High Frequency Structure Simulator Software Research Articles

A novel slotted antenna design for future Terahertz applications

A slotted patch antenna operating at 118 GHz is proposed to address challenges in the terahertz (THz) frequency band for wireless communication systems. The antenna design, utilizing a Rogers RO3003 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 3 and tan 0.001, strategically incorporates slots to enhance key performance parameters. Copper is employed for the ground and radiating patch, and a microstrip feeding method powers the antenna. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used for design and simulation, revealing resonance at 0.118 THz with a reflection coefficient of -42.41 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 4.42 GHz (115.84–120.26 GHz). At the operating frequency, the antenna exhibits a gain of 7.36 dB, maximum directivity of 7.38 dB, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.01, and 99.75% radiation efficiency, all within a compact size of 1.5×1.3×0.1 mm³. The suggested antenna outperforms recent counterparts, making it suitable for applications like security screening and wireless communication systems (5G). Future efforts will target bandwidth expansion, gain enhancement, and further size reduction to enhance overall performance.

Performance analysis of quad-port UWB MIMO antenna system for Sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN and X band communications

A quad-port Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna with high isolation is presented in this paper. The MIMO design is intended to receive Ultra-Wide Band response to target various wireless applications. The engineered model has 40 x 40 × 1.6 mm3 electrical dimensions. A single antenna achieves size compactness due to an appropriate inclusion of vertical and horizontal conductive strips. Additionally, a diagonal radiating strip is shaped and pooled with the patch geometry. A similar design is positioned orthogonally with each other to receive diversified performance. The four conducting ports are positioned with an appropriate minimum distance to lower down the possible mutual coupling. A partial ground plane having border geometry has been incorporated to receive the ultra-wide band response. An additional plus-sign shaped conducting strips are provided and united with ground lines for isolation enhancement. The MIMO system exhibits ultra-wide frequency response from 3.20 GHz to 13.40 GHz with adequate isolation below −20 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 10.20 GHz. The proposed structure provides an overall gain of 2 dBi having above 80 % efficiency. The presented radiator exhibits excellent MIMO diversity response achieving minimal mutual coupling effect. The other output parameters such as envelope correlation coefficients<0.05, diversity gain of nearly 10 dB, mean effective gain<0.2 dB, and channel capacity loss<0.1 bits/sec/Hz were obtained. The proposed design has been simulated in High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The developed MIMO antenna has been analyzed through VNA N9912A. An encouraging correlation between the software generated and actual responses was observed. The strong agreement between actual results and software results shows the design potential for wireless communications. The highly isolated MIMO system registers its potential for sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN, and X Band communications.

Design and optimization of a compact microstrip BPF for wireless communication systems based on open-loop rectangular resonators

In a wireless communication chain, filters play a critical role in ensuring the efficiency, reliability, and overall performance of the system. In fact, filters are essential for selecting specific frequency bands. They can narrow or widen the bandwidth, depending on the requirements of the communication protocol. Appropriate bandwidth management is crucial for optimizing data transmission rates and accommodating multiple channels within the available spectrum. This article describes the design of a compact bandpass filter with two identical rectangular open-loop resonators. The proposed filter frequency response covers the 3.5 GHz global interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and fifth generation (5G) applications. The structure of this filter uses the Rogers RO6010 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 10.2, thickness of 1.27 mm, and tangent loss of 0.0023. The proposed device is intended for wireless communication systems operating at 3.5 GHz. The filter offers a wide bandwidth of 1.21 GHz with a small size of (5.72 × 12.34) mm2, and a low insertion loss of −0.16 dB. The suggested filter offers effective utilization across various applications including fifth-generation (5G), sub-6G, and WiMAX. Simulation and optimization of the proposed design are conducted utilizing the HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software. To corroborate the results from HFSS, the ADS (Advanced Design System) software is employed. The simulation outcomes obtained from both HFSS and ADS simulators demonstrate close resemblance.

