Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Salt Research Articles

Influence of gel matrix on wound healing activity of adhesive dressings filled with silver nanoparticles and humic acids applied for the rat burn model.

IM: to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of gels based on silver nanoparticles in combination with humic acids on healing of a thermal skin damage (burn wound) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In experiments on 57 white non-linear male rats weighing 218-260 g, the wound-healing effect of gels with a 10% composition of humic acids modified with nanosilver on various bases, prepared in a pharmacopoeial manner, was studied on a model of thermal skin burn of degree IIIB. The gel base used in 3 experimental groups was sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC, group Ia, n=12), polyacrylamide (PAAM, group Ib, n=12), polyethylene glycol (PEG, group I, n=12) . Laboratory animals in the comparison group (group II, n=12) received Levomekol ointment; in the control group (group III, n=8) no treatment was carried out. A thermal burn corresponding to degree III was applied to the proximal part of the back under general anesthesia using a thermal applicator with a flat working part in the shape of a circle with a diameter of 20 mm. 72 hours after the burn, the wound was freed from the scab by complete excision along the border with intact skin with the application of a splinting ring, after which the study drugs were applied. The dynamics of changes in the burn wound were assessed on days 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 28 using the Universal Desktop Ruler program. RESULTS: It was found that the average time (median) for 75% epithelization of wounds in groups Ia, Ic, II was 29.4±0.2, 34 (33;34) and 33.3±0.45 days, while in Ib and III groups, the median time to 75% epithelization was not achieved. The healing index (%/day) for 28 days was 8.6, 4.8, 6.5, 6.1 and 4.4 in groups Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, respectively. The dynamics of epithelization of thermal burns was most pronounced in group Ia, where Na-CMC acted as a gel base for humic substances modified with nanosilver. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the studies conducted, it can be concluded that the gel with the addition of nanosilver-modified humic substances based on Na-CMC has a wound-healing effect in case of thermal damage to the skin, superior to the effect of the reference drug “Levomekol” in terms of the healing time of burn wounds.

Single-Cell Insights into Mouse Testicular Toxicity under Peripubertal Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Male fertility depends on normal pubertal development. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a potent antiandrogen chemical, and exposure to DEHP during peripuberty can damage the developing male reproductive system, especially the testis. However, the specific cellular targets and differentiation processes affected by DEHP, which lead to testicular toxicity, remain poorly defined. Herein, we presented the first single-cell transcriptomic profile of the pubertal mouse testis following DEHP exposure. To carry out the experiment, two groups (n = 8 each) of three-week old male mice were orally administered 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt or 100 mg/kg body weight DEHP daily from postnatal day 21 to 48, respectively. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, a total of 31 distinct cell populations were identified, notably, Sertoli and Leydig cells emerged as important targets of DEHP. DEHP exposure significantly decreased the proportions of Sertoli cell clusters expressing mature Sertoli markers (Sox9 and Ar), and selectively reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis genes in fetal Leydig cells. Through cell-cell interaction analyses, we observed changed numbers of interactions in Sertoli cells 1 (SCs1), Leydig cells 1 (LCs1) and interstitial macrophages (ITMs), and we also identified cell-specific ligand gene expressions in these clusters, such as Inha, Fyn, Vcam1, and Apoe. Complementary in vitro assays confirmed that DEHP directly reduced the expression of genes related to Sertoli cell adhesion and intercellular communication. In conclusion, peripubertal DEHP exposure reduced the number of mature Sertoli cells and may disrupt testicular steroidogenesis by affecting the testosterone synthesis genes in fetal Leydig cells rather than adult Leydig cells.

Bulk fluidity and apparent wall slip of deflocculated kaolin suspensions

The influence of different electrolytes on the apparent wall slip (AWS) of aqueous kaolin suspensions is studied experimentally. The fluidity and AWS characteristics of purely aqueous and deflocculated kaolin suspensions are measured by gap-dependent rotational viscometry using unconventional cone–cone geometry. The applied sensors are made of different materials: stainless steel (smooth and sandblasted), titanium, and duralumin (with an anodized surface). Both the quality of the sensor surface and the presence of electrolytes strongly influence the observed AWS behavior. In the case of a purely aqueous 40% kaolin suspension, positive AWS (depleted layer formation) is measured on the stainless steel and titanium sensors, while negative AWS (stagnant layer formation) is observed on the anodized duralumin sensor. In the case of fully deflocculated suspensions, Newtonian flow behavior is observed with almost no measurable AWS effects. In the case of partially deflocculated suspensions, the type of deflocculant becomes important. While the presence of Na2CO3 or NaOH does not qualitatively change the AWS trends and only slightly increases them, the presence of SHMP (sodium hexametaphosphate) leads to positive AWS on anodized duralumin. However, the addition of NaCMC (sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose) induces negative AWS on all the surfaces studied.

