-stabilized soil containing 75 % slag exhibited superior resistance to H2SO4 compared to other stabilized soil samples.

Development and testing of a novel vibratory compaction instrument considering its natural frequency.

This study aims to develop a novel vibratory compaction instrument designed for the preparation of large triaxial soil specimens, offering an efficient alternative to the traditional manual specimen preparation process. However, when the motor frequency closely aligns with the natural frequency of the structure, severe resonance phenomena may occur. This paper employed finite element modal analysis, experimental modal analysis, and operational modal analysis techniques to conduct a multi-objective optimization of the structure, aiming to improve the dynamic characteristics. First, the natural frequency and mode shapes of the vibratory compaction instrument were determined via finite element technology. Subsequently, the optimization of this instrument was conducted by integrating the Kriging surrogate model with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). Finally, the steel column underwent a modal test using impulse stimulation to ascertain its natural frequency, and the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) approach was employed to conduct an operational modal analysis of the vibratory compaction instrument to determine its modal characteristics. The experimental findings corroborated the conclusions obtained from the finite element analysis, validating the precision of the finite element modal analysis and the rationality of the optimized structure. The research results are of significant importance for improving the preparation efficiency of large triaxial specimen, contributing to advancements in soil mechanics testing.

STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT WITH GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS ON THE STRENGTH OF SOILS UNDER CONDITIONS OF TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION AND SINGLE-PLANE SECTION

The study is a comprehensive analysis of the effect of geosynthetic materials on the strength characteristics of soils under triaxial compression and single plane shear conditions. The triaxial compression method is used to investigate the complex effects on soil specimens, which reflects real conditions and ensures the reliability of the results.The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of geosynthetic materials as a means of soil reinforcement. Particular attention is paid to analysing changes in the mechanical properties of soils reinforced with different types of geosynthetics compared to unreinforced samples. The study includes laboratory tests, during which the parameters of strength, deformability and stability of soils under different loads and variations of test conditions are evaluated.The results of the study provide important information for specialists in geotechnical design and construction. They help to evaluate the effectiveness of geosynthetic materials in strengthening soil structures under high loads and complex conditions.Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the effect of geogrid on the strength of weak soils, which allows to identify optimal strengthening options and compare their effectiveness.Thus, the study is a relevant contribution to the development of knowledge on the interaction between geosynthetic materials and soil structures, contributes to the optimisation of design and increases the durability of soil structures

Influence of the coefficient of non-uniformity of expansion of clay soil specimen on mechanical characteristics

Influence of the coefficient of non-uniformity of expansion of clay soil specimen on mechanical characteristics

A study based on high-density data examines the current status and evolution laws of heavy metal environmental capacity in the Bardawu area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

As the first ladder of China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has always been known as the “roof of the world”. Its environmental carrying capacity can be estimated more accurately than other regions because of its harsh natural environment, low population density, limited industrial and agricultural development, and low human activities. However, the current ecological risks of Co and threshold research are limited, and there is a lack of awareness of W’s environmental risks. Hence, this study assessed the ecological support potential of the Bardawu region within Dulan County, Qinghai Province, using 7373 soil specimens, determined regional soil baseline measures, and applied the substance equilibrium linear technique along with the ecological aggregate indicator technique to examine the heavy metal content of the soil. A comprehensive evaluation of the environmental capacity and health risks was conducted to provide a reference for pastoral planning. The findings indicated that the cumulative static ecological capacity of the six trace heavy elements in the soil was ranked as follows: Cr > Li > Ni > Cu > W > Co, with W and Co positioned as the final pair. The remaining areas with a high environmental capacity were predominantly found in the study zone. The central sector exhibited diminished environmental capacity in the southwest and northeast and presented a contamination hazard. Land use, soil type, and geological type considerably affected the six elements in the study area at the p < 0.05. The Bardawu region’s mean comprehensive index of soil environmental capacity was 0.98, indicating an intermediate level of environmental capacity and a moderate health risk. This study focuses on the geological context and influence of pastoral activities on the soil, augments the distribution of various elements across the Tibetan Plateau, and suggests preliminary soil governance strategies. The findings of this study lay the groundwork for soil environmental conservation and remediation efforts in highland regions.

