Software Development Life Cycle Research Articles

Sustaining Digital Assets Through Mobile Estate Planning

Many people own online accounts, with some having financial values like Internet banking, e-wallet and cryptocurrency. In the case of sudden death, their heirs are unaware of the digital assets possessed by the deceased person, which causes the assets to be lost forever, and the heirs might not receive the assets. If an estate plan did not account for digital assets properly, the beneficiaries would not be able to access them. Therefore, this paper addresses this issue by implementing a software development approach in designing a suitable model for sustaining digital assets through smartphones to allow the inheritance of digital assets to the heirs. The software development life cycle was adopted as the methodology to identify the model’s components through four phases: requirements analysis, system design, implementation and test and evaluation. First, this work proposed a model named Mobile Estate Planning for Digital Assets (MEPDA). Second, the study demonstrated the component of the model in a smartphone application, and finally, it was tested and evaluated through a usability study with a group of users. Most users suggested that MEPDA is useful and easy to use. Further, they were also satisfied with its functionalities and features. Mobile application for digital asset estate planning is necessary today due to the exponential increase of digital asset ownership with financial values. It could be one way of helping users to allow an efficient inheritance process for their heirs in the case of death.

Custom Application Booking Information System at PT Mitra Tekno Nusantara

Information systems can provide strategic opportunities in facing business competition when implemented to support a business process. PT. Mitra Tekno Nusantara (PT. MTN) is a company engaged in the Information Technology sector that produces various kinds of software and hardware. The process of recording custom application order transactions that are still manual has weaknesses in terms of speed of recording transaction processes. In addition, the deadline on a project is rarely monitored so that there are projects whose progress exceeds the specified time target. This of course of course from customers. To fix this problem, the researcher proposes to design a website-based computerized system to manage custom application order transaction data at PT. MTN. The design of the custom application ordering information system that the author proposes is made using the PHP Native programming language and MySQL database. The proposed information system design uses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method with the Waterfall model. With the design of this custom application ordering system, it is hoped that it will make it easier for admins to record transaction data for custom application orders. In addition, it makes it easier for the project head to monitor the deadline date of each project being worked on.

Graphics based business process harnessing tools, advancing digital maturity of business

PurposeThe advancement of digital maturity at a business level has proven to be challenging, with limited time, resources and skills in extracting and mapping business processes. In order to advance digitalization, the mapping of all business activities is essential. To close this gap, this research is aimed at enabling the operational level extraction and classification of business activities using a graphical methodology. This objective is accomplished through the development of a digital tool that leverages Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) principles.Design/methodology/approachThis research is focused on facilitating rapid extraction of business activities with the adoption of a graphical methodology. Business activities are captured through a digital tool in a structured, interlinked and hierarchical manner.FindingsNotably, this work is novel as it introduces a new graphical tool to replace traditional tools in the domain of Business Process Mapping (BPM). This graphical tool is distinguished by a unique feature; that is a self-configuring database with the flexibility to capture all process options, providing innovative solutions to the challenges faced in digitalizing business processes.Originality/valueThis work is original in that a new graphical interface is developed to replace traditional tools in the space of BP data gathering. The unique challenge of an auto configuring database with flexibility to capture all process options is presented.

Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence: A Study on Millennials on Hospitality

In software development, dependability and quality are critical. A Bug Tracking System (BTS) designed specifically for large-scale software projects is introduced in this significant project with the goal of streamlining bug tracking, reporting, detection, and resolution. The system provides secure authentication, a backend database that is reliable, and an easy-to-use web interface. Using cutting-edge web technologies, it offers critical features including automated notifications, progress tracking, severity assignment, and thorough bug reporting together with user-friendly interfaces for a range of user roles. Tools for data visualization help identify defect patterns and monitor projects. The project follows best practices recommended by the industry for requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment, and it solicits ongoing input. The result is a thorough BTS that addresses defect management difficulties. Thorough testing and assessment in comparison to standards confirms its efficacy. This approach could have a big impact on software development, improving user satisfaction and quality. Furthermore, issues with bug tracking are covered, including distributed team communication, scalability, and automation balancing. Proposals for strategies to address these issues are grounded in scholarly research and professional opinions. This summary highlights the critical role that bug tracking systems play in contemporary software development, making it an invaluable tool for researchers, practitioners, and teams looking to improve bug tracking procedures and raise the caliber and effectiveness of the software development lifecycle. Keywords— Bug Tracking System, Software Development, Defect Management, Quality Assurance, Automation, Collaboration, Large-scale Projects.