Optimisation of the composition of safe dental gel with IL-1β antagonist for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases

Aim. The study aims to develop the composition of the oromucosal gel with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted based on the Department of Medicines Technology of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University and the Training Medical and Laboratory Center of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. As an active component, in the recipe of oromucosal gel, used antagonist of the interleukin IL-1B. Excipients: D-panthenol (the plasticizer), carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (the viscosity modifier and mucoadhesive component), Tween-80 (the enhancer absorption), benzalkonium chloride (the preservative), sodium hydrophosphate + citric acid (the phosphate buffer solution), purified water. The experiments used existing and auxiliary ingredients of pharmaceutical purity, which were obtained from Sinbias LLC, Istok-Plus LLC, LLC “Mobile Medical”. For the design of the experiment, the methodology of the response surface (Box-Behnken Design) is used: Na CMC, Tween-80, D-panthenol; and four answers: pH, viscosity test, system type, mucoadhesive properties. Research methods: rheological research (viscosity test, amplitude test, frequency test, mucoadhesive test, thixotropy test) performed in oscillation mode on the modular compact Rheometer Anton Paar MCR 302 (CP50-1 SN71317), which, compared to cylindrical devices, requires a much smaller amount of gel sample and allows the planned tests in the oscillation mode, the temperature in the experiments was provided with a built-in thermostat (Peltier Temperature Control, C-PTD 200). Pharmaco-toxicological studies were conducted on 46 white outbred rats of both sexes, weighing 160–180 grams, which were received from Vivarium by the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The studies were performed on enough animals, all manipulations were carried out by the provisions on the use of animals in biomedical experiments. The results of the study were calculated using the standard statistical package of the Statistica for Windows 13 (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J), as well as SPSS 16.0, Microsoft Office Excel 2003. Results. According to the design of the experiment, it is established that the components of the system do not change the value of pH in experimental oromucosal gels (6.5500 ± 0.0334). The Anova for Quadratic Model statistical analysis data certify the significant impact of Na CMC, and Tween-80 factors on the viscous characteristics of oromucosal gels (F-value > p-value). Comparison of mucoadhesive characteristics of the studied samples of oromucosal gels was made using dynamic mechanical analysis and the results of statistical analysis of ANOVA for Quadratic Model highlight the significant influence of Na CMC, D-panthenol, Tween-80. Optimized oromucosal gel test data is obtained that its structure is restored after the applied effort, namely the restoration of the structure after 10 seconds occurs by 69.5 %, after 30 s by 76.1 %, after 180 s by 85.4 %, after 180 s which allows to predict the stability of the dosage form, both after manufacture and after use. Conclusions. The composition of the oromucosal gel of anti-inflammatory action with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal is developed. The optimized composition of the oromucosal gel obtained has satisfactory performance of kinetic stability and thixotropic properties. The developed gel for dentistry meets all the requirements for harmlessness and safety for dosage forms of this group toxicity, lack of local irritant and allergic action.

Peculiarities of Skin Wound healing Under Ischemic Conditions With Topical Treatment Using a Combination of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dexpanthenol

