Software Categories Research Articles

Historical Architecture and BIM Modelling: Between Representation of Reality and Conceptual Abstraction

The essay aims to explore the applications of BIM to design regarding historic buildings, which will become mandatory in Italy from 2025 for public works above €1 million. Despite the advantages in coordinated data management and information sharing among the actors involved in contracts, problems related to the geometric representation and semantic definition of the virtual entities that populate the models have been recognized by the scientific community. Critical issues that have emerged from the study of significant experiences can be traced back to the difficulty of adapting tools designed for the projects of new buildings to the characteristics of the cultural heritage. In particular, the complexity of proposing congruent categorisations and parameterisations seems related to only partial correspondence between historical building components, IFC classes and BIM software categories. These limitations often lead to the identification of contingent solutions and expedients, which solve only the problems of geometric representation. In contrast, the ability to adequately share information stored in databases, interoperable through the IFC format, is conveyed by an appropriate semantic description. Formal representation in the BIM environment effectively refers to standardized industrial production, reproducibility of building elements and, more generally, to the goals of globalisation. Thus, the proposed reflections aim to encourage a conscious use of these tools and to outline implementation perspectives useful to bring the digital environment closer to the concrete reality of historical architecture, unique and irreproducible in origin and transformation, often realized through artisanal processes and anchored to specific contexts in multiple aspects.

Regulatory Compliance in Financial Services: How Software Can Simplify Adherence to Regulations

The financial services industry's growing complexity in terms of regulatory requirements has made compliance a top priority for organizations across the globe. With the compliance requirements implemented by regulators becoming more stringent, financial institutions are continuously opting for software products to enable and support their compliance processes. This research explores the role that software plays in helping financial institutions comply with regulatory requirements, focusing on specific categories of compliance software, their operational competencies, and the benefits each category offers. It also discusses the difficulties encountered by financial institutions in implementing these tools, as well as the future of RegTech. This research clearly explains the added value of embedding technology in the evolving world of regulation by exploring the potential for streamlining efficiency, accuracy, and transparency through software solutions in fulfillment of compliance needs.

An analysis of potentially avoidable neurosurgical transfers to a tertiary-care level I trauma center.

Previous studies of neurosurgical transfers indicate that substantial numbers of patients may not need to be transferred, suggesting an opportunity to provide more patient-centered care by treating patients in their communities, while probably saving thousands of dollars in transport and duplicative workup. This study of neurosurgical transfers, the largest to date, aimed to better characterize how often transfers were potentially avoidable and which patient factors might affect whether transfer is needed. This was a retrospective cohort study of neurosurgical transfers to an urban, tertiary-care, level I trauma center between October 1, 2017, and October 1, 2022. Prior to data analysis, the authors devised criteria to differentiate necessary neurosurgical transfers from potentially avoidable ones. A transfer was considered necessary if 1) the patient went to the operating room within 12 hours of arrival at the emergency department (ED); 2) a neurological MRI study was conducted in the ED; 3) the patient was admitted to the ICU from the ED; or 4) the patient was admitted to either neurology or a surgical service (including neurosurgery). Transfers not meeting any of the above criteria were deemed potentially avoidable. Patient and clinical characteristics, including diagnostic groupings from Clinical Classification Software categories, were collected retrospectively via electronic health record data abstraction and stratified by whether the transfer was necessary or potentially avoidable. Statistical differences were assessed with a chi-square test. A total of 5113 neurosurgical transfers were included in the study, of which 1701 (33.3%) were classified as potentially avoidable. Four percent of all transferred patients went to the operating room within 12 hours of reaching the receiving ED, 23.4% were admitted to the ICU from the ED, 26.6% had a neurological MRI study performed in the ED, and 54.4% were admitted to a surgical service or to neurology. Potentially avoidable transfers had a higher proportion of traumatic brain injury, headache, and syncope (p < 0.0001), as well as of spondylopathies/spondyloarthropathies (p = 0.0402), whereas patients needing transfer had a higher proportion of acute hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease and cerebral infarction (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that a large number of neurosurgical transfers can probably be treated in their home hospitals and highlights that the vast majority of patients transferred for neurosurgical conditions do not receive emergency neurosurgery. Further research is needed to better guide transferring and receiving facilities in reducing the burden of excessive transfers.