Depth linear discrimination-oriented feature selection method based on adaptive sine cosine algorithm for software defect prediction

Software Defect Prediction (SDP) plays a vital role in the software development life cycle as it helps identify and fix software defects. However, predicting software defects with irrelevant features and overlapping classes is challenging and can lead to lengthy training and low model accuracy. To address these challenges, this research introduces a novel Depth Linear Discrimination-Oriented Feature Selection Method based on Adaptive Sine Cosine Algorithm, named Depth Adaptive Sine Cosine Feature Selection (DASC-FS). DASC-FS integrates the Adaptive Sine Cosine Algorithm (ASCA) as a search algorithm to determine the relevant features and adopts Depth Linear Discriminant Analysis (D-LDA) to identify the discriminative features that maximize class separation. The paper proposes ASCA which is a metaheuristic algorithm meticulously designed to enhance the search capabilities of the standard Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Combining the simplicity of the SCA with the efficiency of multiple mutation operators inspired by Genetic Algorithms (GA), ASCA enhances the diversity of the solutions and imparts remarkable adaptability to various situations. Furthermore, this study introduces a novel linear discriminant method, called Depth Linear Discriminant Analysis (D-LDA) to enhance the robustness of the original LDA. D-LDA systematically integrates the matrix depth concept into LDA, offering a systematic approach to address the challenges associated with scatter matrix estimation. As matrix depth measures how central or deep a particular matrix is within a distribution with respect to different directions, it is an efficient tool for computing a robust scatter matrix estimator that can handle outliers and complex data structures. The experimental results showed that DASC-FS consistently obtains the highest accuracy compared to most existing methods by integrating ASCA and D-LDA, thereby considering both accuracy optimization and class separation. The results also show that the use of multiple mutation operators in ASCA improves the search process capabilities. The results also show that the capacity of D-LDA to reduce data dimensionality and increase class separation yields highly competitive results compared to other LDAs. Finally, features related to code size and complexity have emerged as key factors for SDP because they consistently rank as important features across different classifiers and datasets. DASC-FS offers a valuable solution in domain knowledge for enhancing predictive accuracy and understanding factors contributing to software defects through enhanced search capabilities, robust scatter matrix estimation, and the ability to reduce data dimensionality.

The utility of complexity metrics during code reviews for CSE software projects

Software sustainability is critical for Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) software. Highly complex code makes software more difficult to maintain and less sustainable. Code reviews are a valuable part of the software development lifecycle and can be executed to manage complexity and promote sustainability. We have developed a technique to guide the code review process that considers cyclomatic complexity levels and changes during code reviews. Using real-world examples, this paper analyzes metrics gathered via GitHub Actions for several pull requests, and demonstrates the application of this approach in support of software maintainability and sustainability. We have also conducted a survey as to the usefulness of complexity metrics during code reviews. The results indicate that practitioners find the metrics useful, and that utilizing the metrics during pull request code reviews has the potential to improve the maintainability and sustainability of computational science and engineering software.

Overview of software testing

Software testing is a task conducted to assess the quality of software and enhance its performance. This process ensures that the software behaves as expected according to user requirements. The software development life cycle (SDLC) outlines various stages such as Analysis, Requirements, Design, Development, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance to guide the software development process. The primary objective of SDLC is to deliver error-free software that meets user expectations within specified timeframes. Software testing is an integral part of SDLC, serving to identify issues and ensure the completeness, correctness, and quality of the developed software. The ultimate goal is to create efficient software and maintain high-quality assurance throughout the product's lifecycle. This review paper aims to provide a brief discussion on how the software development life cycle contributes to efficient software development and how the software testing life cycle process ensures better quality assurance for the product.