A Compact Novel Quad Patch High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Antenna for 5G/6G mm Wave Applications

This paper presents a compact, novel, quad patch and triple band single substrate microstrip patch antenna for 5G/6G mm wave applications. The aim is to design an antenna within the K-band with three resonance frequencies at 24, 29, and 34 GHz. The antenna is designed on a volumetric dimension of 11×12.7×1.6 mm3. The substrate used is FR4 (dielectric constant 4.4), having a loss tangent of 0.0022. A microstrip line of width 1 mm for a 50 Ω impedance line is used to match with the load antenna, which has four rectangular connected patches. Patch dimensions come from standard antenna equations and simulation done on Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator software. Validation of simulated results is done through measurements on the prototype antenna. A substantial good agreement is found between the simulated and measured results. The gain of the proposed antenna is 6.16 dBi, with return loss being ≤-10 dB. Bandwidths are 1.1 GHz (23.8 - 24.9 GHz), 0.9 GHz (28.6 - 29.5 GHz), and 0.8 GHz (33.7 – 34.5 GHz), respectively. The far-field radiation characteristics of both E-plane and H-plane are also reported. The proposed design is suitable for mm wave applications, including smart vehicles, global positioning systems, radio frequency identifications, etc.

3‐D woven rectangular hollow structure conformal bearing microstrip antenna with different heights: Design, preparation, performance, and simulation

AbstractTraditional microstrip antennas have problems with heavy weight and poor gain. In order to reduce the weight of the antenna itself and improve its gain, the preforms of the 3‐D woven rectangular hollow structure conformal bearing microstrip antenna (3DWRHS‐CB‐MA)with different heights were woven from ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filament yarns and copper wires on a common loom through reasonable design. The preform was used as the reinforcement and epoxy resin was used as the matrix, four different heights (2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) of 3DWRHS‐CB‐MA were prepared by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Finally, the electromagnetic performance was analyzed by high‐frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and experimental testing. The results showed that the frequency deviation of the 2 mm height microstrip antenna was minimal; while the 4 mm height microstrip antenna had better gain efficiency and directional diagram compared to others. The 4 mm height microstrip antenna has good radiation performance with a weight of only 35 g which shows that 3DWRHS‐CB‐MA are potential candidates for future intelligent textile materials and wireless communication fields.Highlights Weaving with UHMWPE filament yarns and copper wires on common looms. The preform was used as the reinforcement, and epoxy resin was used as the matrix. Simulation of electromagnetic characteristics of antennas using HFSS software. Proving the effectiveness of the electromagnetic simulation model. Revealing the electromagnetic radiation mechanisms.

Symmetric left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial design for terahertz frequency applications

This work focused on the novel symmetrical left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial for terahertz frequency applications. A compact substrate material known as Silicon with a dimension of 5 µm was adopted in this research investigation. Moreover, several parameter studies were investigated, such as clockwise rotation, array and layer structure designs, larger-scale metamaterials, novel design structure comparisons and electric field distribution analysis. Meanwhile, two types of square-shaped metamaterial designs were proposed in this work. The proposed designs exhibit double and single resonance frequencies respectively, likely at 3.32 and 9.24 THz with magnitude values of − 16.43 and − 17.33 for the first design, while the second design exhibits a response at 3.03 THz with a magnitude value of − 19.90. Moreover, the verification of these results by adopting High-frequency Structure Simulator software indicates only slight discrepancies which are less than 5%. Furthermore, the initial response of the proposed designs was successfully altered by simply rotating the design clockwise or even increasing the dimension of the design. For instance, the first resonance frequency is shifted to the lower band when the first proposed design was rotated 90°. On the other hand, by increasing the size of the metamaterial, more than nine resonance frequencies were gained in each symmetric design. Furthermore, the symmetric metamaterial with a similar width and length of 10 µm dimension was adopted for both design structures to construct an equivalent circuit model by utilising Advanced Design System software. Finally, both unit cell designs were utilised to explore the absorption performances which exhibit four and five peak points. Overall, the altering behaviour by changing physical properties and compact design with acceptable responses become one of the novelties of this research investigation. In a nutshell, the proposed designs can be utilised in terahertz frequency which gives optimistic or advantageous feedback and is relatively suitable for the adopted frequency range.

