Maximum Dry Density Of Soil Research Articles

Estimating the Maximum Dry Density of Soil via Least Square Support Vector Regression Individual and Hybrid Forms

Estimating the Maximum Dry Density of Soil via Least Square Support Vector Regression Individual and Hybrid Forms

Predicting the Maximum Dry Density of Soil by Using the Individual and Hybrid Framework of the Decision Tree

Predicting the Maximum Dry Density of Soil by Using the Individual and Hybrid Framework of the Decision Tree

Improving Soil Stability with Alum Sludge: An AI-Enabled Approach for Accurate Prediction of California Bearing Ratio

Alum sludge is a byproduct of water treatment plants, and its use as a soil stabilizer has gained increasing attention due to its economic and environmental benefits. Its application has been shown to improve the strength and stability of soil, making it suitable for various engineering applications. However, to go beyond just measuring the effects of alum sludge as a soil stabilizer, this study investigates the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for predicting the California bearing ratio (CBR) of soils stabilized with alum sludge. Three AI methods, including two black box methods (artificial neural network and support vector machines) and one grey box method (genetic programming), were used to predict CBR, based on a database with nine input parameters. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of AI methods in predicting CBR with good accuracy (R2 values ranging from 0.94 to 0.99 and MAE values ranging from 0.30 to 0.51). Moreover, a novel approach, using genetic programming, produced an equation that accurately estimated CBR, incorporating seven inputs. The analysis of parameter sensitivity and importance, revealed that the number of hammer blows for compaction was the most important parameter, while the parameters for maximum dry density of soil and mixture were the least important. This study highlights the potential of AI methods as a useful tool for predicting the performance of alum sludge as a soil stabilizer.

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE AI MODEL AND METHODOLOGY TO PREDICT THE COMPACTION PARAMETERS OF SOILS

This technical article helps identify the optimum performance AI model for predicting compaction parameters of soil. A comparative study is mapped between regression analysis (RA), Gaussian process regression (GPR), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) approaches using 59 soil datasets. The soil dataset consists of soil properties such as gravel content, silt content, sand content, specific gravity, clay content, plasticity index, and liquid limit. The soil properties are used as input parameters to develop the AI model to predict soil optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The RA, GPR, SVM, DT, and ANN models are designated as MLR_X, GPR_X, SVM_X, DT_X, ANN_X, where the X is OMC and MDD. The performance of MLR_OMC, GPR_OMC, SVM_OMC, DT_OMC, LMNN_OMC, and GDANN_OMC is 0.9714, 0.9867, 0.9689, 0.9832, 0.9435, and 0.9520, respectively. Similarly, the performance of MLR_MDD, GPR_MDD, SVM_MDD, DT_MDD, LMNN_MDD, and GDANN_MDD is 0.9512, 0.9854, 0.9482, 0.9199, 0.8679, and 0.9395, respectively. Based on the performance of AI models, the GPR_OMC and GPR_MDD models are identified as the optimum performance model to predict the soil maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC). The predicted OMC and MDD are compared with laboratory OMC and MDD, and it is found that the GPR_OMC and GPR_MDD model has the potential to predict soil compaction parameters.

Effect of ceramic tiles dust on physical and engineering properties of tropical residual soil

Ceramic tile dust is a by-product from manufacturing plant or construction site which leads to the disposal or environmental issues. Previous research has identified the potential of ceramic tile dust in concrete and soil stabilisation. This research investigates on the potential application of ceramic tile dust for tropical residual soil stabilisation. Atterberg limits, compaction and unconfined compression tests were conducted on residual soil from Cheras, Malaysia with different ceramic tile dust contents (i.e., 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30%). The effect of ceramic tile dust percentage on plasticity index, compaction properties and unconfined compressive strength was discussed. It was found that the maximum dry density of the soil increased slightly until ceramic tile dust content of 20 %. However, the optimum moisture content and plasticity index were reduced with the addition of ceramic tile dust. The unconfined compressive strength was improved about 1.4 times for residual soil with 30 % of ceramic tile dust. In conclusion,ceramic tile dust is suitable to be recycled as a soil stabiliser as it could increase the maximum dry density and strength of the tropical residual soil.