DESIGN OF INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR PAYMENT OF WORKERS' WAGES AND PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL REPORTS ON GARMENT UD KELAMBI ANYAR

Information technology developments are beneficial to businesses worldwide, particularly in Indonesia. Businesses that use information technology effectively can store and manage data, expedite business operations, and manage data. Information systems used in accounting are one area where technology is crucial. The purpose of this project is to develop and construct an information system application for the UD Kelambi Anyar clothing firm that will be used for financial report preparation and worker salary payment. For worker salaries, this company historically used manual records, which presented a number of challenges including the possibility of errors, information delays, and difficulty in finding data. This application was developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach using the Waterfall paradigm. Planning, analyzing, designing, implementing, testing, and implementing are the stages of system development. Microsoft Access 2019 was used to create the database for this application, while Visual Basic Applications (VBA) was used to write the code. An information system application that facilitates the recording of worker service payments and the preparation of financial reports, such as profit and loss statements and balance sheets, is the outcome of this research project for UD Kelambi Anyar. In addition to a filter menu to make data searching for employee salary reports easier, this program has a username and password feature to ensure user security. It is envisaged that using this application will improve the financial transaction process' accuracy and efficiency and speed up the process of making management choices.

E-Citrus: A Cloud-Based Citrus Pest and Disease Detection, Diagnostic and Prevention using Convolutional Neural Network

Citrus fruit yields in the Philippines have been fluctuating dramatically in recent years. Diseases, pests, and soil inadequacy have all contributed to the citrus industry's severe decline. More than 15 viruses and virus-like diseases have infected Citrus. Agricultural productivity must improve for a country to be progressive. Resources should be utilized to their full potential, diseases and pests should be controlled efficiently, and technological advancements must be adopted. This application will identify and map common pests and diseases of citrus fruits in Oriental Mindoro, apply image processing techniques to analyze diseases of citrus fruits with corresponding solutions caused by bacteria, and give information about diseases related to citrus fruits and how to cure them. The researchers used the Spiral Model as a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model to develop this application. In this model, researchers can plan the flow of the application. If the application did not meet the desired result, the researchers could revise it again until it met the desired one. The researchers used the convolutional neural network to classify and process the captured images of the citrus fruits’ diseases and pests. The researchers asked the selected Citrus farmers in Oriental Mindoro to evaluate the project using the different ISO 25010 criteria and rated the application as very acceptable overall.

Advancements and innovations in requirements elicitation: Developing a comprehensive conceptual model

Requirements elicitation is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle, ensuring that stakeholders' needs are understood and translated into system specifications. Traditional methods often face challenges such as ambiguity, inconsistency, and evolving requirements, leading to project delays and cost overruns. This review proposes a conceptual model that integrates advancements and innovations in requirements elicitation to address these challenges comprehensively. The proposed model leverages various techniques, including but not limited to, natural language processing (NLP), machine learning (ML), and human-computer interaction (HCI), to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of requirements elicitation. NLP techniques enable automated analysis of textual requirements documents, extracting key information and identifying implicit requirements. ML algorithms facilitate the prediction of potential changes in requirements based on historical data and project context, enabling proactive management of evolving requirements. Moreover, the integration of HCI principles in the requirements elicitation process enhances stakeholder engagement and collaboration. Interactive interfaces and visualization tools enable stakeholders to provide feedback in real-time, fostering a more iterative and participatory approach to requirement gathering. Additionally, techniques such as prototyping and simulation facilitate early validation of requirements, reducing the risk of misinterpretation and ensuring alignment with stakeholders' expectations. Furthermore, the proposed model emphasizes the importance of context-awareness in requirements elicitation. By considering the organizational, cultural, and environmental context of a project, the model adapts its elicitation strategies and techniques to suit specific needs and constraints. Context-awareness also enables the identification of implicit requirements that may not be explicitly stated but are crucial for the success of the system. The model also addresses the challenge of managing conflicting requirements by introducing a systematic approach to requirements prioritization and negotiation. By employing multi-criteria decision-making techniques, stakeholders can collaboratively prioritize requirements based on their importance, feasibility, and impact on project objectives. Conflict resolution mechanisms facilitate consensus-building and trade-off analysis, ensuring that the final set of requirements reflects the collective interests of all stakeholders. Additionally, the proposed model emphasizes the iterative nature of requirements elicitation, advocating for continuous refinement and validation of requirements throughout the development lifecycle. Feedback loops enable stakeholders to review and revise requirements based on evolving needs and changing circumstances, thereby enhancing the adaptability and resilience of the system. The conceptual model presented in this review represents a holistic approach to requirements elicitation, leveraging advancements and innovations in technology, human interaction, and context-awareness. By integrating these elements, the model aims to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction in the requirements elicitation process, ultimately contributing to the successful delivery of high-quality software systems.

