Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis Research Articles

“Comparative Evaluation of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms Using Arnett’s Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis with Western Uttar Pradesh Population Using Lateral Cephalometric - In Vivo Study”

“Comparative Evaluation of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms Using Arnett’s Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis with Western Uttar Pradesh Population Using Lateral Cephalometric - In Vivo Study”

Single-Step Full-Face Surgical Treatment of the Facial Profile.

The present study was performed to describe how much affordable, feasible, and straightforward is the approach the authors called "single-stage full-face surgical profileplasty," tailored to greatly improve the surgery of the facial profiling setting and achieve complete profile correction at the same time. From January 2010 to May 2019, 113 patients (95 females and 18 males; aged 19 - 63 years) were surgically treated for full-face profile amelioration. Profile correction was performed by using a combination of five procedures out of other various previously experienced: forehead fat grafting, rhinoplasty, lip fat grafting, genioplasty, and submental liposuction. All patients were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following surgery for assessing the surgical profile treatment (SPT) outcome and any possible side effects of the combined treatment. Facial profile stability at 1 year was taken as the completion point of this treatment. Arnett et al's "Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis" (1999) was used to clinically evaluate the soft tissues before and after the SPT. Patients' satisfaction was measured with the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8" at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Statistics were used for Arnett et al's evaluation. Almost all the values were consistent and reached the normal ranges indicated by Arnett et al (p < 0.001), confirming that the desired results of the surgical profileplasty have been achieved. Single-stage full-face surgical profile treatment helps in correcting faults of the global facial deformity, in every single treated area, providing an overall improvement in facial aesthetics and harmony. Obtaining the simultaneous correction in the whole face has also the advantage of avoiding multiple surgical procedures, reducing postoperative discomfort, and the overall risks for the patient due to multiple surgical and anesthetic procedures.

Gambaran Profil Jaringan Lunak Pasien Berdasarkan Analisis Holdaway "Analisis Sefalometri Pada Pasien Usia 6-12 Tahun di RSGM-P FKG Usakti" (Laporan Penelitian)

Background: Malocclusion is an occlusion that deviates from the normal state. Diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plan might use Holdaway soft tissue cephalometric analysis. Holdaway's analysis is more detailed and clear because it has 11 parameters in soft tissue measurements, namely facial angle, nasal crest distance, upper lip sulcus depth, H angle, Subnasal distance to H line, skeletal convexity, thickness of the base of the upper lip, upper lip strain, distance Li to H line, ILS distance to H line and chin thickness. Objective: To describe the soft tissue profile of patients based on Holdaway analysis in patients aged 6-12 years at RSGM-P FKG Usakti. Methods: Descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design on orthodontic patients aged 6-12 years at RSGM-P FKG Usakti in 2018-2019. Results: The mean facial angle of the patient was 88.3°, nasal crest was 5.12 mm, the mean upper lip sulcus depth was 3 mm, the mean H angle was 16.68°, the mean Sn-H was 7.77 mm, the skeletal convexity was 3.75 mm. , the thickness of the upper lip base was 11.37 mm, the upper lip strain was 11.52 mm, the Li-H average was 2.56 mm, the ILS-H average was 2.59 mm and the chin thickness measurement was 11.09 mm. Conclusion: This study showed that the patient had an ideal upper lip sulcus depth, ILS-H distance, and chin thickness meanwhile the facial angle, H angle, and skeletal convexity are convex. The Sn-H distance, thickness of the upper lip base, upper lip strain, and Li-H distance are less than ideal, accompanied by a small nose crest distance

Ethnic-Guided Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis on Lambani Indian Inhabitants for Forensic Facial Reconstruction.

Background: Forensic craniofacial reconstruction is a combination of both scientific technique and artistic skill that assist facial soft tissue approximation on the skull to obtain an image of an individual that varies in the different ethnic groups depending on genetic and environmental factors such as soft tissue norms.Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the soft tissue norms for Lambani Indian tribes spread across the state of Karnataka in India and compare them with the local inherent ethnolinguistic Kannadiga population.Material and methods: Forty healthy individuals encompassing 20 Lambanis and 20 Kannadigas were selected using demographic information. Lateral cephalograms obtained were analyzed for various soft tissue landmarks that include facial angle, upper lip curvature, skeletal convexity, H angle, nose tip to H-line, upper sulcus depth, lower sulcus depth, upper lip thickness, upper lip strain, lower lip to H line, soft tissue chin thickness, and glabella.Results: It was observed that glabella thickness, upper sulcus depth, and lower lip to H line showed a significant difference between Lambani and Kannadiga populations. Lambani’s have a higher facial angle than the Kannadiga group though not statistically significant. Gender-wise comparison had shown a significant difference in variables on upper sulcus depth, glabella among females, and lower lip to H line, glabella among males.Conclusion: The differences obtained between the two ethnic groups in this study clearly suggest the need for separate soft tissue thickness norms for distinctive populations that could be vital in the facial reconstruction of an individual in the field of forensic investigation to narrow down the identification process.