Efficiency of cement and lime in stabilizing the black cotton soil

Black Cotton soil is a extremely problematic and sensitive to climatic changes. Due to the moisture content, the strength reduction in black cotton soil will be heavy. Stabilization is one of the conventional and extensively used processes to increase the engineering properties of soil. The investigation was carried out to study the increase in strength of black cotton soil using lime and cement. The experimental works were carried out using different proportions of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) and cement (2% and 4%). The Proctor Compaction Test and California Bearing Ratio were conducted to determine the exact proportion of additive at which the strength of Black Cotton soil will increase. The observed results from the compaction test revealed that the maximum dry density of soil increased by adding lime up to 2% due to the cementitious bond; further addition of lime led to a decrease. Also, the mixture of 2% cement with lime blended soils led to an increase in dry density due to the cementation action, which reduced the plasticity of soil, and when it exceeded 2% of cement, the density decreased. The percentage increase in the soil strength after adding additive was 76.54%. These results indicated that the lime, cement or a combination of both reacted as a good additive to stabilize the soil.

California Bearing Ratio of class F pond ash of various genesis

To study the bearing capacity of pond ash, samples were taken from dumps of a number of power plants in the Russian Federation: Omsk TPP-4, Novocherkasskaya TPP, Serovskaya TPP, Apatitskaya TPP, producing pond of various genesis. All studied materials classified to class F according to ASTM C-618-12. At the first stage of the study, the maximum dry density of soil and the optimum moisture content were determined by the Proctor method (type B mold and type A compaction hammer), the results of which were compared with the results of determining the same parameters by the SoyuzDorNII method (using a large standard compaction device). At the second stage, the Californian bearing ratio (CBR) of all samples of pond ash in a water-unsaturated state at different densities was determined (corresponding to compaction 7, 21 and 56 by blows of a compaction hammer on a layer of pond ash in the a Proctor mold). At the third stage of the study, the deformation modulus of pond ash were determined on samples with optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soil by the method of oedometer test. Samples were prepared with the using a large standard compaction device of the SoyuzDorNII design. At the end of the study, the results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn about the linear relationship of the parameters (optimal moisture content and maximum dry density) determined by the method of Proctor and SoyuzDorNII, the presence of a correlation between CBR and the compaction coefficient of the PA, and the absence of a statistically significant correlation ( R 2

Improvement of subgrade soil by blending tyre driven aggregate (TDA)

Pavements are largely affected by the inherent variability of soil nature which may be change in type and condition. Subgrade soils are characterized by their resistance to deformation under load, which can be measured in terms of strength and stiffness. The subgrade strength of soil is the key factor to ensure the sustainability of the pavement and is considered as of prime importance for design of pavement. If pavements are constructed on weak subgrade soils, then there are chances of possible settlement and subsequent pavement failure. The aim of study is to improve the bearing pressure of existing subgrade soil using tyre driven aggregates obtained from scrap tyre. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed on existing subgrade soil and the improved soil with 5%, 15%, and 30% replacement of tyre driven aggregates. The maximum dry density of soil was found to be 1636 kg/m3 at optimum moisture content of 21.26%. The CBR of the existing ground was measured as 3.90%. It was revealed that CBR value was improved by 5.1%, 10% and 28.7% of existing value when subgrade grade soil was replaced by 5%, 15% and at 30% demolished aggregates, respectively

Investigation on the performance of ‘Fino’ materials to stabilize expansive soil: A case study in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Expansive soil swells when it is wet, and it will shrink when it dries. Due to this behavior of the soil, the strength and other properties of soil are inferior. To improve its properties, it is necessary to stabilize the soil with different stabilizers. Soil stabilization is a process to treat the soil to maintain, alter, or improve expansive soil performance. In this study, the potential of 'Fino' as stabilizing additive to expansive soil was investigated for the improving engineering properties of expansive soil to be used as subgrade material. The evaluation involved the determination of the Free Swell test, CBR test, Atterberg's limits, and the Proctor test of expansive soil in its natural state as well as when mixed with varying proportions of 'Fino.' The practices were performed on six proportions 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30 % with expansive soil. The research result indicated a considerable reduction in Swelling, and the Maximum dry Density of soil was improved. Optimum moisture content decreased in increasing 'Fino.' At 30% of 'Fino,' the CBR values of expansive soil increased from 1.06% to 5.94%, Liquid Limit decreased from 95.2% to 29.4%, plasticity index decreased from 57.24% to 17.82% and the degree of expansion of the natural subgrade soil has reduced from "very high to medium." Hence, it is concluded that the 'Fino' at 30% has shown significant improvement in the expansive soil's engineering properties meeting the ERA and AASHTO Standard specifications requirements for road subgrade material.