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Medical OutPatient Records Management System: A Prototype

Exploring a transformative solution is driven by the inefficiencies inherent in the traditional manual, paper-based outpatient record management system at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU). This research introduces the Medical Out-Patient Records Management System (MORMS) to fill this gap. Developed through the software development lifecycle, this OMRMS optimally maintains outpatient records; therefore, it assists medical professionals in recording, organizing, and retrieving patient data effortlessly. Notably, statistical reports represent data trends that are an invaluable product. The overall approval of MORMS was unanimous during User Acceptance Testing (UAT), with each tested component receiving a 100 percent acceptability index. Based on this assessment, it can be concluded that there is a high likelihood of integrating the system into the daily processes of DMMMSU’s medical officers across all its three campuses because its usefulness is valued by them. Moreover, usability testing validates the functional practicality of MORMS with respect to the Computer System Usability Questionnaire subscales -system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. Consistent median ratings of 1 for these scales indicate pragmaticity or practicability; dependability; precision and ease of use, which are some merits of this methodical tool. Consequently, not only gaining acceptance from users but also being highly usable makes MORMS effective in complying with various requirements set by different groups within DMMMSU’s medical staff.

Unleashing the Power of DevOps : Revolutionizing Software Development Practices

The integration of development and operations, popularly known as DevOps, has emerged as a transformative force in modern software development practices. This review paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of DevOps, exploring its principles, methodologies, and the profound impact it has on software development processes. Through an examination of historical evolution, cultural shifts, and technological advancements, the paper elucidates how DevOps fosters collaboration, automation, and continuous improvement across the software development lifecycle. Furthermore, it investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing DevOps practices, including cultural barriers, security considerations, and the adoption of cloud technologies. By synthesizing insights from industry best practices, case studies, and academic research, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and practices that underpin the successful adoption of DevOps. Ultimately, it underscores the potential of DevOps to revolutionize software development, empowering organizations to deliver high-quality software products with speed, efficiency, and agility.

Preliminary Estimation for Software Development Projects Empowered with a Method of Recommending Optimal Duration and Team Composition

In the early software development stages, the aim of estimation is to obtain a rough understanding of the timeline and resources required to implement a potential project. The current study is devoted to a method of preliminary estimation applicable at the beginning of the software development life cycle when the level of uncertainty is high. The authors’ concepts of the estimation life cycle, the estimable items breakdown structure, and a system of working-time balance equations in conjunction with an agile-fashioned sizing approach are used. To minimize the experts’ working time spent on preliminary estimation, the authors applied a decision support procedure based on integer programming and the analytic hierarchy process. The method’s outcomes are not definitive enough to make commitments; instead, they are supposed to be used for communication with project stakeholders or as inputs for the subsequent estimation stages. For practical usage of the preliminary estimation method, a semistructured business process is proposed.

Implementation of the Vector Space Model Algorithm for Document Searching in Material Test Monitoring Applications (Case Study: BPJN Jayapura Lab)

The material test monitoring application built in 2021 aims to facilitate BPJN Jayapura's work in entering administrative data files to facilitate the material test monitoring process carried out from the process stage to the material test results stage. However, in using it for 2 years, the application has had problems. The application is unable to search for documents stored in the database so the search is carried out one by one. This makes it difficult for users because there are more than 30 documents. Therefore, this research will focus on creating a document search engine (search engine) using the Vector Space Model method. This algorithm will measure the level of similarity of documents to the keywords or queries entered by the user. This research implements the Vector Space Model method to make it easier to search for documents in the application. In carrying out this research, the Software Development Life Cycle methodology will be used as a method for creating the search engine using the Unified Modeling Language version 2.5.1 modeling tool and the PHP programming language. Based on the tests that have been carried out, the Vector Space Model method has been successfully implemented and is able to function as a search engine with a precision level of 0.83 and a recall of 1 for searching 40 documents as samples. Keywords: Document search; Jayapura; vector space model