Objective: To study peculiarities of skin wound healing under ischemic conditions with topical treatment using a combination of benzalkonium chloride and dexpanthenol.Materials and methods: We conducted an experiment on a rat model of skin wound healing under ischemic conditions. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, with 30 rats in each group. Group 1 received no treatment; group 2 was treated with the Levomecol ointment; group 3 and group 4 were treated with benzalkonium chloride immobilized based on the carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt and a combination of benzalkonium chloride and dexpanthenol immobilized based on the carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, respectively. We used planimetric and biochemical (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] level) methods, measured the pH of the wound surface and wound bed temperature, determined the hydroxyproline concentration in the wound defect tissues, and performed statistical processing of the data.Results: Group 4 had the largest percentage of wound surface area reduction and pH values. Thermometry on day 10 showed a decrease in wound temperature in groups 2 and 4, whereas groups 1 and 3 demonstrated maximum values. By the end of the experiment, group 4 had the maximum hydroxyproline concentration that was significantly higher than the amino acid content in groups 1, 2, and 3: 1.2, 1.1 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. Maximum ALP levels were observed on day 5 in group 4, whereas in groups 2 and 3 they were observed on day 8 and only on day 10 in group 1.Conclusions: Skin wound healing under ischemic conditions was faster in the group in which topical treatment involved a combination developed by us: benzalkonium chloride and dexpanthenol immobilized based on the carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt.

Impact of filler and gelling catalyst/agent on properties of flexible polyurethane foam

AbstractIn this study, the physiomechanical properties of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (Na‐CMC salt) filler‐loaded foam and its impact on the wicking capacity of the foam were investigated in juxtaposition with the increasing tin concentration. According to the study's findings, standard unfilled foam demonstrated no wicking at all, while flexible PU foam filled with Na‐CMC salt, even with low porosity and subpar mechanical traits, displayed wicking heights of 4 mm, 3.4 mm, and 2.8 mm in test specimens of thicknesses of 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm. Moreover, filled foam with a higher porosity level exhibited significantly better wicking heights of 11.4 mm, 10.8 mm, and 8.2 mm. The inclusion of CMC filler in the PU foam matrix is the reason for enhanced wicking property in foam. The sample thickness and wicking height trends are consistent among all foams; as foam sample thickness increases, wicking height progressively falls. The correlation between the foam's porosity value and the number of closed cell windows is confirmed by stereomicroscopy and the porosity values. According to this study, the infused filler's characteristics have a greater influence on the foam's wicking capacity than the foam's porosity. This study contributes significant insights into ongoing initiatives to enhance user experience, well‐being, and hygiene through innovative and meticulously designed new developed mattress foam using Na‐CMC as a filler.Highlights Co‐relation between concentration of tin and infused filler on wicking property. Standard unfilled foam demonstrated no wicking at all. Na‐CMC salt filled foam displayed wicking heights. After 15% increase in tin level, mechanical properties of foam degrade. Wicking depends on nature of infused filler and the foam's porosity.

Vis‐NIR Modulation in a Dynamically Reversible Single C‐pBPV Biopolymer Electrolyte for Sustainable Systems in Electrochromism

AbstractIn the pursuit of sustainable technology, the synthesis of a novel biopolymer, C‐pBPV, through the polymerization of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC‐Na) and viologen (BPV), with ammonium persulfate as an initiator is presented. This groundbreaking process not only promises an eco‐friendly approach but also opens avenues for advanced applications in electrochromic devices (ECDs), particularly in smart windows, displays, and beyond. Departing from conventional multi‐layered approaches, the study underscores the significance of a single‐layer material. C‐pBPV serves both as an electro‐chrome and an electrolyte, making it a compelling material for ECDs. It is used to create a gel‐based electrochromic device G1 with exceptional bistable properties. Following, a systematically controllable device, G2 is accomplished, to enhance color‐switching capabilities by adding vitamin C as an electron mediator. Both devices exhibited outstanding electrochromic properties, showcasing dual‐band absorption in the Vis‐NIR region, with color transitions from transparency to a striking purple state at low voltages. Embracing an all‐in‐one layer configuration, this study set the stage for next‐generation smart windows that not only regulate solar light for energy conservation but also pioneer a more compact, user‐friendly design, prioritizing visual comfort, sustainability, and a tailored user experience.