Investigation on the performance of ‘Fino’ materials to stabilize expansive soil: A case study in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Expansive soil swells when it is wet, and it will shrink when it dries. Due to this behavior of the soil, the strength and other properties of soil are inferior. To improve its properties, it is necessary to stabilize the soil with different stabilizers. Soil stabilization is a process to treat the soil to maintain, alter, or improve expansive soil performance. In this study, the potential of 'Fino' as stabilizing additive to expansive soil was investigated for the improving engineering properties of expansive soil to be used as subgrade material. The evaluation involved the determination of the Free Swell test, CBR test, Atterberg's limits, and the Proctor test of expansive soil in its natural state as well as when mixed with varying proportions of 'Fino.' The practices were performed on six proportions 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30 % with expansive soil. The research result indicated a considerable reduction in Swelling, and the Maximum dry Density of soil was improved. Optimum moisture content decreased in increasing 'Fino.' At 30% of 'Fino,' the CBR values of expansive soil increased from 1.06% to 5.94%, Liquid Limit decreased from 95.2% to 29.4%, plasticity index decreased from 57.24% to 17.82% and the degree of expansion of the natural subgrade soil has reduced from very high to medium. Hence, it is concluded that the 'Fino' at 30% has shown significant improvement in the expansive soil's engineering properties meeting the ERA and AASHTO Standard specifications requirements for road subgrade material.

Effectiveness of Sugar Industry Organic Wastes in Reducing Soil Compatibility in Soils of Three Ethiopian Sugar Estates

Incorporation of sugarcane industry by-products into soil can reduce the susceptibility of soils to compaction. However, the significance of incorporated filter cake and filter cake compost at different soil water contents at the time of compaction using proctor test load is not well documented. In this context, study was conducted at three Ethiopian sugar Estates in 2017 to examine the effect of filter cake and filter cake compost incorporation to three soils different in clay content on soil maximum dry density, total porosity at MDD, critical moisture content under laboratory conditions. Sugarcane residues were added to soils at rates of 0, 7.75 g of residues per kg of soils. The results of the study showed that the maximum dry bulk density with no sugarcane residue added was achieved at 15.94% for light, 25% for medium and 28.6% for heavy clay. Filter cake incorporated at the rate of 30 t ha-1 reduced the soil compactibility induced by proctor test load at water content of 0.7 PL for light clay soils, 0.97 PL for medium clay and at water content of 0.98 PL for the heavy clay soils. In all three soil types at 0 t ha-1 and 30 t ha-1 residue application levels, the total porosity attained a minimum value at critical moisture content and critical moisture content for the maximum dry density increased as the clay content increased. Filter cake and filter cake compost reduced the maximum dry density of heavy clay soil by 4 and 27.6%, respectively, as compared to the control. Nevertheless, this residues increased total porosity at critical moisture content, respectively, by 2.44 and 46.9% over the control for heavy clay soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that sugarcane residue was most effective in reducing soil compactibility at moisture content less than PL compared to water content higher than PL. Moreover, filter cake compost was more effective in reducing soil compactibility than filter cake. Finally, the study recommended that the heavy machineries operation during sugarcane seedbed preparation and harvesting; shall be made when soil moisture is below 0.60, 0.9 and 0.91 PL, respectively, for light, medium and heavy clay soils and after treating the soil with either filter cake or filter cake compost tentatively. Nevertheless, in order to give conclusive recommendation further research studies are needed for more soil clay levels for the case of filter cake compost and more rates for both sugarcane residues.

Enhancement of soil properties using bottom ash, fly ash and coconut ash - An application of waste to wealth

Abundant waste materials are being produced nowadays due to rapid commercialisation and urbanisation. Disposal of these waste materials is a challenging task since it causes both air and water pollution. Since the production of waste materials is inevitable, a suitable strategy has to adopted to convert this waste into wealth. In this study, the red soil was collected from the field and the same was composted with organic matter to enhance its organic carbon content. Further, bottom ash, fly ash and coconut waste ash (CWA) has been added to the composted soil in a ratio of 1:4. Subsequently, the organic carbon content and strength parameters of the mixtures were determined. Soil organic carbon content was determined using Walkley Black method while the strength parameters were determined using standard proctor compaction test (SPCT) and Vane shear test. The N, P and K of the original collected soil were 160 kg ha-1, 14 kg ha-1, and 139 kg ha-1 respectively. The soil organic carbon content is highest with 65% when composted soil is mixed with bottom ash. The maximum dry density of soil increased from 0.765 to 0.81 due to addition of bottom ash. The Shear strength increases gradually with the increase in percentage of Coconut Waste Ash (CWA) and torque of soil also attained the effective value.