Psychiatric Comorbidities in Neurologic Hospitalizations in Portugal: A Nationwide Retrospective Observational Study.

Psychiatric comorbidities have a significant impact on patients' quality of life and often go undetected in neurologic practice. The aim of this study was to describe and characterize psychiatric comorbidities among patients hospitalized due to a neurologic disorder in mainland Portugal. A retrospective observational study was performed by analyzing hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of neurologic disorder defined as categories 76, 77, 79 - 85, 95, 109 of the Clinical Classification Software for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, occurring between 2008 and 2015 in adult patients (≥ 18 years of age). Psychiatric comorbidities were determined as the presence of a secondary diagnosis belonging to the Clinical Classification Software categories 650 to 670. A total of 294 806 hospitalization episodes with a primary diagnosis of a neurologic disorder were recorded in adult patients between 2008 - 2015 in Portuguese public hospitals. Approximately 26.9% (n = 79 442) of the episodes had a recorded psychiatric comorbidity (22.1%; 32.2%, female versus male hospitalizations). Patients with registered psychiatric comorbidities were younger (66.2 ± 16.2 vs 68.6 ± 17.2 with no psychiatric comorbidities, p < 0.001), presented lower all-cause in-hospital mortality rates, and significantly longer mean hospital stays. 'Delirium, dementia, amnestic and other cognitive disorders' were recorded in 7.4% (n = 21 965) of the hospitalizations, followed by alcohol-related disorders in 6.5% (n = 19 302) and mood disorders in 6.1% (n = 18 079). Epilepsy/seizures were the neurologic disorders with the highest proportion of recorded psychiatric comorbidities (39.9%). Psychiatric comorbidities were recorded in more than a quarter of the hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of a Neurologic disorder. Psychiatric comorbidities varied among neurological disorders and were associated with different demographic and clinical features.

Ransomware Readiness Assessment Tool

Ransomware attacks have been increasingly concerning in times. The situation is only getting worse. They have shed light on a category of software that demands a ransom, for releasing a hostage asset. The majority of ransomware strains rely on encrypting data. Essentially, they lock up files on the victims’ devices and network drives before demanding payment to decrypt them. In this study, we first introduce a classification system for ransomware. Then drawing from this taxonomy and identifying a present in highly resilient ransomware during the key exchange process we propose an innovative method for detecting and thwarting these resilient strains to prevent them from encrypting victims’ data. Through testing our model shows promising results, in identifying variations of dangerous ransomware strains.

The impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalizations: a nationwide retrospective study.

To characterize the register of a secondary diagnosis of mental illnesses in all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalizations registered in Portugal from 2008 to 2015 and explore their impact on hospitalization outcomes. A retrospective observational study was conducted. Hospitalizations of patients with at least 40 years old, discharged between 2008 and 2015 with a primary diagnosis of COPD (ICD-9-CM codes 491.x, 492.x and 496) were retrieved from a national administrative database. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were identified and defined by the HCUP Clinical Classification Software (CCS) category codes 650-670 (excluding 662). Length of hospital stay (LoS), admission type, in-hospital mortality, and estimated hospital charges were analyzed according to psychiatric diagnostic categories using sex and age-adjusted models. Of 66,661 COPD hospitalizations, 25,869 (38.8%) were episodes with a registered psychiatric comorbidity. These were more likely to correspond to younger inpatients (OR = 2.16, 95%CI 2.09-2.23; p < 0.001), to stay longer at the hospital (aOR = 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.12; p < 0.001), to incur in higher estimated hospital charges (aOR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.33-1.42; p < 0.001) and to be urgently admitted (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.23-1.44; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, in-hospital mortality was lower for episodes with psychiatric diagnoses (aOR = 0.90; 95%CI 0.84-0.96; p < 0.001), except for organic and neurodegenerative diseases category and developmental disorders, intellectual disabilities and disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence category. These findings corroborate the additional burden placed by psychiatric disorders on COPD hospitalizations, highlighting the importance of individualizing care to address these comorbidities and minimize their impact on treatment outcomes.

