Soil Application Of Carbofuran Research Articles

Seasonal dynamics and management of whitefly ( Bemesia tabaci Genn.) in tomato ( Solanum esculentum Mill.)

ABSTRACT Studies on seasonal dynamics of white fly (Bemesia tabaci) on tomato (Solanum esculentum var. Pusa Ruby) revealed that it appeared first during the 13 th and reached maximum during 21 st standard meteorological week. A positive correlation between adult population and abiotic factors viz. temperature (maximum and minimum) and sunshine hours was observed, whereas humidity (maximum and minimum) and rainfall showed a negative correlation with it. Taken together, the key weather parameters studied, caused 89.00 per cent variation in whitefly population (R 2 value). Combination of carbofuran (soil application) + imidacloprid (seed treatment ) + imidacloprid (foliar application) proved significantly superior and caused maximum reduction in whitefly population followed by imidacloprid (seed treatment) + thiomethoxam (spray), imidacloprid (seed treatment) + imidacloprid (spray), imidacloprid (seed treatment) + dimetheoate (spray), carbofuran (soil application) + malathion (spray), and imidacloprid (seed treatment) + yellow sticky traps. The highest cost benefit ratio of 1:25.04 was recorded in case of carbofuran (soil application) + imidacloprid (seed treatment ) + imidacloprid (foliar application) followed by 1:22.38 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + thiomethoxam (spray) ; 1:21.81 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + imidacloprid (spray); 1:19.27 imidacloprid (seed treatment) + dimetheoate (spray); 1:19.48 carbofuran (soil application) + malathion (spray), and 1:8.33 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + yellow sticky traps. The soil application of carbofuran + seed treatment with imidacloprid and three foliar sprays of imidacloprid at fortnight interval starting 40 days after transplanting is found effective and is advised for whitefly management in susceptible tomato cultivars.

Evaluation of Achook (Azadirachtin 1500ppm) against root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infecting okra

Evaluation of different doses of Achook (1500 ppm azadirachtin EC) against Meloidogyne incognita (RKN‐Mi) infecting okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.) was undertaken under net house and open‐field conditions. Results of pot (10cm dia) experiment showed that soil drenching of Achook and Achook A1 (contains sesame oil) at higher dosage (≥10litre/ha) showed reduced root galling, greater suppression of final soil nematode (J2) population and increased shoot height of okra. The single drenching of Achook andAchook A1 at 5 litre/ha at 15 days after sowing (DAS) immediately after appearance of first gall was also quite effective for managing the RKN‐Mi on okra. Results from open‐field testing of Achook EC showed efficacy to control RKN‐Mi. The Achook and Achook A1 formulations at 5 litre/ha as single application after with the appearance of first gall was found to be most effective for reduction of root galling, soil nematode population (63 to 67%), increasing shoot height and improving (20 to 23%) fruit yield of okra. Further, at all dosages both formulations showed nematode control efficacy and enhancement of crop yield. The Achook A1 was found to be more effective (38%more yield) than soil application of carbofuran 2kg a.i./ha and neem cake at 1000kg/ha. Considering incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR), the Achook (ICBR~4.23) and Achook1 (ICBR~4.03) at 5 litre/ha as a single soil drench with the appearance of root galling in okra was found to be the most economical. This was followed by Achook1 at 2.5 litre /ha as soil drench twice (7 DAS and 30 days after first drench) and Achook A1 5litre and 10litre/ha. The Achook A1 was found to be relatively more effective than that of carbofuran at 2kg a.i./ha and neem cake at 1000kg/ha.

The impact of carbofuran soil application on growth and mycorrhizal colonization by Glomus clarum of groundnut

The influence of soil application of carbofuran on the growth response of groundnut, and both mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation of Glomus clarum was studied in a pot culture experiment. Carbofuran application with or without mycorrhizal inoculation increased the height of the potted plants measured 8 weeks after sowing. Mycorrhizal plants were significantly taller than nonmycorrhizal plants at the final harvest time (14 weeks). Carbofuran, at the recommmended field dose of up to 2 kg/ha, greatly increased shoot dry matter and pod yield in mycorrhizal groundnut. Colonization and sporulation by this VAM fungus were also enhanced significantly at these dose levels. The application of carbofuran at 5 kg/ha inhibited both growth and mycorrhizal status of groundnut.

