Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure Research Articles

Use of Ultraviolet Light for Surface Decontamination of Raw Chicken Carcasses

Aim: Fresh chicken meat is especially susceptible to surface contamination. The researchers are looking into non-thermal and non-chemical preservation techniques for meat. Therefore, the present study was planned to investigate the use of UV-C light for the decontamination of raw chicken carcasses at refrigeration temperature (0-4OC).
 Study Design: The study was undertaken in two phases wherein, the first phase standardization of UV dose and later the comparative effect of selected UV light and sodium hypochlorite exposure on the shelf life of poultry carcasses (0-4OC) was carried out.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was performed in the Department of Veterinary Public Health, Poultry and Goat Processing Unit, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani (MH) India, from October 2021 to April 2022.
 Methodology: We performed the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory (odour) evaluation of the chicken carcasses during storage up to 72 hrs. Amongst various UV doses with different exposure times and distances tested, UV-C light exposure generated 233.86, 103.93, 207.87, and 415.75 mJ/cm2 energy for various groups.
 Results: A microbial analysis in a standardization study revealed that a significantly (p<0.05) lower total viable count was observed in UV (415.75 mJ/cm2) group. Similarly, counts of Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were significantly (p<0.05) lower in UV-C light (207.87 mJ/cm2 and 415.75 mJ/cm2) groups. The shelf-life analysis indicated that UV-C light (415.75 mJ/cm2) and sodium hypochlorite (50 ppm) were equally effective in reducing the microflora of carcasses. The pH and TBA values of both treatment groups did not differ significantly but an increasing trend was recorded for peroxide and tyrosine values throughout the storage period.
 Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that UV-C light technology may be applied for surface decontamination of raw chicken carcasses.

Validating the use of sodium hypochlorite for egg detachment and photograph‐based egg counting in Delta Smelt

We validated the use of diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.13%) for detaching eggs from surfaces and computer-aided, photograph-based counting for assessing egg fertilization success in Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). We examined the total number of eggs counted and the proportion of eggs fertilized before and after exposure to sodium hypochlorite using in-person and photograph-based counting in a full-factorial design. We also observed whether sodium hypochlorite exposure altered egg opacity (our measure of fertilization success) under a microscope. We found that (1) in-person, pre-exposure counting resulted in fewer eggs counted than any other treatment, (2) the proportion of eggs fertilized was highest before exposure, lower in-person after exposure and lowest by photograph after exposure and (3) eggs did not change in opacity when exposed to sodium hypochlorite. These findings suggest that in-person, pre-exposure egg counting is the least accurate of all treatments tested and assessing the fertilization success of post-exposure eggs may be more accurate than that of pre-exposure eggs, particularly for photographs. We conclude that sodium hypochlorite is a useful method for detaching eggs when further egg viability is not required and that photograph-based counting is an efficient means of assessing egg fertilization success in Delta Smelt.

Application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for ammonia removal in wastewater effluent of PT. HS

<table width="508" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="380"><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> PT HS is a world’s leading toy manufacturing company with more than 6,000 workers. Due to the high number of workers in PT. HS, it will impact to domestic activities (toilet discharge). Based on the annual report for wastewater effluent, noted that parameter ammonia from PT HS’s wastewater effluent was exceeding the industrial estate limit which the average of ammonia concentration is 50 mg/L. Whereas, In the industrial estate regulation contain of several standard parameters that must be comply by the company such as ammonia standard which has maximum 10 mg/L for the wastewater effluent. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The objectives of this experiment are to know the optimum dose of NaOCl 9% on ammonia removal and to know the concentration of residual chlorine after the treatment process. <strong>Method and results</strong>: This research use the experimental method to get the primary data. After the experiment in the laboratory, the results proved that the sodium hypochlorite exposure reduces ammonia concentration in water samples with 82,2% removal efficiency from 50 mg/L to 8,9 mg/L ammonia concentration reduced with 110 mg/L of NaOCl 9% solution within 30 minutes contact time and it resulted the residual chlorine 0.72 mg/L. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The chlorination process was effective to reduce the ammonia concentration. Also, the residual chlorine was still in the standard limit which not exceeds from 1 mg/L. The result also shows that the dose variations of sodium hypochlorite influence ammonia removal efficiencies. Also, mostly the total residual chlorine forecast will increase with the increasing sodium chlorine dose.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Quantifying defects in ceramic tight ultra- and nanofiltration membranes and investigating their robustness