Gender differences in lower facial soft tissue thickness among different skeletal patterns, based on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.

Lower face soft tissue thickness and dentoskeletal features form the lower facial profile. Sagittal skeletal malocclusions with varying degrees of soft tissue thickness in males and females were herein examined using soft tissue cephalometric radiography. Based on their dentoskeletal correlations, a total of 160 lateral cephalometric radiographs of adult males and females (n = 80) seeking orthodontic treatment were classified as class I (n = 40), class II division 1 (n = 40), class II division 2 (n = 40), or class III (n = 40). Holdaway analysis was used to assess soft tissue thickness in seven linear parameters. In class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, and class III dentoskeletal connections, males exhibited larger soft tissue thickness. They have an average lower lip thickness, chin depth H, and depth V for class I males. Males and females differed from one another when it came to the thicknesses of the upper and the lower lips. These lip thicknesses as well as the chin's width differed more between men and women in class II division 1. Except for upper lip strain, all measures in the class II division 2 sample males demonstrated a greater significance. In the class III sample, males also demonstrated more significance than females. Males with various sagittal skeletal malocclusions demonstrated a significant difference in lower soft tissue thickness (characterized as thicker lower facial soft tissue) compared to female patients in class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, and class III malocclusions.

DETERMINATION OF CEPHALOMETRIC SOFT TISSUE NORMS FOR LOCAL POPULATION WITH NORMAL OCCLUSION USING HOLDAWAY ANALYSIS

Objective: To assess soft-tissue values in a group of local ethnic population with Class I occlusion by Holdaway‟s soft tissue cephalometric analysis, and to verify the pertinence of Holdaway‟s norms to local sample subjects.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross sectional study design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics department, Bolan Medical College, Civil Sandman Hospital, Quetta, from Jun 2018 to Dec 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: Cephalometric radiographs of 69 Adults (33 males and 36 females) aged between 18-28 years, with normal occlusion and well aligned arches, were measured. Cephalometric landmarks were identified as stated by Holdaway analysis. On each radiograph two angular and nine linear measurements were evaluated.Results: Local ethnic population showed more convex profiles with higher skeletal convexity (1.97 ± 1.85) and H angles (15.05 ± 3.31), greater nose prominence (18.25 ± 3.73), upper lip thickness (13.43 ± 1.64), and soft tissue chin thickness (12.64 ± 1.94) compared to Holdaway‟s values. All values showed sexual dimorphism, amongst these statistically significant values (p&lt;0.05) were of soft tissue subnasale to H line, total upper lip thickness, nose prominence, soft tissue chin thickness and inferior sulcus to H line.&#x0D; Conclusion: Racial variance was present in sampled population, compared to Caucasian norms. These differences must be kept in the mind when planning and executing orthodontic therapy.

Dental-craniofacial Characteristics of Southern Vietnamese People with Well-balanced Face on Cephalometric Films and Its Comparison with Caucasians and Northern Vietnamese Population.

Objectives:The objective of this study was to evaluate the dental-craniofacial measurements of the Southern Vietnamese people aged 18 to 25 with well-balanced face on cephalometric films.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study included 60 cephalometric tracings of students (30 males, 30 females). The cephalometric measurements were made on 34 angles, 26 distances, and 4 ratios of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue cephalometric analysis. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the dental-craniofacial measurements were calculated and compared among male and female subjects and with Caucasian and the Northern Vietnamese population.Results:Among the Southern Vietnamese cephalometric tracing samples, the majority of the linear measurements were smaller in female than in male, while the angular and ratio measurements showed no significant difference. When compared with Caucasians, the cranial fossa lengths, the vertical facial heights, the lengths of maxilla and mandible, and the facial convexity of the Southern Vietnamese people were significantly smaller (P < 0.01), while the upper and lower incisors protrusion, and lip protrusion were larger (P < 0.01). The maxillary and mandibular protrusions, and mandibular rotational patterns were similar between these two groups. When compared with the Northern Vietnamese population, the mandibular plane angle and the upper and lower incisor protrusion of the Southern Vietnamese people were significantly larger (P < 0.05).Conclusions:The dental-craniofacial measurements of the Southern Vietnamese people were different among male and female, and different than those of Caucasians and Northern Vietnamese population. Such differences should be taken into account when considering orthodontic and orthognathic treatment strategies.