Static Compaction for Sustainable Geotechnical Solutions: A Comprehensive Study

The objective of this research is to develop an improved uniaxial static compaction method to address the limitations of the traditional Proctor's dynamic approach for soil compaction. This new approach offers reduced labor, enhanced soil density, and increased compactness. The study compares of static soil compaction characteristics with various soil parameters and explores the concept of Equivalent Static Compaction Energy (ESCE). A diverse range of fine-grained soils with varying range of plasticity was investigated, and a significant correlation of compaction parameters attained by static compaction was observed with the corresponding value of static compaction energy, degree of saturation, void ratio, and plastic limit of soil. The research resulted in the creation of constant-energy curves for static compaction, which were compared to dynamic compaction curves from four compaction attempts. From the study, the ESCE corresponding to standard Proctor, reduced standard Proctor, and reduced modified Proctor tests were found to be within the range of 180-340, 155-308, and 532-664 KJ/ m3, respectively. It was also observed for the static compaction method that after reaching the maximum level of compaction, the dry unit weight of the soil specimen remains constant with further increases in compaction energy.

Effect of Voltage variation on the Geotechnical Properties and Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminants from Contaminated Soil using Electrokinetic Remediation Technique

A lot of research work has shown that despite the effectiveness of the electrokinetic remediation technology in decontaminating heavy metal contaminated soils, more work is still required to fully understand the role of voltage in the remediation process. There is need to establish the optimum voltage that would best remove heavy metals from such contaminated soil and its attendant effect on the geotechnical properties of the remediated soil. Effect of voltage variation on the removal efficiency of lead, copper and the geotechnical properties of remediated heavy metal contaminated soil using electrokinetic remediation technique was investigated in this research. The contaminated soil was remediated by applying direct current (DC) to the remediation setup at 0.5V/cm, 1.0V/cm, 1.5V/cm and 2.0V/cm. The concentration of the heavy metals after remediation were determined using the Oxford Instrument Analyzer to evaluate removal efficiency, geotechnical properties tests were also conducted on the soil specimens at each phase of remediation. The results showed that the lead removal efficiency was highest at 2.0V/cm (86%) with the shortest remediation time of 5days and lowest at 0.5V/cm (39%) at 9days. 52% of copper was removed at 2.0V/cm in 5days and 29% at 0.5V/cm after 9days of remediation. At 1.0V/cm, the lead and copper removal efficiency are 75% and 40% respectively. There was no significant change in the Specific Gravity of all the soil samples with the test results lying between 2.0 and 2.2. The soil is generally silty fine sand with not less than 40% passing the sieve no.200 (75micron). 45% passed through sieve 75micron for unremediated soil and slightly reduced to 40%, 40.4% and 40.2% for 30V, 45V and 60V respectively. The soil is non-plastic with the liquid limit of between 25.8% and 29.5% belonging to the A-4 group of soil. The maximum dry density improved across all the three compactive efforts, from 1.8390g/cm3 to 1.8480g/cm3 with WAS compactive effort and from 1.8000g/cm3 to 1.8320g/cm3 with BSL method with an average optimum moisture content of 10%. The CBR values increases with increase in voltage applied. The unsoaked CBR values averagely increased with 31%, 18% and 7% for BSH, WAS and BSL compactive efforts respectively. The durability index with resistances of 89% and 90% to loss in strength was recorded at 1.0V/cm and 1.5V/cm respectively, this, when compared to the resistance to loss in strength of 71% in unremediated soil has respectively 25.3% and 26.8% durability advantages. There was also a consistent increase in the UCS values, from 381kN/m2 to 474kN/m2 and from 351kN/m2 to 447kN/m2 when WAS and BSL methods of compaction were used. Generally, there was improvement in the geotechnical properties of the remediated soil. These improvements are maximum at 1.0V/cm and 1.5V/cm with little or no further improvement at 2.0V/cm. It is recommended that 1.0V and 1.5V are suitable for remediation purpose since it requires low energy consumption.

