Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate Research Articles

Strength and Microstructural Characteristics of Activated Fly Ash–Cement Paste

Incorporating high volumes of fly ash (FA) in filling materials reduces costs and carbon emissions, but low early strength limits its use. This study investigates the effects of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as activators at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% on the mechanical properties and microstructure of tailings–cement–fly ash composites. Compressive strength testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to evaluate performance at different curing stages. Results indicate that all activators enhance early strength, with 2.0% Ca(OH)2 yielding the greatest improvement. Microstructural analysis showed that activators boost quartz reactivity and create denser structures. Na2SO4 promotes ettringite and gypsum formation, while Ca(OH)2 increases alkalinity, enhancing gel formation from FA. These findings clarify how activators improve the performance of activated fly ash–cement paste (AFCP).

Performance analysis of photovoltaic module using eutectic phase change material

ABSTRACT Geographical factors and environmental variables affect the performance of the solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The incident solar radiation on the SPV will generate power and increase the surface temperature. Thermal regulation is needed for the SPV system to enhance its performance. In this work, a passive cooling approach is adopted to reduce the surface temperature of the SPV system. The eutectic phase change material is synthesized with the composition of RT35 paraffin wax and sodium sulfate decahydrate. The thermophysical properties of the eutectic mixture are analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter, and thermal conductivity is measured. The developed eutectic PCM is integrated into the SPV modules’ rear-side packing in the aluminum container. The output of the PV module is increased by 10% and up to 6.1°C reduces the surface temperature of the SPV module compared to the conventional SPV system.

Analysis of thermal stability and enthalpy in SSD systems with various thickening agents

Abstract Phase change materials (PCMs) play a vital role in the improvement of efficiency of cold storage air conditioning for demand side management of electrical power. To enhance the thermal stability and the enthalpy of the system, the separation of Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate (SSD) hydrate crystals from their aqueous solution is a significant factor that needs to be addressed. The melt blending technique has been used to explore the effect of various thickening agents, namely Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Xanthan Gum (XG), and Sodium Alginate (SA) on the thermal stability and enthalpy of the system. The choice of the best thickening agent and its optimum concentration led to the enhancement in the thermal stability and enthalpy of the system. Experimentally, among the three thickeners, CMC proved to be the best thickening agent that remarkably improved the thermal physical properties of the SSD formulation. The paper described the detailed experimental procedures, including melt blending set-up, thermal characterization unit, and cyclic stability test unit. The experimental results showed that the formulation, SSD-CMC at 2 wt% CMC and 50% SSD significant, improved in their thermal physical performance, wherein the enthalpy decreased from 104.23 kJ/kg to 83.71 kJ/kg over fifty cycles, which are the 19.69% of the decay for such a long cycling. It was then concluded that the results would improve the effectiveness of thermal energy storage materials and that phase change materials should be optimized to be used in sustainable and efficient cooling applications and useful for the improvement of the storage capacity of thermal energy storage solutions.

Optimization of Na2SO4•10H2O composites for cold storage by D-optimal mixture design

This study delved into the creation of a composite phase-change material (PCM), named SBNSC, for potential application in cold storage air-conditioning systems (8–16°C). The composite PCM was formulated using sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O) as the primary PCM, borax as a nucleating agent, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a temperature control additive, sodium hexametaphosphate as a crystal modifier and carboxymethylcellulose as a thickening agent. The D-optimal mixture design was employed to optimize the composition, and this resulted in the identification of an optimal formulation characterized by the most desirable properties. The thermal properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry and revealed a phase-change temperature of 15.40°C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the composite PCM. After 100 cooling and heating cycles, the crystallization temperature was 9.50°C, the melting temperature was 15.50°C and the supercooling degree was 0.70°C. The enthalpy values showed an 11.22% decrease, indicating reliable thermal performance. The study concluded that the optimal formulation (SBNSC) exhibits commendable thermophysical properties, demonstrating its potential for effective application in phase-change cold storage air-conditioning systems.

