Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms Research Articles

“Comparative Evaluation of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms Using Arnett’s Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis with Western Uttar Pradesh Population Using Lateral Cephalometric - In Vivo Study”

“Comparative Evaluation of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms Using Arnett’s Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis with Western Uttar Pradesh Population Using Lateral Cephalometric - In Vivo Study”

Establishing cephalometric norms using Arnett\'s soft tissue analysis for males and females of Jaipur population

This study was aimed to determine and compare soft tissue cephalometric norms between male and female population of Jaipur and compare them with Arnett’s soft tissue cephalometric norms with 50 males and 50 females which fall under selected inclusion criteria. One hundred samples (50 males and 50 females) were selected on random basis with harmonious facial appearances, good functional occlusions and first permanent molars in Angle's class I relation. Samples selected for the study were of age group between 18 to 25 years. Measurements were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis. 1.Cephalometric norms using Arnett's Soft tissue Analysis were established formales and females of Jaipur population. 2. Soft tissue cephalometric values show Sexual dimorphism with all the soft tissue thicknesses and the facial lengths being greater in males indicating longer faces, long upper & lower lips for males and more prominent the midfacial region in Jaipur females compared to males with more protrusive mandibular dentition with a prominent chin.

Establish soft tissue cephalometric standard norms of Legan – Burstone (COGS) Analysis for ethnic Himachalli population – A cephalometric study

Establish soft tissue cephalometric standard norms of Legan – Burstone (COGS) Analysis for ethnic Himachalli population – A cephalometric study - JCO- Print ISSN No: - Online ISSN No:- 2582-0478 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.jco.2021.003, Journal of Contemporary Orthodontics-J Contemp Orthod

Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms in Emirati Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

IntroductionThe current study is the first to present the cephalometric norms in Emirati adults and aimed to investigate the differences in the angular and linear soft tissue cephalometric measures between male and female Emirati adults.MethodsA group of 176 individuals (91 males and 85 females) with normal occlusion, proportional facial profiles were chosen, and lateral cephalograms were obtained. Standard values of 16 soft-tissue measurements were determined. Descriptive statistics were first carried out for each parameter. The Student’s t-test was then performed to determine significant differences between male and female measurement means. Significant differences were determined at the 95% probability level.ResultsSoft tissue measurements showed that men had a greater soft tissue profile and H-angle than women. A significant difference between the genders was observed for all linear soft tissue measurements except for the lower lip to E-plane, N’-Sn’ and Sn’-Stomion/Sn-Me ratio measurements. The lengths and thicknesses of the upper and lower lips independently, protrusion of both upper and lower lips, Sn’-Me’ (mm) and N’-Sn’/Sn’-Me’ (%) were found to be significantly different (p < 0.001) and so were the upper lip to E-plane (mm) and the soft tissue thickness of the chin measurements (p < 0.05). Except for upper and lower lip protrusion dimensions and the N’-Sn’/Sn’-Me’ (%), men presented with greater linear measurements.ConclusionThe differences in soft-tissue cephalometric norms between men and women were established, suggesting that the orthodontist must individualize therapy using local norms as the reference.

In response to the article “Soft-tissue Cephalometric Norms of Kashmiri Population with Normal Occlusion and Well-balanced Faces”

In response to the article “Soft-tissue Cephalometric Norms of Kashmiri Population with Normal Occlusion and Well-balanced Faces”

Soft tissue Cephalometric norms for Orthognathic Surgery in Nepalese Adults

Soft tissue Cephalometric norms for Orthognathic Surgery in Nepalese Adults

Cephalometric evaluation based on Steiner's analysis in local population of Uttarakhand

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and establish norms for the class I subjects of Uttarakhand population using the Steiners Analysis.Aims and Objectives: 1. To Establish Cephalometric norms for population in Uttarakhand Using Anteroposterior and Vertical Dimensions. 2. To Compare the hard and soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms of Individuals of Uttarakhand by Steiners Analysis. 3. To Compare male and female cephalometric norms of individuals of Uttarakhand.Materials and Method: The sample included pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 60 subjects belongIng to Uttarakhand and possessing a skeletal class I malocclusion with pleasing profile (age 11-36 years). Results: The Mean values obtained fro the male and female subjects were compared to that of caucasian Populations and statistical different obtained were used to create a new value for the Uttarakhand Population.Conclusion: Beta angle is relatively a stable parameter in population with different ethnicities.

Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Orthognathic Surgery in South Indian Population

Background and Aim: Orthodontic treatment is aimed at achieving good facial aesthetic and occlusion.Proportioned soft tissue contours form an integral part of orthodontic treatment. It is important to establishstandard cephalometric norms for various population groups. The present study was aimed to establish softtissue norms (for Orthognathic surgery) for South Indian population and to compare the values with that ofCaucasian standards.Materials and methods: 50 South Indian subjects comprising of 25 males and 25 females in the age groupof 18-30 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria who were subjected to lateralcephalometric radiographic analysis. Soft tissue parameters were analysed in the study group and comparedwith the Caucasian group based on Burstone and Legan analysis.Results: South Indian population showed increased lower face protrusion, lower lip protrusion, upper lipprotrusion and deep mentolabial sulcus in both males and females when compared to Caucasian population.An increased lower face-throat angle was seen in South Indian males. Diverse results were also seen in someother soft tissue parameters.Conclusion and clinical significance: The current study shows that certain soft tissue cephalometricparameters in South Indian population are significantly different from the Caucasian population in bothmales and females. The differences in both racial groups are clearly evident in the study and can thus be ofutmost clinical importance while planning out orthognathic surgery.

Soft-tissue Cephalometric Norms of Kashmiri Population with Normal Occlusion and Well-balanced Faces

Objective: To establish soft-tissue cephalometric norms of Kashmiri population and to compare them with European-American norms.Material and Methods: A total of 102 subjects falling in the age group of 19 to 25 years were selected from random and representative sample of 5317. Reference lines were traced according to the definitions given by Holdaway, Rickett, Steiners, Merrifield, and nasiolabial angle. Thirteen linear and 4 angular measurements were analyzed on the lateral cephalogram of the sample.Results: Significant differences were found between male and female subjects in measurements of the soft-tissue facial angle, upper lip thickness, upper lip strain, lower sulcus depth and soft-tissue chin thickness, and upper lip to S line and nasiolabial angle. Soft-tissue cephalometric norms of Kashmiri population that were measured in the present study when compared with the norms set by Holdaway’s parameters, Rickett’s E line, Merrifield Z angle, Steiner’s S line, and nasiolabial angle did not fall within the normal range. The facial angle was found to be greater by 1.36°, upper lip sulcus depth was greater by 0.53 mm, convexity at point A was greater by 2.43 mm, the H angle was greater by 5.64°, upper lip thickness and strain were greater by 2.30 and 2.36 mm, respectively, soft-tissue chin thickness was greater by 0.92 mm, upper lip to S line was greater by 0.60 mm, and lower lip was greater by 0.91 mm when compared with the standard European-American norms.Conclusion: According to the present study, the measured soft-tissue cephalometric norms for Kashmiri population differed from the standard norms. When planning orthodontics treatment, it should be kept in mind that the profile may not necessarily be orthognathic.

Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Bihar Ethnic Population

INTRODUCTION: A person's ability to recognize a beautiful face is innate, but translating this into defined treatment goals is problematic and various authors tried to relate the importance of soft-tissue esthetics with orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.&#x0D; AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To derive the Soft Tissue Cephalometric norms for the normal, well-balanced and esthetically pleasing faces of the Bihar ethnic population and to compare them with pre-established norms.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHOD: A sample of 60 subjects from an ethnic Bihar population residing in Patna, on the basis of facial symmetry, balance and pleasing appearance were observed from five sets of extra-oral photographs. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with metallic markers placed on various soft-tissue structures on the face using derma tapes. All lateral cephalometric films were traced and Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis was done.&#x0D; RESULTS: Total facial length was significantly less in males as compared to the Caucasians with 117.50±1.74 as mean value. Males had significantly less protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 0.77±0.77 and -3.13±0.73 respectively. Lower lip length in females was significantly decreased with a decreased lower third facial height with a mean value of 62.27±1.46. Total facial length was significantly less in females with a mean value of 115.40±1.99. Females had significantly more protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 1.90±0.84 and 1.93±0.74 respectively.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The established norms in present study could be used as future reference for Orthodontic treatment in Bihar ethnic population.

Anteroposterior and vertical soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranians, interethnic comparisons, sex dimorphism, and the effect of age on cephalometric variables.

