Sodium Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte Research Articles

Chitosan as a suitable host for sustainable plasticized nanocomposite sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte in EDLC applications: Structural, ion transport and electrochemical studies

The challenge in front of EDLC device is their low energy density compared to their battery counter parts. In the current study, a green plasticized nanocomposite sodium ion conducting polymer blend electrolytes (PNSPBE) was developed by incorporating plasticized Chitosan (CS) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), doped with NaBr salt with various concentration of CaTiO3 nanoparticles. The most optimized PNSPBE film was subsequently utilized in an EDLC device to evaluate its effectiveness both as an electrolyte and a separator. Structural and morphological changes were assessed using XRD and SEM techniques. The PNSPBE film demonstrated a peak ionic conductivity of 9.76×10−5 S/cm, as determined through EIS analysis. The dielectric and AC studies provided further confirmation of structural modifications within the sample. Both TNM and LSV analyses affirmed the suitability of the prepared electrolyte for energy device applications, evidenced by its adequate ion transference number and an electrochemical potential window of 2.86 V. Electrochemical properties were assessed via CV and GCD techniques, confirming non-Faradaic ion storage, indicated by the rectangular CV pattern at low scan rates. The parameters associated with the designed EDLC device including specific capacitance, ESR, power density (1950 W/kg) and energy density (12.3 Wh/kg) were determined over 1000 cycles.

Development of sodium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) incorporated with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)

Development of sodium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) incorporated with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)

Influence of plasticizer on conductivity and dielectric properties of guar gum-based sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte

In recent years, research towards green material-based polymer electrolytes has increased to overcome the drawback of toxic synthetic polymer electrolytes. The present study aims to prepare a guar gum based natural solid polymer electrolyte with sodium nitrate as an ionic dopant and propylene carbonate as a plasticizer using the solution casting method. The incorporation of plasticizer increases the flexibility which in turn brings about a rise in the value of conductivity and attains a high value of 2.96 × 10-4 Scm−1 at 50 wt% of propylene carbonate. The dependence of temperature on conductivity confirms the Arrhenius behaviour of the electrolytes. Dielectric studies reveal the non-Debye behaviour of prepared samples. Transference number analysis was carried out to identify the prominent charge carriers.

Sodium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes

Sodium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes

Plasticized Sodium-Ion Conducting PVA Based Polymer Electrolyte for Electrochemical Energy Storage-EEC Modeling, Transport Properties, and Charge-Discharge Characteristics.

This report presents the preparation of plasticized sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)via solution cast technique. The prepared plasticized polymer electrolytes were utilized in the device fabrication of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). On an assembly EDLC system, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), transfer number measurement (TNM) and charge–discharging responses were performed. The influence of plasticization on polymer electrolytes was investigated in terms of electrochemical properties applying EIS and TNM. The EIS was fitted with electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) models and ion transport parameters were estimated with the highest conductivity of 1.17 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded. The CV and charge-discharging responses were used to evaluate the capacitance and the equivalent series resistance (ESR), respectively. The ESR of the highest conductive sample was found to be 91.2 at the first cycle, with the decomposition voltage of 2.12 V. The TNM measurement has shown the dominancy of ions with tion = 0.982 for the highest conducting sample. The absence of redox peaks was proved via CV, indicating the charge storing process that comprised ion accumulation at the interfacial region. The fabricated EDLC device is stable for up to 400 cycles. At the first cycle, a high specific capacitance of 169 F/g, an energy density of 19 Wh/kg, and a power density of 600 W/kg were obtained.

English

English

Electric and Dielectric Properties of Sodium Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte

Electric and Dielectric Properties of Sodium Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte

Thermal Analysis of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Ionic Liquid to PEO-NaCF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub>Polymer Electrolyte

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ionic liquid to PEO-NaCF3SO3 solid polymer electrolyte. Sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte films consisting of Polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a polymer host, Sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) as doping salt and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMiTF) as ionic liquid has been prepared by solution cast technique. Different amounts (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt. %) of EMiTF will be added to the optimized polymer-salt composition to develop PEO - NaCF3SO3 – EMiTF polymer electrolyte. Difference Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) indicated that the crystalline degree and the weight loss % of the electrolyte decrease with increasing the wt. % of the EMiTF respectively. The ionic transference number was found in the value of 0.95 which suggests that ions are the charge carriers.