Experimental study on supercooling performance optimization of sodium acetate trihydrate phase change energy storage materials

In response to the pressing demands for sustainable energy, the development of efficient energy storage materials and technologies has emerged as a focal point in contemporary research. Sodium acetate trihydrate (CH3COONa·3H2O, SAT), recognized for its potential as a mid-to-low temperature phase change material (PCM) in energy storage systems, encounters significant limitations due to its substantial supercooling effect and inferior thermal conductivity. Traditional approaches to enhance SAT's thermal performance often involve costly additives, which hinder their adoption on an industrial scale. This study introduces SAT as a base compound, and through a fusion blending method, binary eutectic hydrate salt composites (CPCMs) are synthesized with either sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O, SSD) or disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O, DHPD) in varying ratios. The results demonstrate that the prepared eutectic hydrates effectively reduce the supercooling degree of pure SAT from above 35 °C to below 10 °C, with the SAT/SSD-5/5 composition exhibiting the lowest supercooling at 3.17 °C. Notably, these eutectic blends possess appreciable latent heat capacities, with SAT/SSD-9/1 delivering 196.18 J/g, and exhibit improved thermal conductivity, as seen in SAT/SSD-3/7 with a coefficient of 0.8925 W/(m·K). Furthermore, the SAT-based eutectic hydrates are devoid of expensive additives, facile to manufacture, and applicable over a broad temperature range (20–60 °C), making them highly suitable for large-scale commercial applications.

Graphene nanoplatelets-infused binary eutectic phase change materials for enhanced thermal energy storage

Energy depletion for the thermal regulation of buildings is a major global concern. Herein, we develop a binary eutectic phase change material (EPCM) consisting of sodium sulphate decahydrate (SSD) and sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (SPDD) that were modified using borax, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). In the EPCM, SSD, and SPDD were blended at a proportion of 62:38 to obtain a eutectic point of 27.8 °C with a melting enthalpy of 202 J/g. Borax was a nucleating additive to lessen the issue of supercooling, CMC was a thickening agent to ensure phase stability, and GNP was added as a nanomaterial to enhance the thermal behavior of EPCM. Microtopography, chemical stability, optical transmissibility and absorptivity, phase transition characteristic, thermal conductivity, energy storage potential, degree of supercooling, and thermal stability over 200 thermal cycles were tested and determined. Using scanning electron microscopy, the GNP microstructure and its interaction with EPCM are visualized to present the dispersion and formation of the thermal network. The nanocomposite EPCM also has chemical stability, which is aided by a 571% increase in optical absorbance and an 83.8% decrease in transmissibility. With GNP as a nanomaterial, owing to the well-developed thermal network, we achieve a 106% increment in thermal conductance from 0.464 W/m⋅K to 0.956 W/m⋅K; likewise, GNP acts as a conducting binder and enhances the intermolecular interaction leading to an increase in melting enthalpy from 202.4 J/g to 226 J/g. Finally, a numerical simulation of EPCM heating a thermic fluid flowing within a concentric tube with focus on the temperature contour is conducted for elaborating the potential of PCM towards TES systems.

Phase change hydrogels with tunable adhesion for wearable thermal management and intelligent healthcare

Intelligent wearable devices integrating real-time health monitoring and on-demand treatment are obtaining widespread attention. However, precise monitoring and prolonged photothermal therapy of human bodies still face significant challenges. Herein, a phase change gel (PCG) with simultaneous strain sensing and photothermal therapy functions was fabricated using sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD, Na2SO4·10H2O), polyacrylamide (PAM), and polydopamine-modified MXene (PDA@MXene). The PCGs possessed a suitable phase transition temperature and high enthalpy value (128.8 J/g), which provided sufficient thermal comfort. The PAM hydrogel effectively overcame the liquid leakage of SSD and achieved flexibility. PDA@MXene not only imparted the PCGs with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (93.83 %), but also ensured strong adhesive properties to precisely monitor human motions. Interestingly, the PCGs exhibited temperature-sensitive adhesion ability by triggering the phase transition of SSD, thus obtaining high adhesion to the skin and painless detachment simultaneously. The temperature-induced adhesive PCGs exhibit great application prospects in portable medicine devices.