Effectiveness of Discovering Competent Employees using Technology with Reference to Shivashakti Group of Companies

One of the key responsibilities of any human resource executive is discovering competent employee. The term “ability securing” refers to the usage of the procedure the manager uses for recruiting, following, and interviewing job applicants as well as on boarding and training new representatives. It typically belongs to the (HR) office. The recruitment and hiring cycle are frequently automated with the aid of stand-alone software or modules in bigger Human Capital Management (HCM) systems. Systems for managing hiring are a name sometimes given to products in this software category. It has been demonstrated that by incorporating e-recruitment technologies into their HR management infrastructure businesses can boost the effectiveness of the hiring process and dramatically reduce expenses. Based on the research done conclude that using modern technologies in the hiring and selection process not only ensures that a project will have the desired outcome, but also actually improves the hiring process allowing for cost and time saving, especially for the business sector. This has a numerous advantage for firms.

Classification of Automatic Subtitling Tools. A Proposal

This article aims to provide a deeper understanding of the automatic subtitling tools that are currently being used and of their context of application. Based on the assumption that AVT, in general, and subtitling, in particular, are undergoing fundamental changes, it is our aim to analyse the range of tools that allow AVT translators to enhance their productivity and their efficiency. For this purpose, we have analysed 40 different automatic subtitling tools, currently available and accessible on Internet. Through this analysis, it has been possible to observe the main features of these tools and observe their functioning. Therefore, different criteria have been established in order to systemize this extensive inventory based on which 23 categories of software dedicated to automatic subtitling have been identified. These categories have been illustrated with examples. In this study, the aim is to provide a more accurate and more systematic understanding of automated subtitling programs. The paper is addressed to AVT professionals as well as to teachers and students having an interest in the state-of-the-art of automated subtitling.

An Investigation into The Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Roughened Ducts of Solar Air Heaters

One of the most crucial tools for the process of transforming solar energy into thermal energy is a solar air heater. Thanks to its low cost and ease of installation, solar air heaters have quickly become one of the most popular and widely used methods of harvesting solar energy. Low convective heat transfer coefficient values between the absorber plate and the air significantly reduce the solar air heater's thermal efficiency. This is because absorber plates are used in solar air heaters. As a consequence, the absorber plate heats up, releasing a great deal of thermal energy into the surrounding space. This article presents the findings of a study that used computational fluid dynamics to investigate how heat is transferred in a solar air heater. The work for this project was done by the author (CFD). Researchers are now investigating the impact of the Re on the Nu. Commercial software known as ANSYS FLUENT 20 may be used to analyse and visualise the flow that happens across the duct of a solar air heater. This programme falls under the category of finite volume software. Using the programme helps get the job done.

Comparative analysis of foreign and Russian software for libraries

The author accomplishes comparative analysis of Russian and foreign software for the library sector. The need for such analysis is determined by the strategy of import substitution stimulated by the Western sanctions. Software and databases recommended for purchase and application on the territory of the Russian Federation are included into the Russian Software Register and Eurasian Software Register. Every library uses its own software package, however, the essential software includes operating system, web browser, office suite, automated library information system (ALIS). The author compares the core functionality of each software type: OS (Microsoft Windows, Astra Linux, Alt Linux, RedOS), web browsers (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Yandex Browse), and office software suite (Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, MyOffice, R7-Office). The comparison between foreign and Russian ALIS is inappropriate because, unlike other software categories, Russian ALISes were initially developed by Russian companies in Russian reality, in accordance with Russian laws and Russian traditions of librarianship. The author suggests that the main functionality of foreign and national software beyond the accomplished analysis (e. g. video editors, drawing programs, etc.) is also similar. Based on the comparative analysis of foreign and Russian software, the author concludes that their core functionality are similar which means that import substitution would not impact the organizational information processes significantly.The paper is prepared under the Government Order to RNPLS&amp;T for 2023, project No. 720000F.99.1.BN60AA03000, theme No. 1021062311369-1- 1.2.1;5.8.2,5.8.3.