Arnett Facial Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis between the Ages of 6 and 15 Years in Mongolian Children

Arnett Facial Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis between the Ages of 6 and 15 Years in Mongolian Children

ARNETT YUMUŞAK DOKU SEFALOMETRİK ANALİZİNİN ORTODONTİK VE CERRAHİ UYGULAMALARI-

Orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery are widely used nowadays in terms of life expections, socioeconomic level, aesthetic expectations. The key to achieving an aesthetic, functional and ideal result is the correct diagnosis of the patient and the correct treatment plan. Although orthodontic and orthognathic treatments cause changes on hard tissues, the effects of treatments on soft tissues are also very important when aesthetic expectations are considered. Arnett &amp; MSınıfaughlin Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis is one of the most recent methods to measure the effects of orthodontic treatment on soft tissues. The analysis makes it possible to evaluate the soft tissue and skeletal structures in detail and objectively, regardless of the relationship with cranial base. During Sınıfinical and cephalometric examinations, the patient should be in the natural head position, jaws in the centric relationship and the lips in the relaxed position. After Sınıfinical examination is obtained, the patient’s face is analyzed in three dimensions of the space and a cephalometric radiograph is taken by placing metallic marks on certain soft tissue points of the face. First, a Sınıfinical examination is performed, the face of the patient is analyzed in three dimension and essential measurements are made and a cephalometric X-ray is made by placing metallic marks on certain soft tissue points of the face. After determination of the true vertical line on the cephalometric film, the measurements on the soft and hard tissues were determined and facial analysis are completed. Arnett Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis allows detailed and objective evaluation of soft tissue and skeletal structures irrespective of their relation to cranial base.

Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Bihar Ethnic Population

INTRODUCTION: A person's ability to recognize a beautiful face is innate, but translating this into defined treatment goals is problematic and various authors tried to relate the importance of soft-tissue esthetics with orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.&#x0D; AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To derive the Soft Tissue Cephalometric norms for the normal, well-balanced and esthetically pleasing faces of the Bihar ethnic population and to compare them with pre-established norms.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHOD: A sample of 60 subjects from an ethnic Bihar population residing in Patna, on the basis of facial symmetry, balance and pleasing appearance were observed from five sets of extra-oral photographs. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with metallic markers placed on various soft-tissue structures on the face using derma tapes. All lateral cephalometric films were traced and Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis was done.&#x0D; RESULTS: Total facial length was significantly less in males as compared to the Caucasians with 117.50±1.74 as mean value. Males had significantly less protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 0.77±0.77 and -3.13±0.73 respectively. Lower lip length in females was significantly decreased with a decreased lower third facial height with a mean value of 62.27±1.46. Total facial length was significantly less in females with a mean value of 115.40±1.99. Females had significantly more protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 1.90±0.84 and 1.93±0.74 respectively.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The established norms in present study could be used as future reference for Orthodontic treatment in Bihar ethnic population.

Analysis of Soft Tissue Cephalometry in Skeletal Class I with Post Operation Unilateral and Bilateral CLP

Background: Facial appearance is an important diagnostic criterion that must be considered in orthodontics treatment plan. Orthodontics treatment is one of the dental treatments to prevent or correct tooth position abnormalities so that optimal function can be achieved including occlusion, proportional arrangement of the teeth and facial profile, as well as the harmony of facial profiles. Common facial abnormality cases include cleft lip and palate. Cleft lip and palate are caused by congenital defects and environmental factors. Purpose: The study was aimed to determine post-operative soft tissue cephalometric analysis of skeletal class I with post-operative of unilateral and bilateral CLP. Methods: This was a descriptive observational study. The subjects were secondary data from radiographic cephalometry obtained from the CLP Center Premier Hospital Surabaya and Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. Result: There was a significant difference in line angle parameters in both groups with a significant value of 0.002 (p &lt;0.05). There were also significant differences in the Li-H line parameters in both groups with a significant value of 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). There were H line angle and Li-H line differences in soft tissue cephalometric analysis between skeletal class I group with post-operative unilateral and bilateral CLP group. Conclusion: There was no difference in soft tissue cephalometric analysis between the post-operative of unilateral CLP and bilateral CLP on all parameters.

Skeletal-versus soft-tissue-based cephalometric analyses: is the correlation reproducible?