Gold nanoparticles with natural polymer synthesized by plasma–liquid interactions: Size-control, characterization and colorimetric detection of melamine based on the size effect of gold nanoparticles

This work reports the synthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles as AuNP colloids in aqueous solutions with capping natural polymer matrices – the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, using a liquid-phase plasma process. The effects of the solution plasma process discharge time, concentrations of gold(III) chloride trihydrate precursor (0.06–2.5 mmol/L) and correlations of the precursor/CMC ratios on the characteristics on the synthesized Au NPs, including size distribution and optical absorption properties, were investigated. The average size (20–90 nm) and form (spherical, hexagonal and triangular) of the AuNPs can be change depending on the initial concentration of Au3+ and the ratios of precursor/CMC on the process synthesis. Gold nanoparticles were used to study a straightforward colorimetric detection of melamine. Melamine caused the AuNPs to agglomerate in aqueous solution, changing their visible color from red to blue. The prepared AuNPs can be used for the detection of melamine with a low LOD and an extremely wide linear range (0.005–0.21 μM.).

An Application of Polymer Nanocomposites Based On Carboxymethylcellulose along with Aluminium (Al) and Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles for Increasing Oil Production

As an agent for displacing residual and hard-to-recover oil reserves, polymer nanocomposites based on sodium salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles were investigated. It has been shown that polymer nanocomposites are more effective as oil displacement agents than the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose itself. Increasing the viscosity of an oil displacement solution can be achieved by varying the concentrations of CMC and nanoparticles. This study thoroughly examined the dynamic viscosities of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polymer nanocomposites that contain CMC and metal nanoparticles (Al and Cu) across various concentrations. The results obtained are robust and reliable. It has been shown that, among polymer nanocomposites containing Al nanoparticles, there is a higher dynamic viscosity compared to its Cu nanoparticle counterpart at equivalent concentrations. This work proposes a simulation reservoir model to enhance oil recovery from hard-to-recovery reserves. Through this reservoir model simulation, the oil recovery factor was calculated using filler sand and oil extracted from a hydrocarbon field. The experimental data revealed the most effective concentration of CMC and nanoparticles for oil displacement. The results suggest that polymer nano composites composed of different metal nano powders have varying impacts on oil displacement efficiency. In this experiment, a composition consisting of Al nanoparticles with a size range of 50-70 manometers (nm) proved to be more successful as an oil displacement agent than a polymer nanocomposite made of Cu nanoparticles and CMC. At these concentrations and combinations, the highest oil recovery factors were achieved.

Construction of heterophase MoOx/Ru assisted by self-assembled carboxymethylcellulose-Ru3+ nanosheet for improved alkaline hydrogen evolution

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline medium is much sluggish than that in acidic medium due to the limited water dissociation step, thus accelerating the water dissociation kinetics is critical. Herein, we designed a MoOx species-modified ruthenium nanoparticle catalyst (MoOx/Ru/C-3) based on the unique electrostatic interaction between carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC) and metal ions, where an heterophase structure is formed between MoOx and Ru. The obvious electronic interaction between them allows the formation of synergistic promotion relationship involving the water dissociation on MoOx and the adsorbed hydrogen recombination on Ru. At a metal loading of 6.98 μgRu cm-2 geo, the overpotential of 82 mV is just required to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2, exhibiting a significantly better apparent electrochemical activity than Ru/C (98 mV) without introduction of MoOx, which demonstrates superior or comparable alkaline HER activity to the recently reported Ru-based electrocatalysts. Meanwhile, the overpotential for Ru/C increased by 113 mV after 24 h of chronopotentiometric test, whereas only 61 mV elevates for MoOx/Ru/C-3, and even just 98 mV generates after 120 h. Thereof, introduction of MoOx species into Ru matrix can also markedly improve the electrochemical stability. The proposed material construction strategy in this study provides a feasible idea for the rational design of highly cost-performance alkaline hydrogen evolution catalysts.