Influence of Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Thickening Agent for Glauber's Salt-Based Low Temperature PCM.

This work is focused on a novel, promising low temperature phase change material (PCM), based on the eutectic Glauber's salt composition. To allow phase transition within the refrigeration range of temperatures of +5 °C to +12 °C, combined with a high repeatability of melting-freezing processes, and minimized subcooling, the application of three variants of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) with distinct molecular weights (700,000, 250,000, and 90,000) is considered. The primary objective is to optimize the stabilization of this eutectic PCM formulation, while maintaining the desired enthalpy level. Preparation methods are refined to ensure repeatability in mixing components, thereby optimizing performance and stability. Additionally, the influence of Na-CMC molecular weight on stabilization is examined through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), T-history, and rheology tests. The PCM formulation of interest builds upon prior research in which borax, ammonium chloride, and potassium chloride were used as additives to sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber's salt), prioritizing environmentally responsible materials. The results reveal that CMC with molecular weights of 250 kg/mol and 90 kg/mol effectively stabilize the PCM without phase separation issues, slowing crystallization kinetics. Conversely, CMC of 700 kg/mol proved ineffective due to the disruption of gel formation at its low gel point, hindering higher concentrations. Calculations of ionic concentration indicate higher Na ion content in PCM stabilized with 90 kg/mol CMC, suggesting increased ionic interactions and gel strength. A tradeoff is discovered between the faster crystallization in lower molecular weight CMC and the higher concentration required, which increases the amount of inert material that does not participate in the phase transition. After thermal cycling, the best formulation had a latent heat of 130 J/g with no supercooling, demonstrating excellent performance. This work advances PCM's reliability as a thermal energy storage solution for diverse applications and highlights the complex relationship between Na-CMC molecular weight and PCM stabilization.

Stabilizing a low temperature phase change material based on Glaubers salt

The aim of this research is to enhance the performance of Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate decahydrate, SSD) as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage applications, as well as for shipping of temperature-sensitive materials. The study investigates the effects of modifying SSD with potassium chloride (KCl) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) to achieve lower phase transition temperatures of between +6 °C and + 13 °C. Sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) is employed as a thickening agent to prevent phase separation, and borax is used as a nucleating agent to suppress supercooling. Various ratios of KCl:NH4Cl are tested, and the impact of PAAS concentration on phase segregation is explored. The results show that a 2 wt% concentration of PAAS effectively prevents phase separation. Samples with a KCl:NH4Cl ratio of 1:1.83 exhibit stable phase transition behavior and maintain latent heat values within the range of 130–140 J/g after 30 thermal cycles. Maintaining a total KCl and NH4Cl proportion of 10 wt% is crucial to achieve the desired lower melting temperature. The study highlights the significance of thermal cycling in improving the stability of the PCM. The optimized SSD-based eutectic PCM formulations hold promise for applications in the cold chain industry.

Nanoscale Stabilization Mechanism of Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate at Polyelectrolyte Interfaces.

Sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD) is a low-cost phase-change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage applications that offers substantial melting enthalpy and a suitable temperature range for near-ambient applications. However, SSD's consistent phase separation with decreased melting enthalpy over repeated thermal cycles limits its application as a PCM. Sulfonated polyelectrolytes, such as dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), have shown great effectiveness in preventing phase separation in SSD. However, there is limited understanding of the stabilization mechanism of SSD by DSS at the atomic length and time scales. In this work, we investigate SSD stabilization via DSS using neutron scattering and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Neutron scattering and pair distribution function analysis revealed the structural evolution of the PCM samples below and above the phase change temperatures. MD simulations revealed that water from the hydrate structure migrates from the hydrate crystal to the SSD-DSS interfacial region upon melting. The water is stabilized at this interface by aggregation around the hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups attached to the backbone of the polyelectrolyte. This architecture retains water near the dehydrated sodium sulfate, preventing phase separation and, consequently, stabilizing SSD rehydration. This work provides atomistic insight into selecting and designing stable and high-performance PCMs for heating and cooling applications in building technologies.