Contraception, Fertility Tracking, and the Limits of Medical Devices Regulation

Many technologies in mobile health (mHealth) available for private purchase and use are becoming available in smartphone app stores worldwide. Of key concern is the proliferation of fertility-related ‘femtech’ (FRF), a category of software that is increasingly being used by women, girls and people with wombs as their main contraceptive method. Contraceptives are an important part of women’s health, and like any other medicine, they are stringently regulated in the United Kingdom (UK). ‘Digital contraceptive’ software, when marketed as such, normally falls within the definition of a ‘medical device’ and is regulated by the UK’s medical devices regime. However, some apps that may be used as digital contraceptives through tracking users’ ‘fertile windows’ sit outwith this framework and thus leave their users at risk of unplanned pregnancy. Software as a medical device (SaMD) is rapidly growing beyond the vision of the current medical devices regime, even within the past few years. This paper explores, in depth, the urgent issue of regulatory inadequacy when it comes to femtech software that may be used for contraceptive purposes. Law and regulation in this field, as they are currently constituted, are ill equipped to capture the types of mHealth and personal health tracking technologies that, normatively speaking, ought to be caught by the medical devices regime. Therefore, it is posited that while FRF poses a distinct challenge for law and regulation in that FRF may cause unwanted pregnancies, the specific issue of regulatory inadequacy posed is symptomatic of a broader problem faced by the medical devices regime.

Benefits of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Software Using IBM SPSS Statistics

Building Information Modelling software is commonly used in the architecture and construction industries for computer-aided design (CAD) and construction information modelling. These products include many tools and libraries that are especially aimed at architecture design, construction, and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) modeling BIM software offers a process centered around models to create designs for buildings and infrastructure, and creates a digital representation of a facility's operational characteristics beyond construction drawings. Other products in this category can be used for various CAD purposes, but their main focus is on architectural design. To be included in the BIM category, a product must provide tools for 2D or 3D computer-aided design aimed at architectural design and construction. It should also include collaboration tools that allow multiple group members to work together. Additionally, it should provide performance data and analytical engines to improve building efficiency. For more information on CAD products, see our public objective CAD software type. For information on product and mechanical design software, see our product and machinery category. And for civil engineering design products, see our civil engineering design software category. In building design and BIM products, the top four influencing factors that favor user satisfaction are "sequence steps," "dynamic updating," "editing," and "preparation in doing business." These are predictable satisfaction attributes that are determined by the algorithm for users within this category. It creates detailed digital representations that integrate regulatory data and enables real-time collaboration on an open cloud platform.IBM SPSS Statistics is a software tool created by IBM that serves various purposes such as data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation. The software originated from the acquisition of SPA Inc. in 2009 and is currently known as IBM SPSS Statistics in its latest versions. In the context of the mentioned software, the Cronbach's alpha reliability result for the following applications: autocad, revit, sketchup, navisworks, archicad, aurora solar, autocad arch, and tekla structures, is recorded as 0.622. This value indicates a reliability level of 62%. Based on the findings from the literature review, this Cronbach's alpha value of 62% is considered for further analysis.

Test automation for augmented reality applications: a development process model and case study

Abstract Poor software quality results in avoidable costs of trillion dollars annually in the United States alone. Augmented Reality (AR) applications are a relatively new software category. Currently there are no standards to guide the development process and testing is predominantly ad hoc and manual. Consequently, design guidelines and software test automation techniques are intended to remedy the situation. Here, we present a concept for test automation of AR applications. The concept consists of two parts: design guidelines and process model for testing AR applications, and a case study with a prototype application for test automation. The design guidelines and the process model are based on the state-of-the-art. The prototype application presented in this article demonstrates test automation for a multi-platform AR application for Android devices as well as the HoloLens 2. The presented test automation case study is designed to cover a large part of the functions, such as the different interaction variants. This research work shows that by using the proposed process model and test automation techniques, testing of some features of AR applications can be automated. The results of this research can serve as a basis for future research and contribution towards AR application development standardization efforts.