СУДА ЕРИТІН ПОЛИМЕРЛЕР МЕН ОЛАРДЫҢ ПОЛИКОМПЛЕКСТЕРІНІҢ СУЛЫ ЕРІТІНДІДЕГІ ҚАСИЕТТЕРІ

Abstract. The interaction of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), methylcellulose (MC), polyethylenimine (PEI) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAС), and unifloc (UF)) in an aqueous environment was studied using the methods of viscometry, spectrophotometry and macroelectrophoresis. It has been established that the interaction of these polyelectrolytes is accompanied by a significant decrease in reduced viscosity (up to 0.1-0.15 dl/g, which is typical for compacted macromolecules of globular proteins), an increase in optical density and an inversion of the sign of the electrokinetic potential. All this indicates the formation of interpolymer complexes from interacting cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Experimental results of studying the properties of water soluble polymers and their polyelectrolyte complexes in aqueous solutions at the water/air interface are described and discussed. It has been shown that complex formation in relatively simple systems is accompanied by changes in the pH of the medium, optical, hydrodynamic, electrochemical and other properties of macromolecules. In the systems we studied, the interaction of the system components is not accompanied by variations in the pH of the medium, therefore, information about the interaction of water-soluble polyelectrolytes in the systems we studied was obtained based on viscometric and spectrophotometric titration data, as well as from changes in the electrokinetic potential of macromolecules. The study of the electrokinetic potential showed that the formation of interpolymer complexes in the systems under consideration is accompanied by significant changes in the electrokinetic potential of macromolecules. A study of the properties of mixtures of aqueous solutions of Na-CMC, MC, UF with polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride and polyethylenimine indicates the formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes that have a more compact structure than the original macromolecules. Key words: polyelectrolytes; flocculation; cross-linking; stability; interpolymer complexes; optical density; polymer.

Сравнительный анализ эффективности новых образцов местных гемостатических средств

Various local hemostatics (based on collagen, gelatin, cellulose, etc.) are used to stop bleeding from parenchymal organs of the abdominal cavity. In the context of an acute in vivo experiment, this study aimed to comparatively assess the time and volume of bleeding from a trauma of abdominal cavity's parenchymal organs covered with a new collagen-based spongy hemostatics combined with Na-CMC. We used new multicomponent polymer sponge implants (MPSI) based on marine collagen and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Na-CMC; the components were mixed in the ratios of 15/85, 25/75, 50/50. Hemostatic activity of the samples was assessed by bleeding time and blood loss volume. For the experiments, rats underwent laparotomy and resection of the left lobe of liver (series 1) and lower pole of spleen (series 2). In both series of experiments, the controlled parameters (bleeding time and blood loss volume) were smallest in group 6, where the MPSI were 50/50 Na-CMC/collagen. The hypothesis of higher efficacy of composite local hemostatic agents (namely, made of Na-CMC and deep-sea squid collagen) in cases of trauma of the parenchymal organs was confirmed experimentally, and same experiment has also shown that collagen in the composition of MPSI boosts bleeding arrest (for liver injury, the smallest blood loss and hemorrhage control time was 41 s, for spleen injury — 57 s, respectively; p ≤ 0.05).

Местное лечение контаминированной кожной раны оригинальной лекарственной комбинацией в сочетании с магнитотерапией в эксперименте

Currently, treatment of contaminated skin wounds aggravated by ischemia of superficial soft tissues is a problem that presents certain difficulties. The search for the new ways of treatment and drugs possessing a multidirectional effect is a relevant problem. In this study, we aimed to explore the peculiarities of wound evolution and the effectiveness of the designed combination of medicines and magnetic therapy in a contaminated skin wound case. For the experiment, we divided male Wistar rats into 3 groups and modeled a contaminated skin wound in each of the animals. In the first group, no treatment was performed, in the second, we used the developed combination (benzalkonium chloride, dexpanthenol, pentoxifylline and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, combined with magnetic therapy), in the third — ointment with dioxomethyltetrahydropyrimidine + chloramphenicol and magnetic therapy. Planimetry, acid-base balance registration, measurements of microhemocirculation and local temperature of the wound bed underpinned monitoring assessment of the wounds. At the end of the study, the wound area in the second group was 10.7 and 3.7 (p < ; 0.05 ) times smaller than in the first and third groups, respectively, and healing rate — 2.6 and 1.3 (p < 0.05 ) times faster. The maximum values of microhemocirculation and the lowest pH were registered in the second group. Thus, combination of drugs and magnetotherapy we designed promoted healing of a contaminated skin wound, which allows recommending this treatment method for further study at the preclinical level.