Objectives: Dentofacial deformities can be analyzed by skeletal and soft tissue cephalometric analysis (CA). The aim was to evaluate the difference in reproducibility between both methods.Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of 112 patients (65 females and 47 males, 27.7 ± 9.0 years) were oriented in natural head position (NHP) and digitized. The distances of skeletal (SNA, SNB, SnPog) and soft tissue (A′, B′ and Pog′) landmarks relative to the respective norm values and the angles between the Nasion Sella line (NSL) and Frankfurt horizontal (FH) to NHP were measured for statistical evaluation and compared with respective data of an adult control group (CG) with class I occlusion and harmonic facial balance.Results: The mean differences (mm ± SD) of skeletal and soft tissue landmarks were –2.4 ± 4.4 (A), –7.0 ± 9.3 (B), –6.3 ± 11.2 (Pog), –0.9 ± 1.8 (A′), –4.7 ± 6.2 (B′), and –6.1 ± 7.8 (Pog′), respectively. Pearsons’s correlation (r) between the measurements of SNA/A′, SNB/B′ and SNPog/Pog′ were r = .158 (p = .092), r = .662 (p < .001) and r = .655 (p < .001), respectively. The mean (±SD) angles between NSL and FH to NHP were –9.8° ± 5 and 0.0° ± 3.9, respectively.Conclusion: Variability of cranial-based measurements could give a possible explanation for the high variation and the low reproducibility of skeletal cephalometric analysis with soft tissue measurements. Soft-tissue cephalometric analysis would probably improve facial analysis and treatment planning.

Soft tissue cephalometric analysis of malay orthodontic patients

Soft tissue cephalometric analysis of malay orthodontic patients

Ready to Use Norms for Arnett Bergman Soft-Tissue Cephalometric Analysis for South Indian Population.

Context:Variability of the soft-tissue drape in humans has complicated the accuracy of evaluating soft tissue profiles in diagnosis and treatment planning.Aims:The objective of the present study is to establish soft-tissue cephalometric norms for South Indian population using Arnett Bergman Soft tissue analysis.Settings and Design:This study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics.Subjects and Methods:Lateral cephalograms of 60 individuals (30 males and 30 females), age ranging between 18 and 25 years, with orthognathic facial profiles were obtained in natural head position. True vertical line was drawn through subnasale parallel to the vertical reference plane. Measurements were done according to soft-tissue cephalometric analysis.Statistical Analysis Used:Student's t-test was used to compare the means between two groups.Results:The results of the study showed significant gender dimorphism, with men having thicker soft-tissue structures, larger vertical dimensions, deep-set midface structures, more upright incisors, and deeper inferior labial sulci than women. When compared with the standard norms, the South Indian population had significantly protruded dentition, thinner soft-tissue drape, shorter vertical face heights, prominent forehead and midface with retusive lower facial thirds and convex profiles as compared to Caucasians.Conclusions:Significant gender dimorphism was evident in the local population suggesting the need for separate set of norms for males and females. Distinct ethnic differences were found between Caucasians and the Indian population that were statistically significant, highlighting the importance of defining separate set of norms for ethnic groups. The norms obtained should be used as reference when planning treatment of a specific ethnic group.

Evaluation of mandibular hard and soft tissues in cleft patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the mandibular hard and soft tissue measurements of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients with non-cleft individuals. The study sample comprised of lateral cephalograms of 45 subjects. Sample included 15 non-cleft (NC), 15 unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 15 bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) cases whose age were between 15 to 17. 1 angular 13 linear measurements were carried out using Arnett and Gunson soft tissue cephalometric analysis and 4 angular measurements were calculated with Steiner Analysis. Mandibular incisor inclinations relative to the occlusal plane (Md1-Md OP) were significantly greater and mandibular incisor projections (Md1-TVL) were significantly retrusive in cleft subjects (p<0.05). Projection values pertaining to lower lip anterior (LLA-TVL), soft tissue B point (B'-TVL), and soft tissue pogonion (Pog'-TVL) were significantly deficient as well in cleft patients (p<0.05). Sagittal position of the maxilla (SNA) (p<0.001) and intermaxillary relation of the jaws (ANB) were significantly deficient in UCLP subjects (p<0.05) and BCLP individuals (p<0.01). LLA-TVL and B'-TVL correlated with SNB in cleft patients (p<0.05). Decreased lower lip and chin projection values suggest that mandibular region of cleft patients should be taken into account in forming the treatment plan to improve the esthetic outcome of orthodontic and plastic surgery interventions.