Familiarity and understanding of assistive technology among visually impaired users of libraries of special institutes of Haryana, India

PurposeAssistive technology (AT) is like the eyes of visually impaired users (VIUs) and plays a vital role in making them independent in accessing a wide range of library resources and services. It is a revolutionary way to improve the academic performance of VIUs and amalgamate them into mainstream library services. This paper aims to explore the familiarity and understanding of AT among VIUs in accessing library resources and services of three special institutes of Haryana state, India.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a survey method, and data were collected using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions focused on participants’ familiarity, understanding and key barriers VIUs face in accessing existing AT facilities. Scope of the study is to include three special institutions’ libraries serving to VIUs in Haryana (India). Purposive sampling technique was adopted for data collection. The data are tabulated and analyzed with descriptive statistics methods using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0, and the results are presented in tables, diagrams and graphs.FindingsThe study found that most of the VIUs are highly familiar and reported an expert understanding of Daisy player and digital voice recorder, whereas refreshable Braille display, Braille printer/embosser and scanning and reading devices are least familiar with and reported poor understanding. In the software category, it is noted that VIUs are more familiar with screen reading and speech synthesizer software than other software, and participants confirmed a good understanding of the said software.Practical implicationsThe literature review revealed that the majority of library staff in the institutions being investigated had limited knowledge about the availability of the most suitable AT tools. So, the study will be beneficial for them to select the most popular AT tools for their libraries to amalgamate VIUs. The study also highlights some barriers VIUs face in using the existing AT facility of their respective libraries that may be helpful for librarians to understand the root cause of low utilization of available AT tools and how to address this problem effectively. The study can also help policymakers in formulating AT policies for academic libraries. Findings will also help to develop a cost-effective AT workstation suiting the needs of VIUs.Originality/valueThis study will provide an idea to library professionals about which AT hardware and software are more popular among VIUs and useful for developing/improving cutting-edge AT facilities in their libraries to amalgamate VIUs in the mainstream of the library.

Calculating Couples: Computing Intimacy and 1980s Romance Software

Abstract In the 1980s, as the market for computing in the home was still emerging, a category of software arose that promised computer-mediated experiences of romance and sex. These programs, which this essay is calling “romance software,” drew on popular psychological and therapeutic discourses to offer couples advice for more satisfying relationships while also managing their interactions with the computer as an intimate or romantic activity. This essay argues that romance software employed the then novel home computer as a tool that could help mediate relational and communication ideals and bolster the heterosexual couple in the context of changing expectations for relationships in the 1980s. Romance software attempted to instantiate computing intimacy — referring not only to the application of computational methods to the management of relationships but also to the romantic or erotic experience of a couple using computers together. Although they amounted to a minor subset of the software introduced during the decade, these programs envisioned computing in the home as a technology to mediate companionate relationships. Romance software demonstrates that some software companies in the 1980s conceived of personal computer users not only as abstracted masculine individuals but rather addressed users within their roles in companionate relationships, in this case as part of a couple. These programs proposed methods through which computing could be used to assist in creating better relationships for couples that had adopted computers into their homes.

Web Content Management Systems as a Support Service in Academic Library Websites: An Investigation of the World-class Universities in 2012–2022

PurposeThis study aims to describe and analyze the global status and trends in the application of Web Content Management Systems (WCMS) in academic library websites over the last decade, as reflected on the Internet Archive and current library websites. Design/methodology/approachThe study selected the top 1000 academic library websites listed in the 2023 QS World University Rankings, and collected and examined their WCMS adopted in 2012 and 2022 using Python software and the BuiltWith tool. Multiple visits were made to capture the distribution of WCMS, popular software, and software categories. FindingsThe survey results indicated a significant change in the application of WCMS to academic library websites from 2012 to 2022. The number of libraries using WCMS increased by 288, and over half (61.9 %) of libraries adopted WCMS in 2022. Over 70 types of WCMS existed within academic libraries, while a small number of WCMS own the vast majority of the market share, with Drupal consistently being the most popular software. Significant geographical differences existed in the WCMS used by academic libraries in different countries/regions. The innovation theory and functional modules of open-source WCMS will be the main factors influencing their future website transformation and upgrading of academic libraries.

Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Hospital Readmissions and Worsening Heart Failure Events in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Modeling Study.

Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent in the United States. Approximately one-third to one-half of HF cases are categorized as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with HFrEF are at risk of worsening HF, have a high risk of adverse outcomes, and experience higher health care use and costs. Therefore, it is crucial to identify patients with HFrEF who are at high risk of subsequent events after HF hospitalization. Machine learning (ML) has been used to predict HF-related outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare different ML prediction models and feature construction methods to predict 30-, 90-, and 365-day hospital readmissions and worsening HF events (WHFEs). We used the Veradigm PINNACLE outpatient registry linked to Symphony Health's Integrated Dataverse data from July 1, 2013, to September 30, 2017. Adults with a confirmed diagnosis of HFrEF and HF-related hospitalization were included. WHFEs were defined as HF-related hospitalizations or outpatient intravenous diuretic use within 1 year of the first HF hospitalization. We used different approaches to construct ML features from clinical codes, including frequencies of clinical classification software (CCS) categories, Bidirectional Encoder Representations From Transformers (BERT) trained with CCS sequences (BERT + CCS), BERT trained on raw clinical codes (BERT + raw), and prespecified features based on clinical knowledge. A multilayer perceptron neural network, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest, and logistic regression prediction models were applied and compared. A total of 30,687 adult patients with HFrEF were included in the analysis; 11.41% (3184/27,917) of adults experienced a hospital readmission within 30 days of their first HF hospitalization, and nearly half (9231/21,562, 42.81%) of the patients experienced at least 1 WHFE within 1 year after HF hospitalization. The prediction models and feature combinations with the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for each outcome were XGBoost with CCS frequency (AUC=0.595) for 30-day readmission, random forest with CCS frequency (AUC=0.630) for 90-day readmission, XGBoost with CCS frequency (AUC=0.649) for 365-day readmission, and XGBoost with CCS frequency (AUC=0.640) for WHFEs. Our ML models could discriminate between readmission and WHFE among patients with HFrEF. Our model performance was mediocre, especially for the 30-day readmission events, most likely owing to limitations of the data, including an imbalance between positive and negative cases and high missing rates of many clinical variables and outcome definitions. We predicted readmissions and WHFEs after HF hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF. Features identified by data-driven approaches may be comparable with those identified by clinical domain knowledge. Future work may be warranted to validate and improve the models using more longitudinal electronic health records that are complete, are comprehensive, and have a longer follow-up time.

Test infrastructure and environment

This issue contains two papers. These papers focus on test infrastructure and testing environment, respectively. Falling into the category of Software Note, the first paper, “JUGE: An infrastructure for benchmarking Java unit test generators” by Xavier Devroey, Alessio Gambi, Juan Pablo Galeotti, René Just, Fitsum Kifetew, Annibale Panichella and Sebastiano Panichella, presents JUnit Generation Benchmarking Infrastructure (JUGE), which supports test generators (such as search-based, random-based and symbolic execution) by automating the production of unit tests for validation, regression testing, fault localization and so on. JUGE aims to reduce the overall benchmarking effort, ease the comparison of multiple generators and enhance the knowledge transfer between academia and industry. JUGE was used and evolved during multiple editions of a unit testing tool competition since 2013. The authors discuss the expected impact of JUGE in improving the knowledge transfer on tools and approaches for test generation between academia and industry (recommended by Marc Roper). Falling into the typical category of Research Article, the second paper, “Test environments for large-scale software systems—An industrial study of intrinsic and extrinsic success factors” by Torvald Mårtensson, Göran Ancher and Daniel Ståhl, presents a study that investigates the characteristics of a test environment to support an organisation's testing objectives. The study includes a series of interviews with 30 individuals, a series of focus groups with 31 individuals and a cross-company workshop with 30 participants from five large-scale companies in different industry segments. The study findings reveal a list of success factors, including (1) characteristics and capabilities existing within a test environment (intrinsic success factors) and (2) properties not inherent to the test environment, but still vital for a successfully implemented test environment (extrinsic success factors). All the five companies included in the study well acknowledge the reported list of intrinsic and extrinsic success factors (recommended by Per Runeson).