Multifunctional MXene/PEDOT:PSS-Based Phase Change Organohydrogels for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Medium-Low Temperature Infrared Stealth.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared stealth technologies are essential for military and civilian applications. However, it remains a significant challenge to integrate various functions efficiently into a material efficiently. Herein, a minimalist strategy to fabricate multifunctional phase change organohydrogels (PCOHs) was proposed, which were fabricated from polyacrylamide (PAM) organohydrogels, MXene/PEDOT:PSS hybrid fillers, and sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O, SSD) via one-step photoinitiation strategies. PCOHs with a high enthalpy value (130.7 J/g) and encapsulation rate (98%) could adjust the temperature by triggering a phase change of SSD, which can hide infrared radiation to achieve medium-low temperature infrared stealth. In addition, the PCOH-based sensor has good strain sensing ability due to the incorporation of MXene/PEDOT:PSS and can precisely monitor human movement. Remarkably, benefiting from the electron conduction of the three-dimensional conductive network and the ion conduction of the hydrogel, the EMI shielding efficiency (k) of PCOHs can reach 99.99% even the filler content as low as 1.8 wt %. Additionally, EMI shielding, infrared stealth, and sensing-integrated PCOHs can be adhered to arbitrary targets due to their excellent flexibility and adaptability. This work offers a promising pathway for fabricating multifunctional phase change materials, which show great application prospects in military and civilian fields.

Economical and shape-stabilized hydrated salt/bagasse biomass-derived carbon phase change composite for thermal energy storage

Due to their high heat storage density, low cost, and non-inflammability, hydrated salts have significant potential for application in thermal energy storage for buildings. Hydrated salts, however, have a few drawbacks, including high supercooling degree, unstable shape, and phase separation. In general, materials such as graphite, aerogel, and foam metal are commonly used to provide support for hydrated salts in order to mitigate or eliminate their drawbacks. While these currently used supporting materials have expensive and complicated production procedures. In this study, we developed bagasse biomass-derived carbon (BBC) materials to obtain easily accessible, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly support materials. Using the high-temperature carbonization method, the bagasse made from biological waste displayed a highly oriented and stacked lamellar structure. This not only significantly lowered the cost but also made the storage of hydrated salts easier. A straightforward vacuum impregnation technique was used to create SSD-SC/BBC phase change composites (PCCs). In comparison to sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD), the developed SSD-SC/BBC9 PCCs exhibited a higher thermal storage capacity of 161.5 J/g, along with an exceptionally low supercooling degree. They also demonstrated the higher thermal conductivity of 1.79 W·m−1·K−1, improved thermal reliability, and enhanced solar-thermal energy conversion ability. Compared to other support materials, the economic analysis using static and dynamic payback periods demonstrates that the utilization of biomass-derived carbon as a support material for phase change materials (PCMs) is cost-effective, with lower preparation costs and a shorter payback period. A simple, affordable, and environmentally friendly method for utilizing hydrated salts in thermal energy storage for buildings is provided by SSD-SC/BBC9 PCCs.

The application of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and its chemical constituents, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical research.