Preparation and characterization of PVP-based polymer electrolytes for solid-state battery applications

Sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte films based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared using solution casting technique. Structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Increase in amorphous phase with the increase of dopant concentration was observed. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was performed using AC impedance analyzing technique in the frequency range of 0.1 KHz to 1 MHz. Activation energy values were evaluated, as well. Optical absorption studies were carried out in the wavelength range 200–600 nm. Absorption edge, direct band gap, and indirect band gap values were also evaluated. Optical absorption edge and optical band gap (both direct and indirect) showed decreasing trend with increasing the concentration of the dopant. Dominant conducting species in the present electrolyte system was determined using Wagner polarization technique and dominant conducting species were found to be ions rather than electrons. Solid-state batteries were developed using the present solid polymer electrolyte system and discharge characteristics over the load of 100 kΩ. Cell parameters, e.g., open circuit voltage, short circuit current, current density, power density were evaluated, too. Among these cells, the cell made up of PVP/NaI (70/30) ratio for electrolyte was found to be more stable than the other two cells PVP/NaI (90/10) and (80/20) ratios and the obtained results were comparable with the results achieved by other studies.

Characterisation of plasticised PVDF–HFP polymer electrolytes

This study focuses on the preparation and characterisation of sodium ion conducting polymer electrolytes. Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) has been used as the host matrix and hydrated sodium sulphide (Na2S.9H2O) salt as the source of charge carriers in the polymer electrolyte system. To the highest conducting polymer–salt electrolyte, different concentrations of equal weight of propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate mixture have been added, and the electrolytes have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The room temperature ionic conductivity of 1·34×10−4 S cm−1 for the unplasticised electrolyte with a composition of 65 wt-% poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)–35 wt-%Na2S increased to 3·49×10−4 S cm−1 when 30 wt-% propylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (w/w = 1) plasticisers were added.

Structural and electrical properties of pure and NaBr doped poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer electrolyte films for solid state battery applications

A sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) complexed with sodium bromide (NaBr) was prepared using solution cast technique. Several experimental techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, temperature-dependant conductivity and transference number measurements have been performed. XRD and FTIR studies confirm the complexation of salt with the polymer. Surface morphology was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy. DC conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 303–373 K, and the conductivity was found to increase with the increase of dopant concentration as well as temperature. Transference number data suggests that the charge transport in this polymer electrolyte system is mainly due to ions. Using these polymer electrolyte films, electrochemical cells were fabricated with configuration Na/(PVA:NaBr)/V2O5 and Na/(PVA:NaBr)/(I2+C+electrolyte) and their discharge characteristics like open circuit voltage (OCV), short circuit current (SCC), power density, energy density were evaluated and compared.

Optical and Electrical Properties of Pure and Doped PEO Polymer Electrolyte Films

A sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) complexed with NaFeF4 was prepared using solution cast technique. The complexation of the salt with PEO was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and infared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. Optical absorption studies were made in the wavelength range 200–600 nm on pure and NaFeF4 doped PEO film. The absorption edge was observed at 4.62 eV for undoped PEO while it ranged from 3.86 to 3.61 eV for NaFeF4 doped films. The direct band gaps for undoped and NaLaF4 doped PEO films were found to be, respectively, 4.54 and 3.74, 3.63 and 3.54 eV while the indirect band gaps were 4.43 and 3.52, 3.38 and 3.26 eV, respectively. It was found that the energy gaps and band edge values shifted to lower energies on doping with NaFeF4 salt. Electrical measurements were made in the temperature range 300–370 K as a function of dopant concentration. The nature of charge transport in this system was determined using Wagner's polarization technique and was found to be predominantly due to ions.

Structural, electrical and optical properties of pure and NaLaF4 doped PEO polymer electrolyte films

A Sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on Polyethylene oxide (PEO) complexed with Sodium lanthanum tetra fluoride (NaLaF4) was prepared using solution cast technique. The complexation of the salt with PEO was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is carried out to determine the melting temperature of these electrolyte films. Electrical conductivity was measured in the temperature range 300–370 K as a function of dopant concentration as well as temperature. Optical absorption studies were made in the wavelength range 200–600 nm on pure and NaLaF4 doped PEO film. The absorption edge was observed at 4.62 eV for undoped PEO while it ranged from 3.16 to 3.5 eV for NaLaF4 doped films. The direct band gaps for undoped and NaLaF4 doped PEO films were found to be, respectively, 4.54 and 3.44, 3.24 and 3.12 eV while the indirect band gaps were 4.43 and 3.25, 3.05 and 2.9 eV, respectively. It was found that the energy gaps and band edge values shifted to lower energies on doping with NaLaF4 salt.