Leveraging Cloud Infrastructure for Rapid Application Development and Deployment of Cloud Services

Backend as a service (BaaS) is service model in which developers outsource all the behind-the-scenes aspects of a web or mobile application so that they only have to write and maintain only the frontend. This paper explores representative BaaS platforms and the limitations they present to users. Using the feedback received from the developer community, the author presents how the research project addresses the weaknesses earlier identified in existing BaaS platform. Some of these concerns include security aspects that a BaaS platform should present as a bare minimum. Finally, the paper discusses a summary of the benefits that businesses and developers employing a BaaS platform could derive from using a BaaS platform that addresses the limitations of existing platforms. The platform, referred to as DbAPI symbolizes the ways in which databases and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) present a powerful tool that provides cloud services to users in a way that abstracts the complexity of deploying cloud services while still addressing security concerns. This tool enhances the software development process through the acceleration of the software development life cycle, the reduction of associated costs, and the abstraction of computing infrastructure complexity.

A statistical model for estimating size and productivity ratio in SDLC

During a software development life cycle, one has to estimate the effort and schedule required to produce a software unit. Estimates for The effort and schedule are derived from other measurements such as size and productivity Ratio. Size may be estimated using methods such as Function Point, WBS, LOC, etc., and the Productivity Ratio is expressed as Size / Time to complete the Unit of Software. Such estimates are static and do not consider real-time Parameters which cause variations from the estimate. In this paper, a statistical model for Size and Productivity Ratios is derived using Historical values after considering several factors influencing the size and the productivity ratio of produced software. Typically, an estimate of the effort and schedule is required to complete. A software work product an enhancement request or a software fix. We use Function Points or WBS to estimate the size of the software in consideration. We use baseline values for estimating productivity Ratios. Real-time values however differ from Baseline values as they are influenced by several factors. Here are some factors which would influence the Actual Size of the software Later on we will use Statistical techniques of Multivariable Parameter estimation and logistic Regression to derive run time equations of Size and Productivity Ratio.

Intellischool: A Student Information System for Senior High School

An IntelliSchool: A Student Information System (SIS) for Senior High School (SHS) is a software application intended to oversee and simplify different aspects of student-related academic information efficiently. This study aimed to ensure data accuracy and consistency, develop a paperless and web-based class record, ensure fairness and transparency in generating forms, and enhance parent-school communication and involvement by incorporating a messaging system. Descriptive-developmental approach was employed in this study. Interviews and direct observation of transaction processes were used as data collection methods in developmental approach. The software development life cycle (SDLC) adopted was Rapid Application Development (RAD), encompassing stages from requirements planning, user design, development, and system launch. The system was developed using Code Igniter PHP Framework, MySql, JQuery, and Code Espresso SMS Gateway technologies. In descriptive approach, test case to check systems functionality and Post Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) were administered sequentially to 5 IT experts and 35 end-users. In data analysis, standard mean was employed. The test case obtained "passed" rating. In PSSUQ, overall mean is 1.21 across system usefulness, interface quality, and information quality. The system has undergone pilot implementation through locally hosted network infrastructure, fulfilling its intended nature and purpose. The recommendation was to use a server that accommodates users without sacrificing the system’s performance.