Purpose: This study reviews the use of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and various preparations by describing its chemical composition, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research progress. Methods: The applications and processing methods of mirabilite are searched in traditional and modern Chinese medical writings, and the articles on chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical studies of mirabilite and its combinations in PubMed and China Knowledge Network are reviewed, sorted, and analyzed. Results: The main chemical component of mirabilite is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), followed by small amounts of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and other inorganic salts. This study systematically organizes the history of the medicinal use of mirabilite in China for more than 2,000years. This mineral has been used by nine Chinese ethnic groups (Han, Dai, Kazakh, Manchu, Mongolian, Tujia, Wei, Yi, and Tibetan) in a large number of prescription preparations. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition) records stated that mirabilite can be used for abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal carbuncle, external treatment of breast carbuncle, hemorrhoids, and other diseases. The traditional processing methods of mirabilite in China include refining, boiling, sautéing, filtration after hot water blistering, and firing. Since the Ming Dynasty, processing by radish has become the mainstream prepared method of mirabilite. Mirabilite can exhibit anti-inflammatory detumescence effects by inhibiting AMS, LPS, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and NO levels and attenuating the upregulation of TNF-α and NF-κB genes. It can promote cell proliferation and wound healing by increasing the production of cytokines TGFβ1 and VEGF-A and gastrointestinal motility by increasing the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and motilin. It can increase the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor and AKT phosphorylation in the liver by up-regulating bile acid synthesis genes; reduce TRB3 expression in the liver, FGF15 co-receptor KLB expression, and FGF15 production in the ileum, and JNK signal transduction; and increase the transcription of CYP7A1 to achieve a cholesterol-lowering effect. Mirabilite also has a variety of pharmacological effects, such as regulating intestinal flora, anti-muscle paralysis, anti-colon cancer, promoting water discharge, and analgesic. Only a few toxicological studies on mirabilite are available. External application of mirabilite can cause local skin to be flushed or itchy, and its oral administration is toxic to neuromuscular cells. The sulfur ions of its metabolites can also be toxic to the human body. At present, no pharmacokinetic study has been conducted on mirabilite as a single drug. This mineral has been widely used in the clinical treatment of inflammation, edema, wound healing, digestive system diseases, infusion extravasation, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, breast accumulation, muscle paralysis, intestinal preparation before microscopic examination, and other diseases and symptoms. Conclusion: Mirabilite has good application prospects in traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine. In-depth research on its processing methods, active ingredients, quality control, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms, and standardized clinical application is needed. This paper provides a reference for the application and research of mirabilite in the future.

Preparation and application of low temperature protection materials by Na2SO4·10H2O/PS phase change microcapsules

To find the phase change microcapsule material (MEPCM) with suitable temperature and high heat storage energy. The phase change microcapsules with sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O) as core material and polystyrene (PS) as wall material were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The microcapsule is fixed on the cloth of the overalls by coating method, and the thermoregulation fabric is obtained. The microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Fabrics are tested for durability, air permeability and temperature control. The DSC results show that the Tc and Tm of Na2SO4·10H2O/PS microcapsules are 26.0 °C and 58.0 °C, respectively, and the ΔHc and ΔHm are 64.0 J g−1 and 121.1 J g−1, respectively. The TG results show that the first weight loss temperature range is 104.1 ∼136.7 °C, and the second weight loss temperature range is 395.5 ∼434.6 °C. The infrared spectral characteristic peaks of microcapsules include all the characteristic peaks of Na2SO4·10H2O and PS. In the range of microcapsule phase transition temperature, the cloth treated with 0.5 g MEPCM and 1.5 g MEPCM delayed the temperature change by 16.0 ∼23.0 °C and 10.0 ∼18.0 °C, respectively, compared with the blank cloth. The fabric treated with 0.5 g microcapsules was subjected to 100 and 300 heating/cooling cycles. Compared with before and after the cycles, the fabric after thermal shock cycles showed a 4.15% and 3.56% reduction in delayed temperature changes rate in a rising and falling temperature environment. Therefore, Na2SO4·10H2O/PS microcapsule material can achieve the goal of heat storage and energy storage, and can be used as a low-temperature operation protection material.