Transformation of banana peel into biodegradable film added with starch and carboxymethyl cellulose and its characterization

Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable in nature and lead to serious environmental as well as health problems. A biodegradable material can be a good replacer for commercial Synthetic plastics. The development of banana peel-based biodegradable film is a good source to utilize food processing waste. The biodegradable film was prepared using banana peel paste (BPP), corn starch (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% w/w of BPP), carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (15% of corn starch) and glycerol as a plasticizer. The films were developed by casting the suspension on petri dishes fallowed by drying. The mechanical, thermal, and barrier characteristics of dried films were characterized. The films moisture content, thickness, WVP, solubility, tensile strength, elongation, and biodegradability were in the range of 31.807–33.241%, 0.211–0.318 mm, 1.668–2.948 g mm/d/m2/kPa, 31.269–36.105 %, 0.825–1.158 MPa, 18.976–25.516 %, 65.034–70.002 % respectively. The film with 0.5 % of starch has been found to enhance the tensile strength (1.158 MPa). With an increase in starch content, the film becomes more permeable to water vapor and more soluble. The film was successfully developed and has good biodegradability and acceptable properties. Banana peel-based films might become a significant player in the food packaging industry in the future, helping to reduce the usage of paper and plastic bags.

Complexation of Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain with the Graft Copolymer of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium Salt and N-Vinylimidazole Enhances Enzyme Proteolytic Activity.

This study investigates the features of interactions between cysteine proteases (bromelain, ficin, and papain) and a graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt with N-vinylimidazole. The objective is to understand the influence of this interactions on the proteolytic activity and stability of the enzymes. The enzymes were immobilized through complexation with the carrier. The interaction mechanism was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and flexible molecular docking simulations. The findings reveal that the enzymes interact with the functional groups of the carrier via amino acid residues, resulting in the formation of secondary structure elements and enzyme's active sites. These interactions induce modulation of active site of the enzymes, leading to an enhancement in their proteolytic activity. Furthermore, the immobilized enzymes demonstrate superior stability compared to their native counterparts. Notably, during a 21-day incubation period, no protein release from the conjugates was observed. These results suggest that the complexation of the enzymes with the graft copolymer has the potential to improve their performance as biocatalysts, with applications in various fields such as biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology.

4D printed multipurpose smart implants for breast cancer management

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is the primary strategy for treating early-stage breast cancer; however, the incidence of local recurrence and breast tissue loss negatively impacts patients and survivors. Furthermore, radiotherapy and/or systemic therapies are frequently advised to avoid recidivism and increase the patient’s chance of survival, resulting in longer duration of treatments, and unpleasant systemic side effects. Given the poor prognosis and the heterogeneity between individuals and tumors, a patient-centered approach is fundamental. Herein we developed a multipurpose 4D printed implant made of a blend of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), loaded with doxorubicin (DOX). To predict printability performance, full rheological characterization was carried out. The smart device was programmed to change size, under swelling, to better fit in the tissue cavity, resulting in a great potential for personalization, thus improving the aesthetic outcomes. The influence of the formulation and printing parameters on the morpho transformation was investigated through the swelling test, confirming the possibility to program the 4D shape. The manufactured implants were characterized by a variety of methods, including in vitro release studies. Lastly, the anticancer activity was conducted in vitro, on MDA-MB-231 cells. Implants promoted an anticancer effect of −58% viability after 72 h incubation, even when tested 4 weeks after the printing process. Overall, the morpho transformation and the in vitro studies have shown that the implant could represent a potential strategy for breast cancer following resection, to fill the void in the breast resulting from the surgery and provide an anticancer effect to avoid recurrence.

Terminal settling velocity of the binary solid mixture in the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic liquid system

Particle settling in a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic liquid has gained interest in various industrial applications, including chemical, petroleum, food and pharmaceutical industries. Terminal settling velocities (TVS) of non-spherical particles of binary systems in non-Newtonian viscous pseudoplastic shear thinning solutions were investigated experimentally. An aqueous solution of the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) differing in the concentration of (0.4–0.8) kg/m3 was used as the liquid phase in two different size fluidized bed columns. TSV of the binary solid mixture increases with particle size and decreases with SCMC concentration. The following empirical correlation has been developed which showed an average relative error is 11.41% against 64.98% (minimum) by the earlier correction. Bio-inspired ANNs integrated with GA (Genetic Algorithm) develop a generalized model for estimating settling velocity with an average relative error of 6.9%.