Structural, Electrical and Optical Characterization of Pure and Doped Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Polymer Electrolyte Films

A sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) complexed with Sodium Iodide (NaI) was prepared using solution cast technique. The structural properties of composite PVA polymer electrolyte films were examined by XRD. The XRD results revealed that the amorphous domains of PVA polymer matrix increased in size with the increase of NaI salt concentration. The variation in film morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. FT-IR spectra studies for pure PVA and complexed films revealed the vibrational changes that occurred due to the effect of dopant salt in the polymer. DC conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 303–373° K and the conductivity was found to increase with the increase of dopant concentration as well as temperature. Optical absorption studies were made in the wavelength range 200–600 nm. The absorption edge, direct band gap, and indirect band gap values were evaluated.

Conductivity and discharge characteristics of (PVC + NaClO 4) polymer electrolyte systems

A sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) complexed with NaClO 4 was prepared using a solution-cast technique. Investigations were conducted using XRD, FTIR and SEM. Frequency dependent conductivity ( σ ac) values were obtained from complex impedance plots (Cole–Cole plots). Activation energy values were determined from the conductivity data are decreased with increasing ionic conductivity. The transference number measurement was performed to characterize the polymer electrolyte for battery applications. Transference number values show that the charge transport in this electrolyte is predominantly due to the ions ( t ion = 0.98). Using the electrolyte, cells with a configuration Na/(PVC + NaClO 4)/(I 2 + C + electrolyte) were fabricated and their discharge profiles studied.

Optical, electrical and discharge profiles for (PVC + NaIO4) polymer electrolytes

A sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) complexed with NaIO4 was prepared using a solution-cast technique. Optical properties such as direct and indirect optical energy gap, and optical absorption edge were investigated in pure and doped PVC films from their optical absorption spectra in the 200–600 nm wavelength region. The direct optical energy gap for pure PVC lies at 3.14 eV while it ranges from 2.60 to 3.45 eV for different composition doped films. Similar behavior was observed for the indirect optical energy gap and absorption edge. It was found that the energy gaps and band edge values shifted to higher energies on doping with NaIO4 up to a dopant concentration of 10 wt%. Measurements of ionic conductivity and transference number were made to investigate the order of conductivity and charge transport in this polymer electrolyte. Transference number values show that the charge transport in this polymer electrolyte is predominantly due to ions (tion = 0.93). The conductivity increases with increase in concentration of the salt and with temperature. Using this electrolyte, cells were fabricated and their discharge profiles were studied under constant load. Miscibility studies were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FT-IR) measurements.

Preparation and characterization of (PVP + NaClO4) electrolytes for battery applications

A sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) complexed with NaClO(4) was prepared using the solution-cast technique. The cathode film of V(2)O(5) xerogel modified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone was prepared using the sol-gel method. Investigations were conducted using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity and transference number measurements were performed to characterize the polymer electrolyte for battery applications. The transference number data indicated that the conducting species in these electrolytes are the anions. Using the electrolyte, electrochemical cells with a configuration Na/(PVP + NaClO(4))/V(2)O(5) modified by (PVP) were fabricated and their discharge profiles studied.

Physical and ionic transport studies on poly(ethylene oxide)–NaNO 3 polymer electrolyte system

Solid polymer electrolyte thin films based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with NaNO 3 salt with compositions between 2 and 10 ether oxygens per sodium have been prepared using the solution cast method as a possible sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte system. The complexation of the films has been investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. Electrical properties have been measured as a function of composition and temperature using complex impedance spectroscopy. The maximum ionic conductivity has been found to be ∼3.5×10 −6 S/cm at room temperature for the composition O/Na=3:1. The transference numbers of different mobile species have been determined by means of DC polarization and combined AC/DC techniques. The complex impedance data have been analysed in conductivity and permittivity formalisms to cast light on possible ion transport mechanisms. The peaks found in the electric modulus plot have been characterized in terms of the stretched exponential parameter.