This study established about 50 anteroposterior and vertical cephalometric norms of five tracing analyses in Iranians, using a large sample. Lateral cephalographs of 130 subjects (85 females, 45 males, with an average age of 22.77 ± 2.55years (range 20-29)) were traced manually using the Ricketts, Holdaway, Z-Merrifield, Epker, and Legan-Burstone soft tissue analyses. The role of age and sex on measurements, as well as the comparisons between Iranian norms with Caucasians from European decent, was determined statistically (α = 0.001). Age had no significant effect (all P values > 0.01). Sexual dimorphism existed in terms of numerous parameters. Compared to analysis standards, upper lip to E-plane, nose prominence, upper lip thickness, nasomental angle, Z angle, interlabial distance, subnasale perp to chin, subnasale-stomion:stomion-menton, subnasale-lower lip:lower lip-menton, interlabial gap, and vertical lip-chin ratio were smaller in Iranians. Superior sulcus depth, skeletal profile convexity, upper lip strain, upper lip curvature, H-angle, soft tissue chin thickness, nasofacial angle, subnasale perp to upper lip, subnasale perp to lower lip, maxillary prognathism, lower face throat angle, upper lip protrusion, lower lip protrusion, mentolabial sulcus, and lower vertical height-depth ratio were greater in Iranians compared to the norm (P ≤ 0.001). A great degree of sex dimorphism might exist among Iranians. Many textbook norms might not be the best options for diagnosis or treatment of Iranians.

Ready to Use Norms for Arnett Bergman Soft-Tissue Cephalometric Analysis for South Indian Population.

Context:Variability of the soft-tissue drape in humans has complicated the accuracy of evaluating soft tissue profiles in diagnosis and treatment planning.Aims:The objective of the present study is to establish soft-tissue cephalometric norms for South Indian population using Arnett Bergman Soft tissue analysis.Settings and Design:This study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics.Subjects and Methods:Lateral cephalograms of 60 individuals (30 males and 30 females), age ranging between 18 and 25 years, with orthognathic facial profiles were obtained in natural head position. True vertical line was drawn through subnasale parallel to the vertical reference plane. Measurements were done according to soft-tissue cephalometric analysis.Statistical Analysis Used:Student's t-test was used to compare the means between two groups.Results:The results of the study showed significant gender dimorphism, with men having thicker soft-tissue structures, larger vertical dimensions, deep-set midface structures, more upright incisors, and deeper inferior labial sulci than women. When compared with the standard norms, the South Indian population had significantly protruded dentition, thinner soft-tissue drape, shorter vertical face heights, prominent forehead and midface with retusive lower facial thirds and convex profiles as compared to Caucasians.Conclusions:Significant gender dimorphism was evident in the local population suggesting the need for separate set of norms for males and females. Distinct ethnic differences were found between Caucasians and the Indian population that were statistically significant, highlighting the importance of defining separate set of norms for ethnic groups. The norms obtained should be used as reference when planning treatment of a specific ethnic group.

Determination of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms of Rajasthan Population Using Holdway Analysis

Determination of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms of Rajasthan Population Using Holdway Analysis

Soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranian Class I adults with good occlusions and balanced faces.

The aim of this study was to assess the soft tissue measurements of Iranians with good occlusion and to compare the Iranian norms with other ethnicities. A total of 25 anthropometric variables were measured by a dentist in 50 Iranian Class I subjects (25 males, 25 females) with good occlusion and well-balanced faces. The differences between the two genders, as well as the differences between Iranian norms and the Holdaway and Burstone analyses, were statistically analyzed using a t-test (α=0.05). The subjects' mean age was 21.6±4.1 years. There were significant differences between males and females regarding the mentocervical angle, the nasolabial angle, Merrifield's Z-angle, the angle of facial convexity, soft tissue chin thickness, and upper lip thickness (P<0.05). The Holdaway norms can be used for the Iranian population, except for the following measurements which might be significantly different: facial convexity angle, nasolabial angle, interlabial gap, soft tissue facial angle, skeletal profile convexity, H-angle, lower lip to H-line, lower sulcus depth, and soft tissue chin thickness (P<0.05). There was a considerable sex dimorphism in the Iranian population. The Holdaway norms are not useful for the Iranian population regarding most measurements.