Energizing eutectic salt hydrate phase change material using 2D carbon based graphene nanoparticle

Energy being the strongly depended source for development and industrialization, their storage in any form tends to bridge the gap between demand and supply. Renewable energy technology systems now include energy storage as a crucial component. Thermal energy storage is a technique that stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium. This allows the energy to be used for heating and cooling purposes later on. The present study develops ternary inorganic salt hydrate eutectic phase change material (EPCM) that is intended for cooling buildings. Melting temperature, melting enthalpy and eutectic composition proportion of inorganic salt hydrate of sodium carbonate decahydrate (SCD), sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (SPDD), and sodium sulphate decahydrate (SSD) are determined using the eutectic melting point theory. Ternary EPCM is synthesised experimentally in accordance with the percentage of salt hydrates. Graphene nanoplatelets are distributed at different weight concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% in order to further improve the thermal performance; at higher concentration above 0.9% the graphene nanoplatelets tends to agglomerate. In order to assess the chemical stability and thermal properties of prepared nanoparticle dispersed PCMs, are experimentally assessed. Findings confirm the ternary EPCM's chemical stability and raise its latent heat with graphene nanoplatelets.

Method Improvement for Quantitative Analysis of Chlorophyll Degradation Compounds, Including Pheophorbide, in Chlorella Products

An official analytical method for chlorophyll degradation compounds, including pheophorbide, in chlorella products, is described in notification Kanshoku No. 99 (May 8, 1981). However, this method has several operational issues, such as the formation of emulsion during liquid-liquid partitioning. Additionally, impurities present in the reagents (sodium sulfate decahydrate or anhydrous sodium sulfate) used to prepare saturated sodium sulfate solution can degrade pheophorbide and other related compounds, resulting in a significant decrease in analytical values. In this study, we thoroughly examined each step of the official method to enhance the operability and develop an alternative method that eliminates the need for saturated sodium sulfate solution. The developed method was evaluated for pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a at 100 mg%. Satisfactory analytical performance was achieved with trueness of 100% for pheophorbide a and 90% for pyropheophorbide a, and relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precision below 5% for both compounds. The proposed method is considered suitable for regulatory analysis of chlorophyll degradation compounds and would be useful for quality control of chlorella products.

MXene-based eutectic salt hydrate phase change material for efficient thermal features, corrosion resistance & photo-thermal energy conversion

Salt hydrate phase change materials (PCMs) possess low thermal conductivity, degree of supercooling, lack of corrosion resistance and poor photo thermal conversion ability. To overcome these challenges, a two dimensional, chemically stable, optically & thermally efficient MXene@eutectic salt hydrate composite PCM is developed for effective harnessing of solar energy and thermal energy storage (TES) applications. Low temperature eutectic salt hydrate PCM with phase transition temperature of 27.6 °C and 216 J/g melting enthalpy is developed using sodium sulphate decahydrate (SSD) and sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (SPDD) based on Schrader equation. Advanced 2D layered material, MXene (Ti3C2) is synthesised from MAX phase (Ti3AlC2). Furthermore, MXene based PCM nanocomposite is developed with binary eutectic PCM of SSD/SPDD at different weight fractions through two step technique. Developed nanocomposite PCM exhibits better chemical stability, high optical absorbance of (1.1), low transmissibility (10.2 %), reliable thermal conductivity (0.621 W/m⋅K), improved melting enthalpy (161.2 J/g) and considerable cycle stability. The optical absorbance and thermal conductivity demonstrated a superior photo-thermal conversion capability and thermal networks for the developed MXene based composite sample at 0.9 wt% of MXene. The above properties are experimentally inferred by evaluating the developed MXene@ eutectic salt hydrate and base eutectic PCM under the solar simulator. The interfacial attraction between the two dimensional MXene nano flakes and the developed eutectic PCM ensures a promising ability to trap solar energy effectively for thermal regulation in a sustainable direction. Subsequently, the effect of MXene with SSD/SPDD in regard to the issue of corrosion is explored for copper and aluminium metal surface.