Risk Management using COBIT 5 for Risk : A Case Study on Local Government in Indonesia

BP4D (Regional Development Planning, Research and Development Agency) Bondowoso utilizes information technology to support its duties and functions, one of which is SIPD (Sistem Informasi Pemerintah Daerah). SIPD provides many benefits and conveniences such as improving the quality of public services, transparency, improving bureaucratic accountability, but in its implementation SIPD can also pose dangerous risks both from processes involving the system and the system itself. These risks can disrupt BP4D Bondowoso's business processes and cause various losses. To protect BP4D Bondowoso from losses caused by risk, risk management is carried out using the relevant framework, namely COBIT 5 Enabling Process and COBIT 5 for Risk with the APO12 risk management process. Data were collected by interview and distributing questionnaires. Fifty-one risks were identified in the implementation of SIPD at BP4D Bondowoso consisting of 48 negative risks and 3 positive risks. The risks found dominate the type of IT Benefit / Value Enablement and the category of regulatory compliance. Identified 3 very high risks in the category of regulatory compliance and software. Overall risk dominates the medium rating, which is 28 risks and the high risk consists of 20 risks. The negative risk response is dominated by mitigate, which is 33 risks.

Medical Costs of Substance Use Disorders in the US Employer-Sponsored Insurance Population

Direct costs of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the United States are incurred primarily among the working-age population. Quantifying the medical cost of SUDs in the employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) population can improve understanding of how SUDs are affecting workplaces and inform decision-making on the value of prevention strategies. To estimate the annual attributable medical cost of SUDs in the ESI population from the health care payer perspective. In this economic evaluation, Merative MarketScan 2018 databases were weighted to represent the non-Medicare eligible ESI population. Regression and mathematical modeling of medical expenditures controlled for insurance enrollee demographic, clinical, and insurance factors to compare enrollees with and without an SUD diagnosis to identify the annual attributable medical cost of SUDs. Data analysis was conducted from January to March 2022. International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification SUD diagnoses on inpatient or outpatient medical records according to Clinical Classifications Software categories (alcohol-, cannabis-, hallucinogen-, inhalant-, opioid-, sedative-, stimulant-, and other substance-related disorders). Annual SUD medical cost in the ESI population overall and by substance type (eg, alcohol). Number of enrollees with an SUD diagnosis and the annual mean cost per affected enrollee of SUD diagnosis (any and by substance type) are also reported. Among 162 million ESI enrollees, 2.3 million (1.4%) had an SUD diagnosis in 2018. The regression analysis sample included 210 225 individuals with an SUD diagnosis (121 357 [57.7%] male individuals; 68 325 [32.5%] aged 25-44 years) and 1 049 539 individuals with no SUD diagnosis. The mean annual medical cost attributable to SUD diagnosis per affected enrollee was $15 640 (95% CI, $15 340-$15 940), and the total annual medical cost in the ESI population was $35.3 billion (2018 USD). Alcohol use disorder ($10.2 billion) and opioid use disorder ($7.3 billion) were the most costly. In this economic evaluation of medical expenditures in the ESI population, the per-person and total medical costs of SUDs were substantial. Strategies to support employees and their health insurance dependents to prevent and treat SUDs can be considered in terms of potentially offsetting the existing high medical cost of SUDs. Medical expenditures for SUDs represent the minimum direct cost that employers and health insurers face because not all people with SUDs have a diagnosis, and costs related to absenteeism, presenteeism, job retention, and mortality are not addressed.