Exploiting Blockchain to Make AI Trustworthy: A Software Development Lifecycle View

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a very powerful technology and can be a potential disrupter and essential enabler. As AI expands into almost every aspect of our lives, people raise serious concerns about AI misbehaving and misuse. To address this concern, international organizations have put forward ethics guidelines for constructing trustworthy AI (TAI), including privacy, transparency, fairness, robustness, accountability, and so on. However, because of the black-box characteristics and complex models of AI systems, it is challenging to translate these guiding principles and aspirations into AI systems. Blockchain, an important decentralized technology, can provide the capabilities of transparency, traceability, immutability, and secure sharing and hence can be used to make AI trustworthy. In this paper, we survey studies on blockchain-based TAI (BTAI) from a software development lifecycle view. We classify the lifecycle of BTAI into four stages: Planning, data collection, model development, and system deployment/use. Particularly, we investigate and summarize the trustworthy issues that blockchain can achieve in the latter three stages, including (1) data transparency, privacy, and accountability; (2) model transparency, privacy, robustness, and fairness; and (3) robustness, privacy, transparency, and fairness of system deployment/use. Finally, we present essential open research issues and future work on developing BTAI systems.

Optimizing Software Defect Prediction Models: Integrating Hybrid Grey Wolf and Particle Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Feature Selection with Popular Gradient Boosting Algorithm

Software defects, also referred to as software bugs, are anomalies or flaws in computer program that cause software to behave unexpectedly or produce incorrect results. These defects can manifest in various forms, including coding errors, design flaws, and logic mistakes, this defect have the potential to emerge at any stage of the software development lifecycle. Traditional prediction models usually have lower prediction performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel prediction model using Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer and Particle Swarm Optimization (HGWOPSO). This research aims to determine whether the Hybrid Grey Wolf and Particle Swarm Optimization model could potentially improve the effectiveness of software defect prediction compared to base PSO and GWO algorithms without hybridization. Furthermore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of different Gradient Boosting Algorithm classification algorithms when combined with HGWOPSO feature selection in predicting software defects. The study utilizes 13 NASA MDP dataset. These dataset are divided into testing and training data using 10-fold cross-validation. After data is divided, SMOTE technique is employed in training data. This technique generates synthetic samples to balance the dataset, ensuring better performance of the predictive model. Subsequently feature selection is conducted using HGWOPSO Algorithm. Each subset of the NASA MDP dataset will be processed by three boosting classification algorithms namely XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost. Performance evaluation is based on the Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) value. Average AUC values yielded by HGWOPSO XGBoost, HGWOPSO LightGBM, and HGWOPSO CatBoost are 0.891, 0.881, and 0.894, respectively. Results of this study indicated that utilizing the HGWOPSO algorithm improved AUC performance compared to the base GWO and PSO algorithms. Specifically, HGWOPSO CatBoost achieved the highest AUC of 0.894. This represents a 6.5% increase in AUC with a significance value of 0.00552 compared to PSO CatBoost, and a 6.3% AUC increase with a significance value of 0.00148 compared to GWO CatBoost. This study demonstrated that HGWOPSO significantly improves the performance of software defect prediction. The implication of this research is to enhance software defect prediction models by incorporating hybrid optimization techniques and combining them with gradient boosting algorithms, which can potentially identify and address defects more accurately

Analysis of information flow security using software implementing business logic based on stored database program blocks

Objectives. Verification of software security is typically performed using dynamic and static analysis tools. The corresponding types of analysis do not usually consider the business logic of the software and do not rely on data access control policies. A modern approach to resolving this problem is to implement language-based information flow control. Despite a large amount of research, mechanisms for information flow control in software are not widely used in practice. This is because they are complex and impose increased demands on developers. The aim of the work is to transfer information flow control from the language level to the level of formal verification. This will enable the functions of controlling data integrity and confidentiality in software to be isolated into a separate task, which can be resolved by information security analysts.Methods. The research is based on general formal security methods for computer systems and formal verification methods. The algorithm developed by the author for checking security specifications and resolving security violations uses temporal logic of actions.Results. The technology is presented as a step-by-step approach to resolving specific tasks, including the following: designing a database (DB) for storing and processing sensitive information; analyzing dependencies and identifying relevant sets of program blocks in the DB; generating TLA+ specifications for the identified program blocks; labeling specifications according to global security policy rules and additional constraints; applying the specification verification algorithm, and resolving security violations while providing recommendations for software developers. The procedure also involves analyzing labeled data, in order to control the spread of verified program block output values in external software modules.Conclusions. The technology presented herein does not require developers to include redundant annotations describing security policy rules. The function of analyzing information flows with reference to predefined access restrictions is moved to a separate stage of the software development life cycle.