Design of ultra wideband circular slot antenna for emergency communication applications

In this article, a compact ultra wideband circular slot antenna (CSA) is proposed for emergency communication applications. The circular shaped radiating structure is constructed on the top of the substrate. Double stub matching with microstrip feeding techniques is used for impedance matching. The slot loading technique is used to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. The flexible RT/duroid 5880 dielectric material with permittivity of 2.2 is used for fabricating the proposed antenna. The performance analysis of the antenna has been carried out by using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The measurement results show that the proposed circular slot antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 4.65 GHz and maximum gain of 12 dB. The proposed antenna yields Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 1.3 W/kg which is suitable for wearable applications.

Microwave resonant device for water content on-line measurement of lubricating oil

An on-line measurement device of water content in lubricating oil based on microwave resonance technology is presented. By utilizing finite-element analysis and high-frequency structure simulator software HFSS, a semi-hermetic resonator (22 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length) for this device is designed, and the measurement results are simulated. In the experiment, the resonance frequency is chosen as the measurement parameter, in which the frequency band is 9.302 ∼ 9.307 GHz. In the water content range of 0 to 500 ppm (by volume), the resonance frequency decreases linearly with increasing water content, which is consistent with the simulation. The sensitivity is 1 MHz per 100 ppm of water content, and the maximum error in water content is 33 ppm. With temperature compensation in the range of 15 °C to 25 °C, the measurement resolution of this device is better than 100 ppm.

Implementation of EBG Structure to Reduce Surface Wave Excitations for IoT Range Applications

This paper presents the design of antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The performance of conventional antenna is limited by surface waves due to which it produces a low gain. An attempt is made to reduce the surface wave excitations in conventional antennas with the use of integration of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) cells. The proposed work involves the design of Edge via EBG unit cell at 5.2 GHz and it is simulated with High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The simulation results show that the gain is enhanced by 10% and S11 is reduced by 72%, approximately in the rectangular microstrip patch antenna with Edge via EBGs.

A Triband Compact Antenna for Wireless Applications

This paper presents the implementation of a triple band microstrip patch antenna based on modified split ring resonator (SRR) and modified complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) as defected ground plane. The antenna is designed in a FR4 substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 with dimensions as 35 mm × 35 mm × 1.6 mm that comprises a total designed antenna volume of 1960 mm3. Multiband operation is introduced in the antenna through multiple resonators that are introduced in the patch. Impedance matching was provided with the help of partial ground plane and modified SRR in patch. The simulation performance of the antenna is verified using high frequency structural simulator (HFSS) software. The designed antenna resonates at 2.8 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 6.9 GHz for the application requirements of WiMAX, ISM, and Sub-7 GHz wireless communication. The antenna is fabricated as printed circuit board (PCB) format, and its return loss characteristics are measured using a vector network analyser (VNA). The measurement results of the proposed triband antenna are in good agreement with simulated return loss characteristics.

Modified photodiode equivalent circuit model considering coplanar waveguide electrodes

Accurate equivalent circuit models can assist in better analyzing the performance of photodetectors. This study proposes a modified photodiode (PD) equivalent circuit model that considers coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrodes. First, the CPW electrodes of the PD are analyzed using high-frequency structure simulation software and advanced design simulation software. Skin effect occurs inside the electrode at high frequencies, increasing the PD loss and reducing the bandwidth. Subsequently, the extraction formula for the proposed model is derived, and the proposed model is compared with two conventional CPW electrode models. The proposed model effectively eliminates the frequency-dependency issue in the parameter extraction process of previous models, thereby demonstrating its accuracy. Furthermore, simulation and experimental results validate the reliability of the proposed model. Among the entire frequency band, the proposed model has good stability and a low error rate and can achieve excellent fitting with the measured results. Compared with previous studies, the average error rate is reduced by over 10%, demonstrating a significant improvement. Finally, the influence of the skin effect and high-impedance transmission lines on PD performance is analyzed and a viable approach to improve the bandwidth of PDs is proposed. The proposed model provides a viable approach to model and optimize CPW structures and is significant for the design of high-performance PDs.