Studying the Efficacy of Local Hemostatic Agents In Vivo

Introduction: In modern clinical practice, there is no common and effective hemostatic agent for solid organs of the abdomen. Local agents such as hemostatic sponges, membranes, powders seem promising. The main advantages of hemostatic powders include relatively high efficacy, portability, versatility, as well as simplicity and low cost of manufacturing.Objective: To study the hemostatic efficacy of hemostatic powders’ samples based on the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) in an acute in vivo experiment.Materials and methods: The study was based at Kursk State Medical University. Fifty male Wistar rats (weighing 220-239 g) were selected as test animals. They were evenly divided into 5 groups: ARISTA AH, Cutanplast Powder, and Na-CMC hemostatic powders with 3 different dynamic viscosities: low (50-200 cP), medium (400-800 cP) and high (1500-3000 cP). Under general inhalation anesthesia, median laparotomy was performed in Wistar rats, the middle lobe of the liver was removed into the wound, and then marginal tangential resection was performed. We applied hemostatic powders of each group to the resulting wound, and then estimated the bleeding time and the volume of blood loss. We used the Mann-Whitney test (P ≤ .05) to assess the statistical significance of differences between the study groups.Results: We recorded the minimum bleeding time and the smallest volume of blood loss for the samples based on the Na-CMC and found no statistically significant differences between the viscosities groups.Conclusions: With Na-CMC hemostatic powder the bleeding time and the volume of blood loss were reduced by 3.6 and 2.2 times, respectively, comparing to the control group. These results were considered statistically significant (P ≤ .05).

FORMATION OF SILVER-CONTAINING FILMS BASED ON POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES BY SPUTTERING DEPOSITION AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

Silver-containing film materials are formed by vacuum sputtering of silver nanoparticles on the surface of polyelectrolyte complexes based on chitosan and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (pectin). The obtained samples were characterized by the methods of wide-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, and their antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic properties were also investigated. The presence of metallic silver on the surface of polyelectrolyte complexes was confirmed by the method of wide-angle X-ray diffraction. It was established that upon sputtering of silver, a ~200 nm thick layer is formed within 5 minutes. It was shown that Na-CMC–Ag–chitosan and pectin–Ag–chitosan samples, formed by silver sputtering, exhibit antimicrobial activity against test cultures of S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Antiviral activity of samples against influenza A virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 was also established. The obtained samples were not cytotoxic, did not inhibit the viability of MDCK and BHK cell cultures.

Feasibility of intranasal delivery of thin-film freeze-dried, mucoadhesive vaccine powders

Intranasal vaccination by directly applying a vaccine dry powder is appealing. However, a method that can be used to transform a vaccine from a liquid to a dry powder and a device that can be used to administer the powder to the desired region(s) of the nasal cavity are critical for successful intranasal vaccination. In the present study, using a model vaccine that contains liposomal monophosphoryl lipid A and QS-21 adjuvant (AdjLMQ) and ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, it was shown that thin-film freeze-drying can be applied to convert the liquid vaccine containing sucrose at a sucrose to lipid ratio of 15:1 (w/w) into dry powders, in the presence or absence of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) as a mucoadhesive agent. Ultimately, the thin-film freeze-dried AdjLMQ/OVA vaccine powder containing 1.9% (w/w) of CMC (i.e., TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder) was selected for additional evaluation because the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder was mucoadhesive and maintained the integrity of the antigen and the physical properties of the vaccine. Compared to the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA powder that did not contain CMC, the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder had a lower moisture content and a higher glass transition temperature. In addition, the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% thin films were relatively thicker than the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA thin films without CMC. When sprayed with Aptar Pharma’s Unidose Powder Nasal Spray System (UDSP), the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA powder and the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder generated similar particle size distribution curves, spray patterns, and plume geometries. Importantly, after the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder was sprayed with the UDSP nasal device, the integrity of the OVA antigen and the AdjLMQ liposomes did not change. Finally, a Taguchi L4 orthogonal array was applied to identify the optimal parameters for using the UDSP device to deliver the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder to the middle and lower turbinate and the nasopharynx regions in both adult and child nasal replica casts. Results from this study showed that it is feasible to apply the thin-film freeze-drying technology to transform a nasal vaccine candidate from liquid to a dry powder and then use the UDSP nasal device to deliver the vaccine powder to the desired regions in the nasal cavity for intranasal vaccination.