Improvement in the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soil Using Sodium Chloride

Major problem faced by civil engineers is when an available site does not have suitable engineering properties to support structures, roads and foundation. The soil of the site may be weak due to number of reasons. A difficult problem in work exists when the soil is found to be clay or the water table in that region is high. Soils with high clay content generally have low shear strength and has tendency to swell when their moisture content is allowed to increase. For these reasons clayey soil is not suited for structures, roads and foundation. Engineering properties of clayey soil can be improved by adopting different methods of soil stabilization. Many stabilization methods are in practice for altering the engineering properties of the clayey soil. Common methods for stabilization of clayey soil are lime and cement stabilization. Soil can also be stabilized by chemical stabilization. Sodium Chloride is the ionic compound of sodium and chloride. A recent study shows that Sodium Chloride can be effectively dissolves in water quickly and provide enough sodium ions for exchange ionic reactions with clayey soil. Function of this chemical (sodium chloride) is to form into cluster of fine particles and bind them together. Sodium chloride dosage is added in 0.5% to 3.0% by weight of soil with 0.5% of increment in each dosage. Standard proctor test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), consistency limits test and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test are performed to determine the optimum dosage of Sodium chloride. Tests result indicates that both unsoaked and soaked CBR value of soil increases with the increase in dosage in sodium chloride. Soaked CBR value increases from 4.75% to 9.22% and unsoaked CBR value increases from 8.72% to 13.55% of soil mixed with 2% Sodium Chloride. UCS of the soil increases from 2.75 kg/cm² to 6.33 kg/cm² upon addition of 2% Sodium Chloride. Maximum dry density of soil increases while optimum moisture content(OMC) decreases with increment in the dosage of Sodium chloride up to 2.5% and further decreases. Maximum Dry density (MDD) increases up to 9.02% that of virgin soil. Liquid limit and plastic limit of soil decreases with the addition of Sodium chloride. Liquid limit of soil decreases up to 8.3% as compared to virgin soil. Plasticity index decreases up to 10% as compared to virgin soil.

Bacterial Treatment of Remoulded Fine-Grained Cohesive Soils

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of microbial-induced calcite precipitation on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils. For this purpose, a high plastic cohesive soil retrieved from a special zone of Tabriz city, located in east Azerbaijan province in Iran, and two cultured Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria with various concentrations were added to the soil samples, and then compaction and consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on them. The results of compaction tests indicated that bacterial treatment did not affect meaningfully maximum dry density of soil, while it reduced the optimum moisture of soil from 30.46% up to 23.83%. Moreover, bacteria inclusion increased shear strength of soil about 27.0% and 35.0%, respectively, for consolidation pressures of 200 kPa and 300 kPa. SEM analysis revealed that after treatment, the soil particles arrange in an aggregative structure with a number of small pore spaces and form a few large pore spaces. The formation of the new structure in treated soil has led to strength improvement. In general, calcite participation led to an increase in shear-induced pore water pressure, which is due to formation of calcite crystals between clay particles. Obtained results revealed potential ability of these bacteria in treatment of fine-grained soils, but it needs more researches in this field.

Experimental study on seismic behaviour of adobe wall reinforced with cold–formed thin–walled steel

Abstract Currently, adobe is one of the building material commonly used in towns and villages. However, the damage of the adobe houses during earthquakes is severe. To reduce the severe damage, this study aimed to improve the seismic behaviour of the rural adobe houses. A series of tests were conducted on the seismic behaviour of the adobe walls. The material property tests were performed on raw materials and the particle size distribution, liquid–plastic limit, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil were analyzed. The mechanical behaviour of the adobe and mud bricks was characterized by conducting the axial compression test. The stress–strain curves of the bricks were analyzed. The elastic modulus was obtained and the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of adobe bricks and mud bricks was established. The quasi–static loading tests were performed on an unreinforced adobe wall and an adobe wall reinforced with 1 mm thick cold–formed thin–wall steel. A comparative analysis of the failure mode, hysteretic performance, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capability was performed. Besides, strains at key locations of the reinforced adobe wall were studied. It indicated that the seismic behaviour of the reinforced wall was much better than that of the unreinforced wall. The cracking load, ultimate load, ductility coefficient and energy consumption were increased by 43.34%, 79.10%, 440% and 560%, respectively. The results indicated that the application of cold–formed thin–walled steel enhanced the seismic performance of the adobe wall significantly.