Arnett's Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for the North Indian Population: A Cephalometric Study

Arnett's Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for the North Indian Population: A Cephalometric Study

Arnett soft tissue cephalometric norms for Japanese adults

PurposeThe goals of treatment for jaw deformities are primarily based on cephalometric analysis of hard tissues. Arnett et al. introduced soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA) to overcome the limitations of hard tissue analysis only, and recommended the use of the STCA as a means of establishing facial goals for patients with jaw deformities. Materials and methodsThis study was conducted to determine Arnett STCA norms as soft-tissue treatment goals for Japanese adults and compare these with Caucasian norms. The study sample comprised 40 Japanese adults (20 males and 20 females) with well-balanced facial profiles, Class I molar relationships, and approximately 3mm of overjet and overbite.A lateral cephalogram was obtained in the natural head position with relaxed lip position. A total of 44 measurements (38 linear, 6 angular) were determined for each gender. Unpaired t-tests were utilized to determine the mean differences in these measurements between the male and female subjects and between the Japanese and Caucasian samples. ResultsVertical measurements of the face as well as soft tissue thickness in the lower third of the face were significantly greater in the Japanese male subjects than in their female counterparts, as observed in the Caucasian sample. The Caucasian samples were characterized by deeper chiseled facial features, whereas the Japanese presented with more retruded chins, regardless of gender. ConclusionsThe Arnett STCA, with emphasis on midfacial structures, was considered to be useful for conducting objective assessments of facial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment alone or combined orthodontic/orthognathic surgical treatment.

Facial Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms in a Central Indian Ethnic Population

Facial Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms in a Central Indian Ethnic Population

Arnett's Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for the North Indian Population: A Cephalometric Study

Objective: To determine the soft-tissue cephalometric norms as per Arnett’s analysis for male and female subjects of North Indian population and to compare these cephalometric norms with Arnett’s norms for Caucasian population. Materials and methods: Frontal and profile photographs of 150 subjects with normal occlusion and pleasing profile were rated by a panel of judges, from which 50-male and 50-female subjects were selected and their lateral cephalograms were taken for the present study. Arnett’s soft-tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA) was done on these cephalograms using Nemotech cephalometric software. Mean values of various parameters were obtained and these values were compared to Arnett’s norms for Caucasian population using Student t-test. These values were also compared among males and females of North Indian population. Results: High overjet, thicker soft-tissue, less facial length, retruded lower face and midface and convex profile were observed in the North Indian population as compared to Caucasian population. Males of North Indian population have thicker soft-tissue structures, more acute nasolabial angle, longer faces and more deep-set facial structures than females whereas females have greater interlabial gap and maxillary incisor exposure. Conclusion: Statistically significant differences in certain parameters were found between North Indian population and Caucasian population and also between males and females of North Indian population.

Soft Tissue Esthetic Norms for Mahabubnagar Population of Southern India

The Aim of the study was to establish Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for skeletal and dental relationships amongst the Mahabubnagar adult population. Sixty subjects (30 Males & 30 Females) subjects from different part of Mahabubnagar in the age group 18-25 Years (Mean age 21.3 Years) were selected at random for the study and lateral cephalograms were taken. All the cephalograms were traced by two operators using conventional hand tracing. The parameters used in the study were taken from Arnett and Bergman soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA). Overall 46 measurements including 40 linear, 6 angular parameters were used. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated. The difference between males and females were evaluated using student t-test. The values obtained from the study showed significant difference in most of the parameters from that of Arnett et al., norms and between males and females within Mahabubnagar population. Males had thicker soft tissue structures, acute nasolabial angle, increased facial lengths and heights, increased midface deficiency, recessive lower face, more convex profile and less upright mandibular incisors than females within Mahabubnagar population.

Facial Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms in a Central Indian Ethnic Population

Aim: Based on Arnett's soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA), the present study aims to establish cephalometric norms for central Indian population and any significant sexual dimorphism. Materials and methods: The digital lateral cephalograms of 100 adults (50 males and 50 females) between the age group of 17 to 25 years with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces were obtained. These radiographs were manually traced according to Arnett's STCA. The obtained values were statistically analyzed to establish STC norms for central Indian population. Results: Significant differences were observed in the lateral cephalometric norms between the central Indian and the white samples. Also significant sexual dimorphism was noted between males and females of the central Indian sample. Conclusion: Ethnic differences exist between central Indian and white sample which should be considered when formulating an orthodontic treatment plan for Indian population.