Compact four elements SUB-6 GHz MIMO antenna for 5G applications

This work proposes a four elements sub-6 GHz multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna to operate within a frequency range of 1.6–4.4 GHz to serve 5G new radio (NR) n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) and n78 (3.3–3.80 GHz) bands. The antenna elements are orthogonally placed to increase isolation. Defected ground structure and parasitic elements are used to reduce mutual coupling. The suggested antenna has been designed over FR-4 substrate on high frequency structure simulator software. The overall size of the antenna is 40 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm. The dimension of each element is 16.2 mm × 14.3 mm × 1.6 mm. An “EH” slot into the radiating element and protruded stubs are incorporated to improve bandwidth and impedance matching. The overall characteristics of the antenna is found to be better than some of the recently reported works making it a potential candidate for MIMO applications.

A Study of Dielectric Effects on Resonance Frequency of a Spit Ring Shaped Inclusion

Resonator designs are central to the development of subwavelength unit structures of metasurfaces to create exotic and unique electromagnetic properties by modifying the host structure to tune impinging electromagnetic waves. The act of intentional control of propagating electromagnetic fields are actively being explored in wireless radio environment control for sixth generation (6G) and beyond. In this paper, we study the effect of dielectric properties on electric field distribution and resonance frequency of a circular split ring resonator (SRR). The subwavelength resonator structure is modelled and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software. Rogers RO3003 and RO3210 were used at different thickness to study the field distribution and its effect on resonance frequency of the SSR. The results show a decrease in resonance frequency of 38.41% from RO3002 (lower relative permeability of 3) to RO3210 (higher relative permeability of 10.2). With change in Rogers RO3210 thickness from 1mm to 1.525mm, the resonance frequency has changed from 5.5GHz to 5.2313 GHz. This indicates that the material composition of the substrate and the physical dimension of the SRR unit cell affects the resonance frequency of the structure.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp

A modified sierpinski carpet antenna structure for multiband wireless applications

Multiband patch antenna has a very important part in the communication devices and systems. The benefits in designing and testing of Sierpinski carpet geometries for a low profile, cost effective multiband microstrip patch antenna for wireless standards is reviewed in this paper. The basic structure of the patch antenna is designed using the FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.3 mm. The designed patch antenna structure is excited using the microstrip feed system. The Sierpinski carpet antenna structure is designed and simulated using High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software. The available Sierpinski carpet antenna structure in the literature is modified to make the preferred radiation patterns. The effects of the iterations of the modified Sierpinski carpet antenna structure over the generated return loss plots are discussed in this work. Based on the generated multiband behavior in the simulated results, the accomplishment of the designed antenna in the wireless domain was analyzed.

A Low-Cost and Dual band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ku and K Band Applications

This paper examines a dual-band, low-cost microstrip patch antenna for Ku and K applications through simulation study. Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software is used to do the simulation analysis of the suggested antenna. Using Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software, the suggested antenna is constructed and simulated to evaluate several characteristics including reflection coefficient (S11), radiation pattern, gain, and bandwidth. The substrate for the antenna is made of FR-4, which has a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. Using the microstrip feed line technology, the planned millimeter wave dual band antenna is examined at operating frequencies of 13 and 22 GHz. At frequencies of 13 and 22, respectively, the antenna's maximum gain values are 4.81 dB and 4.82 dB in the x-y plane. The suggested material might be a decent substitute.

A Slotted Patch Antenna Design and Analysis for Detecting Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, a common and deadly cancer for woman, is gradually increasing each year. It can be cured at early stages. Magnetic resonance imaging, Mammography, Tomography, Ultrasound, and Biopsy are some of the medical technologies that can be used to identify breast cancer. However, none of them are as simple and effective as a microwave imaging (MI) technique. MI is a non-ionizing, noninvasive, tumor-sensitive, low-cost approach that consumes low power. The performance of MI is primarily determined by the antenna employed in the system. In this paper, we propose a new partial ground plane and slots-based miniature patch antenna designed for breast tumor detection within the FCC’s authorized range (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz). The dimension of this antenna is 30 × 20 mm2. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design a breast phantom with and without a tumor, and the antenna is separately simulated on both the tumored and tumor-free breast phantoms. The presence of a tumor within the breast is clearly depicted by the changes in return loss, VSWR, current density, electric field, and magnetic field strengths. The findings demonstrate that the proposed antenna is a suitable sensor which can detect a very tiny size tumor (2 mm) due to its compact size and broad bandwidth.