Energy and exergy analysis with cost-efficiency comparison of modified phase change material (PCM) integrated with solar panel thermal system

This study investigates the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of integrating Phase Change Materials (PCMs) into solar panels to optimize power output and power conversion efficiency under varying temperature conditions. By applying PCMs, temperature fluctuations can be reduced, maintaining solar panels at an optimal temperature for power generation. The research employs modeling and simulation techniques, focusing on energy and exergy analysis of solar energy storage systems based on pure and modified PCMs such as Paraffin wax, Sodium acetate trihydrate, Sodium sulfate decahydrate, etc. Temperature and light intensity data are collected in the Wangchan district, Rayong province, using a light intensity sensor and a thermocouple. The study analyzes each layer of the solar panel, employing numerical methods and matrix solutions to solve the system of non-algebraic equations, yielding temperature values for each component layer. The thermodynamic properties of the modified PCMs are calculated theoretically, and their cost-efficiency is analyzed by comparing the solar panel’s increased power area density generation after applying specific PCMs to the cost of the PCM. The simulation results demonstrate that the solar panel integrated with PCM generates up to 11.1% more power than a regular solar panel, assuming negligible heat loss from the sides of the solar panel and an average temperature during the melting and solidification processes for the PCMs. Moreover, the best cost-efficiency of the modified PCM is achieved, with an increase of up to 637.7%, using a combination of paraffin wax and polyethylene glycol.

Performance analysis of V-corrugated flat plate collector containing binary crystal thermal storage materials

Flat plate solar air collectors can further increase their overall thermal conductivity and heat storage capacity by using phase change materials (PCM) and refining their structural design, which will increase their stability and effectiveness of heat collection. Based on sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD, Na2SO4·10H2O) and sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT, CH3COONa·3H2O), this research proposes a novel manufacturing procedure to manufacture a new binary mixed hydrated salt (SSD/SAT), which addresses phase separation and undercooling difficulties.The latent heat of phase transition hits 229 J/g−1 when the material's phase transition temperature is 61.71 °C. Furthermore, the numerical modeling of the SSD/SAT material's heat collection performance was conducted when it was integrated into a V-corrugated flat plate solar collector (VC-FPSC). The collector has been found to be able to extend the heat and boost the efficiency.

Expanded graphite intersperse reliable binary eutectic phase change material for low temperature thermal regulation systems

Inorganic phase change materials (PCMs) frequently stuck by ineffaceable thermal conductivity and degree of supercooling for thermal energy storage (TES) accomplishment. The present research work is dedicated to resolve this problem by developing a unique inorganic salt hydrate based binary eutectic PCM employing sodium sulphate decahydrate (SSD) and sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (SPDD) in eutectic mixture ratio 62:38 mass percentage. The peculiar eutectic composition of SSD/SPDD developed with melting and bath sonication technique manifests eutectic latent heat of 207.4 J/g and eutectic melting point of 27.8 °C. Furthermore, to elevate thermal performance and to descent degree of supercooling three dimension expanded graphite (EG) is interspersed as nanoparticle. Optical absorbance of composite PCM elevated from 0.16 for SSD/SPDD to 0.92 with SSD/SPDD + EG nanoparticles; inversely transmissibility of the composite reduced by 82.13 %. Heat flow curves ensures the melting temperature (26.9 °C–28.7 °C) of EG dispersed composite to be within the operating condition with latent heat of 220.4 J/g at 2.0 % of EG owing to the intermolecular binding force of attraction increases as nano-sized sheets effectively disperse with the base PCM. Subsequently, thermal conductance of nano composite eutectic PCM upraised from 0.453 to 0.855 W/m⋅K. After 200 thermal cycle's chemical optical and thermal stability of the PCM composite was degraded insubstantially due to the presence of impurities with longer service; this affirmed the stability thermal perks of nanocomposite PCM. Numerical analysis on heat transfer propagation of heat source within SSD/SPDD PCM layer with and without EG nanoparticle provides inference on the importance of thermal conductivity.