Role of Scutellonema clathricaudatum in etiology of groundnut growth variability in Niger

Variation in crop growth is an important limiting factor for groundnut production in Niger. Populations of Aphelenchoides sp., Ditylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus pararobustus, Macroposthonia curvata, Paralongidorus bullatus, Scutellonema clathricaudatum, Telotylenchus indicus and Xiphinema parasetariae have been associated with groundnut crop growth variability. S. clathricaudatum, X. parasetariae and T. indicus were widespread and S. clathricaudatum was most abundant nematode. Population densities of S. clathricaudatum was always higher in the roots of poorly growing, chlorotic and stunted plants than in the roots of apparently healthy plants. A preplant population density of 1.3 S. clathricaudatum cm-3 soil caused (p=0.05) reduction in plant growth of groundnut cv. 55–437. S. clathricaudatum was mainly confined to 0–15 cm soil depth at the time of planting in June and was not found below 45 cm depth at any time during the crop growth period. Soil application of carbofuran (10 kg a.i ha-1) reduced the nematode population densities and resulted in vigorous and uniform crop growth. Higher Al and H-ion concentrations (0.50 meq 100 g-1 soil) also was associated with poorly growing chlorotic seedlings. Symptoms of nematode-caused variable growth were evident 3 to 4 weeks after seedling emergence.

Seeding Date, Carbofuran, and Resistance to Root‐Lesion Nematode Affect Alfalfa Stand Establishment

The root‐lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, can reduce the establishment and productivity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the northeastern and north‐central USA and in eastern Canada. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of fallow and delayed seeding date, carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) treatment, and plant resistance on P. penetrans populations in alfalfa roots and on alfalfa stand establishment and plant growth. In 1982,1983, and 1984, alfalfa genotypes varying in reaction to P. penetrans (‘Baker’, susceptible; ‘WL‐219’, low resistance; and MNGRN‐2 and MNGRN‐4, both with moderate resistance) were established in a Cowhorn sand (coarse‐loamy, mixed, nonacid frigid Aerie Haplaquept), naturally infested with high populations of P. penetrans. The alfalfa genotypes were seeded on different dates from 13 May to 14 July with and without soil applications of carbofuran at 2.2 kg a.i. ha−1. Plant stands were greatest and nematode populations were smallest when plots were seeded in late June or early July after 7 wk of fallow. Carbofuran application at seeding increased alfalfa stand establishment (21%) and reduced P. penetrans populations within alfalfa roots (37%) for ≈6 wk. Moderate resistance to P. penetrans in MNGRN‐4 increased alfalfa stand establishment (34%) and yield (22%) and reduced root‐lesion nematode populations within alfalfa roots (37%). Pratylenchus penetrans can be controlled in alfalfa during the establishment year by a combination of fallow and delayed seeding, use of carbofuran at establishment, and resistant cultivars.

Reaction of selected groundnut cultivars to nematode infection(Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)under field conditions

Abstract Since 1975–76 in certain parts of Andhra Pradesh, India, the groundnut crop of the post‐rainy season suffer from a severe disease caused by a nematode, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Williams. Soil application of carbofuran 3G/aldicarb 10G at 4–6 kg a.i./ha was found to be highly effective not only in containing the nematode populations but in increasing the groundnut pod yield. However, this method was found to be too expensive for adoption by farmers. Therefore, with a view to identifying sources of varietal resistance (if any) screening of certain groundnut cultivars of different habit groups for their reaction to nematode infection was taken up in a ‘hot spot’ area, along with three locally grown varieties. Data indicated that the test entries exhibited wide variation (16.22% to 89.91%) in their susceptibility to nematode infection. It thus appears possible to identify nematode resistant/tolerant cultivars if all the available groundnut germplasm is systematically screened for their reaction.

EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATIONS OF CARBOFURAN ON EGG POPULATIONS OF THE NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Control of nothern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), resulting from soil applications of carbofuran in southwestern Ontario varied considerably (Smith 1980). However, Ball and Su (1979) showed in laboratory studies that topical applications with sublethal doses of carbofuran increased the longevity and fecundity of western corn rootworm, D. virgifera LeConte, females. This is a report of effects of soil applications of carbofuran on northern rootworm egg populations in corn grown without rotation. The work was done in conjunction, with studies to determine the economic importance of larval populations on clay soil at two locations in southwestern Ontario. Details of methods of applying carbofuran and sampling rootworm eggs were described (Smith 1980).