Defining Norms for the Upper and Lower Lips of the Himachali Ethnic Population: A Cephalometric Study

Abstract Introduction: The great variance in soft-tissue drape of the human face complicates accurate assessment of the soft-tissue profile and it is a known fact that facial features of different ethnic groups differ significantly. This study was undertaken to establish soft tissue norms for Himachali ethnic population. Method: The sample comprised lateral cephalograms taken in natural head position of 100 normal subjects (50 males, 50 females). The cephalograms were analyzed by Arnett soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The Student t test was used to compare the means of the 2 groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between Himachali males and females in certain key parameters. Males have thicker soft-tissue structures than females. Whereas females have greater interlabial gap when compared with Himachali males. When compared with other ethnic groups, Himachali subjects have thicker soft tissue structures. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found between Himachali males and females in certain key parameters. Differences were also noted between other ethnic groups and Himachali faces.

Soft tissue cephalometric analysis applied to Himachali ethnic population

Introduction: The modern society considers facial attractiveness as an important physical attribute. The great variance in soft tissue drape of the human face complicates accurate assessment of the soft tissue profile, and it is a known fact that facial features of different ethnic groups differ significantly. This study was undertaken to establish norms for Himachali ethnic population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised lateral cephalograms taken in natural head position of 100 normal individuals (50 males, 50 females). The cephalograms were analyzed by Arnett soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Student's t-test was used to compare the means of the two groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between Himachali males and females in certain key parameters. Males have thicker soft tissue structures and a more acute nasolabial angle than females. Males have longer faces and females have greater interlabial gap and maxillary incisor exposure. Males have more deep-set facial structures than females. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found between Himachali males and females in certain key parameters. Differences were also noted between other ethnic groups and Himachali faces.

Holdaway's analysis of the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population.

Facial beauty is a function of harmonious balance among all parts of the face, and the nose plays a dominant role in this because of its location exactly in the middle of the face. Therefore, an evaluation of the nasal form and its position relative to other facial structures should play an important part in the assessment of patients before orthognathic surgery, rhinoplasty or orthodontics. The aim was to establish normative values for the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population using Holdaway's soft tissue cephalometric analysis. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 100 adults aged 18-25 years, with normal occlusion and a harmonious facial appearance were analyzed. The nose prominence was assessed using Holdaway's analysis. Twenty radiographs randomly selected, were retraced to assess for errors. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Student's t-tests and analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The mean value recorded for the nose prominence of the study population was 3.49 mm (standard deviation [SD], 3.26 mm), with a range of -5.0 mm to 15.0 mm. Mean values obtained for females were 3.73 mm (SD, 2.88 mm) and males 3.19 mm (SD, 3.70 mm). No statistically significant gender difference was observed (P>0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the nose prominence values recorded for different age-groups (P>0.05). Normative values were established for the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population. The values obtained for Nigerians in this study are comparatively lower than that reported for other populations. These values would aid in treatment planning for orthognathic surgery, rhinoplasty and orthodontics in Nigerians.

Arnett's Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for the North Indian Population: A Cephalometric Study

Arnett's Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for the North Indian Population: A Cephalometric Study

Arnett soft tissue cephalometric norms for Japanese adults

PurposeThe goals of treatment for jaw deformities are primarily based on cephalometric analysis of hard tissues. Arnett et al. introduced soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA) to overcome the limitations of hard tissue analysis only, and recommended the use of the STCA as a means of establishing facial goals for patients with jaw deformities. Materials and methodsThis study was conducted to determine Arnett STCA norms as soft-tissue treatment goals for Japanese adults and compare these with Caucasian norms. The study sample comprised 40 Japanese adults (20 males and 20 females) with well-balanced facial profiles, Class I molar relationships, and approximately 3mm of overjet and overbite.A lateral cephalogram was obtained in the natural head position with relaxed lip position. A total of 44 measurements (38 linear, 6 angular) were determined for each gender. Unpaired t-tests were utilized to determine the mean differences in these measurements between the male and female subjects and between the Japanese and Caucasian samples. ResultsVertical measurements of the face as well as soft tissue thickness in the lower third of the face were significantly greater in the Japanese male subjects than in their female counterparts, as observed in the Caucasian sample. The Caucasian samples were characterized by deeper chiseled facial features, whereas the Japanese presented with more retruded chins, regardless of gender. ConclusionsThe Arnett STCA, with emphasis on midfacial structures, was considered to be useful for conducting objective assessments of facial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment alone or combined orthodontic/orthognathic surgical treatment.