Effect of Bentonite Addition on Geotechnical Properties of Oil-Contaminated Sandy Soil

Oil and its derivatives not only change the chemical and biological properties of the soils, but also affect their geotechnical properties. Effects of oil contamination on a sandy soil which mixed with bentonite was assessed in terms of compaction, shear strength, and consolidation behavior. The experiments were carried out by polluting dry sandy soil with 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% w/w crude oil at different bentonite contents (0, 5, 10, 15, 20% w/w). Results of compaction tests indicated that at a fixed bentonite content, with increasing crude oil content, the maximum dry density increases, while the optimum water content decreases. Similarly, at a fixed contaminant content, increasing the bentonite content in the soil leads to increase in soil maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content. Moreover, direct shear tests revealed that at a specific bentonite content, higher contamination concentration causes lower internal friction angle. The effect of oil content on the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and void ratio of soils with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent bentonite contents was studied. The results of consolidation tests indicated that at a fixed bentonite content Cv has an overall increasing pattern which is in its maximum amount at 5% oil content.

How does organic matter affect the physical and mechanical properties of forest soil?

Determining the physical and mechanical properties of soil and its behavior for engineering projects is essential for road construction operations. One of the most important principles in forest road construction, which is usually neglected, is to avoid mixing organic matter with road materials during excavation and embankment construction. The current study aimed to assess the influence of organic matter on the physical properties and mechanical behaviors of forest soil and to analyze the relation between the amount of organic matter and the behavior of forest soil as road material. A typical soil sample from the study area was collected beside a newly constructed roadbed. The soil was mixed with different percentages of organic matter (control treatment, 5, 10, and 15% by mass) and different tests including Atterberg limits, standard compaction, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on these different soil mixtures. The results showed that soil plasticity increased linearly with increasing organic matter. Increasing the organic matter from 0% (control) to 15% resulted in an increase of 11.64% of the plastic limit and 15.22% of the liquid limit after drying at 110 °C. Also, increasing the organic matter content reduced the soil maximum dry density and increased the optimum moisture content. Increasing the organic matter from 0 to 15% resulted in an increase of 11.0% of the optimum moisture content and a decrease of 0.29 g/cm3 of the maximum dry density. Organic matter decreased the CBR, which is used as the index of road strength. Adding 15% organic matter to the soil resulted in a decrease of the CBR from 15.72 to 4.75%. There was a significant difference between the two drying temperatures (60 and 110 °C) for the same organic matter mixtures with lower water content values after drying at 60 °C. The results revealed the adverse influence of organic matter on soil engineering properties and showed the importance of organic matter removal before excavation and fill construction.

Prediction of Maximum Dry Density of Soil using Genetic Algorithm

Prediction of Maximum Dry Density of Soil using Genetic Algorithm

The Preliminary Study on The Effect of Coarse Particles Content on OMC and Maximum Dry Unit Weight: A Case of Aceh’s Fill Materials

Empirical evidence suggests that the percentage of coarse fraction content on soil has an influence on the soil optimum moisture content (OMC) and soil maximum dry density (MDD). This phenomenon is used as a basis to examine the characteristics of Aceh’s fill materials. The major objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between coarse-grained content and OMC and MDD of the Aceh’s fill materials. This relationship is important in the justification of soil suitability as materials for engineering construction. Thirty (30) soil samples from various locations in the Province of Aceh have been collected and tested. The tests carried out include soil physical properties tests and standard compaction test. In the case of a relationship between soil coarse fraction content and soil OMC or MDD, two general findings have been deduced. The first finding of the present study shows that the soil OMC decreases when the content of coarse-grained particles in the soil increases. The later finding shows a positive correlation between coarse particles content and the soil MDD which the increase of the content of coarse-grained particles in the soil will increase the value of the soil’s MDD. In conclusion, the coarse particles content affects the OMC and MDD of Aceh’s fill materials

Consolidation and Drainage Characteristics of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Dolochar

Expansive soils undergo alternate swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying when left to nature. This property of Expansive soil affects its strength and stiffness characteristics thereby causing damage and distress to structures built on them. Industrial wastes can be added scientifically to these soils in modifying and reducing their swelling and shrinkage behaviour and increasing their strength and stiffness. In this technical article, an attempt has been made to study the compressibility and drainage characteristics of these soils using economic and ecofriendly industrial wastes such as Fly Ash and Dolochar as stabilizers. This paper also focuses on many other improved engineering properties of base soil like liquid limit, plasticity index, differential free swell, compaction and consolidation characteristics of Expansive (BC) soil stabilized with Fly Ash and Dolochar in different proportions. The virgin Expansive soil has been collected from eastern part of India (Odisha) and different percentages of Fly Ash (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) and Dolochar (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) were added to it, to predict the influence of these additives on compaction and consolidation characteristics of Expansive soil. Addition of both Fly Ash and Dolochar were found to decrease the index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, swelling index and enhancing the consolidation as well as drainage characteristics of Expansive soil. However, the maximum dry density of soil was found to decrease with addition of Fly Ash and increase with addition of Dolochar.