Attempt to measure acoustic emission during direct shear tests on soil specimens containing plant root systems

Attempt to measure acoustic emission during direct shear tests on soil specimens containing plant root systems

Effects of vetiver root on cracking of expansive soils and its mechanistic analysis

The study investigated the reinforcing effect of vetiver root on soil by conducting outdoor planting tests and indoor root tests. The cracking indexes of soil specimens with varying root contents were analyzed, and a statistical model was established to determine the relationship between the cracking indexes, the number of dry and wet cycles, and the root content. The study revealed the crack evolution law of vetiver-reinforced expansive soil. The study explored the mechanism of the vegetation root in inhibiting the cracking of expansive soil and determined the optimal planting density of vetiver grass through outdoor planting tests. The results indicate that: The surface crack rate (CR), total crack length (CL), and crack number (CN) in the root-soil specimen exhibited exponential growth with an increase in the number of wet and dry cycles. This growth was more pronounced during the first and second cycles. The vetiver root could effectively reduce soil crack formation, and the specimen's cracking resistance is positively correlated with the root content. With the root content increased, the CR, CN, and CL decreased. The logistic model is suited to the CL of added root soil. The logistic model is more suitable for the growth model of the CR of the expansive soil with low root content, while the Boltzmann model is more suitable for the growth model of the CR of the expansive soil with high root content. Width of crack (CW) is better suited to the DoseResp growth model. The Boltzmann model is more applicable to the CN in expansive soils with low reinforcement, while the logistic growth model is more suitable for the development of CN above 0.21% root content. The development of the crack network was influenced by two key factors: the root content and the number of wet and dry cycles. Under the condition of planting roots, the development of crack networks in expansive soil differs from that of expansive soil with added roots, and there is no clear pattern to follow. The inhibitory effect of the vetiver root on cracking of expansive soil is related to the planting density of vetiver.

Mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils from suction controlled ring shear tests

The shear strength behavior associated with a large shear deformation of both the fine- and coarse-grained unsaturated soils is important in interpreting and forecasting the initiation and movement of landslides. For this reason, a suction-controlled ring shear apparatus was designed by introducing modifications to the conventional Bromhead ring apparatus extending the axis translation technique. A series of suction-controlled ring shear tests were performed on fine- and coarse-grained unsaturated soil specimens subjecting to large shear deformation. The experimental results are presented and interpreted for highlighting: (i) the shear stress/void ratio-shear displacement relationships; (ii) the envelopes of the residual shear strength; (iii) the void ratio, water ratio and degree of saturation of the fine-grained soil specimens sheared to the residual state under different net normal stresses and matric suctions. These results provide valuable information toward understanding and interpreting the behaviors of landslides in unsaturated soils that experience the first failure and the reactivation along a pre-sheared slip surface.

Difference in microbial community structure along a gradient of crater altitude: insights from the Nushan volcano.

The variation in the soil microbial community along the altitude gradient has been widely documented. However, the structure and function of the microbial communities distributed along the altitude gradient in the crater still need to be determined. We gathered soil specimens from different elevations within the Nushan volcano crater to bridge this knowledge gap. We investigated the microbial communities of bacteria and fungi in the soil. It is noteworthy that the microbial alpha diversity peaks in the middle of the crater. However, network analysis shows that bacterial (nodes 760 vs 613 vs 601) and fungal (nodes 328 vs 224 vs 400) communities are most stable at the bottom and top of the crater, respectively. Furthermore, the soil microbial network exhibited a decline, followed by an increase across varying altitudes. The core microorganisms displayed the highest correlation with pH and alkaline phosphatase (AP, as determined through redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel tests for correlation analysis. The fungal community has a higher number of core microorganisms, while the bacterial core microorganisms demonstrate greater susceptibility to environmental factors. In conclusion, we utilized Illumina sequencing techniques to assess the disparities in the structure and function of bacteria and fungi in the soil.IMPORTANCEThese findings serve as a foundation for future investigations on microbial communities present in volcanic soil.