DESIGN OF DUAL BAND ASYMMETRIC CPW-FED D SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA FOR RADAR APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT-In this paper a D shaped substrate conformal patch antenna by coplanar waveguide(CPW)-FED is proposed for Radar applications. As it is a asymmetrical CPW fed antenna the design consists of D-shaped patch and ground plane of different lengths separated by a feedline on the same side of substrate .The antenna is designed with the material FR4_Epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.59mm. As per the simulation results, the proposed antenna can resonate at frequencies 7.77GHz and 12.6GHz which are used for satellite communications. This antenna is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulation)software and the basic parameters of antenna such as return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth are analysed. Keywords-CPW-Fed, Antenna, Radar, polarization, impedance.

Design and Fabrication of Layered Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: A Cost-Effective Strategy for Performance Prediction and Efficiency Tuning.

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding market is one of the fast-growing sectors owing to the increasingly complicated electromagnetic environment. Recently, priority has been given to improvise the techniques to fine-tune and predict the shielding properties of structures without exhausting raw materials and reduce the expense as well as the time required for optimization. In this article, we demonstrate an effective and precise method to predict the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of materials via simulating the performance of composites having alternate layers of conducting and magnetic materials in a virtual waveguide measurement environment based on the finite element method (FEM). The EMI SE of multilayered heterogeneous arrangements (MHAs) is simulated in the K-band region using ANSYS High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software, which can be extended to all other bands as well. Various simulations carried out by changing the order of the conducting and magnetic layers and the number of layers revealed that the strategic arrangement of electromagnetic (EM) energy-trapping layers inside the impedance-matching layers in the MHAs significantly contributes toward the enhancement of absorption-dominated EMI shielding. Among the MHAs, the conducting-magnetic-conducting (CMC) systems exhibited the highest shielding effectiveness of above 50 dB. The MHAs are realized for testing using poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based composites of low-cost carbon black and barium hexaferrite, an easily accessible ferrite. Through this study, we propose the idea that materials with high production cost and cumbersome fabrication procedures are not necessary to realize highly efficient shielding materials.

Partial Discharge Detection Technology for Switchgear Based on Near-Field Detection

In view of the fact that the partial discharge (PD) signal energy is mainly concentrated below hundreds of megahertz, the ultra-high frequency part of the energy is weak, and the interior space of the switchgear is narrow, this paper proposes a new method for PD detection of the switchgear based on near-field detection. Firstly, based on the principle of PD, the field characteristics of the signal in the switchgear are analyzed. After that, the probe is designed with an electric small loop structure. Based on its equivalent circuit, its measurement principle and amplitude frequency characteristics are analyzed. The influence of probe size and material on amplitude frequency characteristics is obtained by using simulation software High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), and the probe parameters suitable for PD detection in the switchgear are determined. Finally, the performance of the probe is measured by network analyzer, and the PD signal is tested on the simulated PD test platform. The results show that the probe works in the frequency band of 10–200 MHz and can receive PD signals containing more energy information. In the operating frequency band, the reflection coefficient of the probe port is very large, and its interference to the signal near field is particularly small. The probe also has good frequency response characteristics, and the fluctuation in the frequency band is less than 5 dB, which can obtain more accurate PD signal characteristics in subsequent processing. In addition, the probe is passive, with dimensions of 166 mm in length, 104 mm in width, and 2 mm in thickness, which is suitable for placing in the switchgear with small internal space. The results of PD receiving test show that the probe can reflect the occurrence of PD remarkably and accurately.

2.4 G HZ MINIATURISED RECTANGULAR MPA WITH DEFECTED GROUND AND PATCH

This study aimed to develop a miniaturised rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. In order to achieve this, an initial microstrip antenna's resonance frequency was shifted from 3 GHz to a lower frequency by employing a defective ground structure (DGS) with a triangular-shaped slot into the ground plane. Also Triangular ring slots used defect the patch to improve co- and cross-polarization separation. Finally, a successful downsizing of up to 28% along the length and 18% along the width of the patch is achieved compared to the traditional 2.4 GHz microstrip antenna. The findings of the experiments have been obtained using high-frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). The substrate used in this work is RT/ Duroid 5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.575 mm.