One of the perceived benefits of ceramic membranes is their robustness, which makes them suitable for treating high organic load waste streams. In particular, ceramic tight ultrafiltration (tUF) and nanofiltration (NF) form an important barrier against small colloids and organic molecules. In order to achieve this barrier, the quality of the membranes should be uncompromised.An extension on a commonly used size exclusion method was developed in order to quantify defects in membranes and calculate the MWCO accurately excluding the defects. This approach gives a better representation of the membrane quality than the original method. The quality of a broad range of commercial ceramic membranes was investigated by determining the (i) hydraulic permeability, (ii) molecular weight cut-off, and (iii) quantitative defects. Several membranes – both tubular and disc membranes, selected from various suppliers – were tested to investigate their variability. Furthermore, the robustness of tubular NF membranes was studied by monitoring the effect of long-term exposure to sodium hypochlorite, which is commonly used to mitigate organic fouling.The results showed that batches of both tubular and disc membranes of different pore size and suppliers included membranes with defects. Furthermore, the long-term treatment of tubular ceramic membranes with sodium hypochlorite negatively affected, beyond expectation, the quality of the membranes. The separation layer in these membranes was not notably compromised by sodium hypochlorite exposure, but the end seal layer was damaged.

Polyamide–surfactant interaction: Exploration of new avenues for reverse osmosis separation applications

AbstractThin‐film composite (TFC) RO membrane has got widespread acceptability for desalination and water reuse applications. A novel approach toward modification of surface of TFC RO membrane using surfactant (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) has been presented. Anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, increased the water flux of TFC RO membrane up to 142% when TFC RO membrane was exposed to sodium hypochlorite solution of 2,000 mg/L for 2 hr followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate for 1 hr at pH 11. However, surface modification by cationic surfactant, that is, cetrimonium bromide resulted in decreased water flux. Boron rejection decreased to 87.31% when cetrimonium bromide of 500 mg/L was exposed after 2,000 mg/L sodium hypochlorite at pH 11 because of positive charge on the membrane surface. Nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100 exposure lower than critical micelle concentration, that is, 100 mg/L for 1 hr after sodium hypochlorite exposure of 2,000 mg/L for 2 hr, resulted in increased water flux of about 22%, however, on increasing surfactant concentration more than critical micelle concentration, that is, 4% with the same sodium hypochlorite pre‐exposure, resulted in 47.5% decline in water flux. Thus, surfactant can bind the top barrier layer of polyamide membrane to alter its performance.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite exposure on polysulfone recycled UF membranes and their surface characterization

The present work aims to investigate the effect of chlorine on the surface of the polysulfone (PSF) layer uncovered in the transformed ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (recycled from end-of-life reverse osmosis (RO) membranes). With this purpose, 6 end-of-life RO membranes used previously during their useful life to treat brackish water or seawater were transformed using two higher exposure doses of free chlorine (50,000 and 300,000 ppm h). On one hand, the end-of-life membranes were first characterized in terms of the type of fouling identified by TGA, ICP and bacteria detection. On the other hand, to determine the stability of the PSF layer, the transformed PSF UF membranes were then characterized by means of its permeability and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). In addition, membrane surface characterization was performed by ATR-FTIR, SEM and AFM. The results show that all the end-of-life RO membranes with organic and inorganic fouling were effectively transformed to PSF UF membranes at the ppm∙h values studied. However, one of the analysed sea water membrane model (HSWC3) showed more resistance to be transformed and the pores of the uncovered PSF layer only appeared at 300,000 ppm h. This membrane showed different surface appearance, with bigger pores after 300,000 ppm h exposure dose that might have affected the PSF UF membrane performance. This study indicates that a complete characterization of transformed PSF UF membrane surface is crucial for a deep understanding of the recycling process of end-of-life membranes.

Assessing the effects of sodium hypochlorite exposure on the characteristics of PVDF based membranes

Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a cleaning agent to remove adsorbed foulants from PVDF based micro/ultra filtration membranes in water and wastewater treatment applications. Although effective for fouling control, extended sodium hypochlorite exposure can affect the physical/chemical characteristics and hinder the treatment performance of these membranes. To assess these effects, PVDF based membranes were exposed to sodium hypochlorite at different concentrations for varying periods of time, and the physical/chemical characteristics of the virgin and sodium hypochlorite exposed membranes were compared. The membranes were characterized based on chemical composition (FTIR and NMR), mechanical strength (yield strength), surface hydrophilicity (contact angle), pore size and porosity (scanning electron microscopy and challenge test), and membrane resistance (clean water permeation test). The results indicated that exposure dose and concentration of the sodium hypochlorite used have significant influence on the membrane characteristics. The impact of sodium hypochlorite exposure on the parameters investigated could be most accurately and consistently correlated to an exposure dose relationship of the form Cnt (where, C = concentration and t = exposure time) rather than the Ct relationship commonly used to define the extent of exposure to cleaning agents. For all the parameters investigated, the power coefficient n was less than 1 indicating that time had a greater impact on the changes than did the concentration of the sodium hypochlorite. The results suggest that the use of sodium hypochlorite for chemical cleaning, at concentrations that are higher than those typically used for chemical cleaning would have less of an effect on the characteristics of the membrane materials. Changes in the characteristics were attributed to the oxidation of the hydrophilic additives (HA) present in blended PVDF membranes.

Mechano-chemical ageing of PES/PVP ultrafiltration membranes used in drinking water production

In water treatment by microfiltration and ultrafiltration, a major concern is the integrity loss or failure of membrane induced by onsite operations, potentially leading to permeate water contamination. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the phenomena responsible for membrane damage by analyzing its causes and effects. The role of sodium hypochlorite exposure conditions and the impact of mechanical stress on membrane characteristics were investigated. Monitoring of hydraulic response, mechanical properties and the evolution of the chemical structure showed, on multiple scales, strong indications of membrane chemical degradation, involving radical mechanisms, accelerated by tensile stress application.

Effluent Particle Size and Permeability of Polyvinylchloride Membranes after Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure

AbstractSodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a common cleaning agent for treating ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Although it efficiently removes fouling, NaOCl accelerates membrane degradation and reduces membrane integrity. In this paper, new and polluted polyvinylchloride hollow fiber membranes were treated with NaOCl solutions. The effects on the membrane were evaluated by using transmembrane pressure, bovine serum albumin permeability, particle-size distribution of the effluent (PSDE), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The membrane pore size increased after exposure to solutions with a NaOCl mass fraction of 1%. The PSDE was successfully used to test membrane integrity. When the NaOCl mass fraction was <1%, the PSDE increased; otherwise, the PSDE decreased. The main reason for pore-size enlargement was the breaking of C–C and C–H ...

Acute Kidney Injury Due to Intravenous Bleach Injection

Sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in bleach, a ubiquitous household disinfectant, and has known toxicities depending on route of exposure and amount. Acute kidney injury due to sodium hypochlorite exposure has never been reported. Patients that did develop nephrotoxicity following bleach exposure did so due to development of other risk factors for kidney injury such as volume depletion or sepsis. We report a patient who presented with black urine after parenteral self-administration of a large quantity of bleach. We review the clinical presentation, laboratory and biopsy findings, and outcome as well as discuss possible mechanisms of sodium hypochlorite toxicity and management strategies.

Index of Suspicion * Case 1: Fever, Barking Cough, Stridor, and Rash in an Infant * Case 2: Erythematous Papulovesicular Rash in a 3-month-old Girl * Case 3: Vomiting and Unrelenting Headaches in a 5-year-old Girl

A 6-month-old boy presents with a temperature of 38.9°C and barking cough of 3 days’ duration as well as a rash over his body for 1 day. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.5°C, respiratory rate is 28 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 87/52 mm Hg. He appears nontoxic and has a barking cough, injected conjunctiva with whitish discharge, dry lips, mild inspiratory stridor, a blanching erythematous maculopapular rash on his trunk and extremities, and small cervical lymph nodes. The rest of his physical findings are normal. His Hgb is 12.8 g/dL (128 g/L), WBC count is 11.7×103/mcL (11.7×109/L) with 75% neutrophils and 23% lymphocytes, and platelet count is 515×103/mcL (515×109/L). His stridor is considered to be due to viral croup, and he is treated with intramuscular (IM) dexamethasone and nebulized racemic epinephrine. A lateral neck radiograph reveals widening of the retropharyngeal space (Fig. 1), and he is started on clindamycin. CT scan of the neck reveals a right retropharyngeal abscess (Fig. 2). He continues to have high spiking fevers and experiences stridor at rest. He is started on IM dexamethasone every 6 hours, and his fever subsides the following day. Figure 1. Lateral neck radiograph showing widening of the retropharyngeal space. Figure 2. CT scan of the neck showing a right retropharyngeal abscess (arrow). On hospital day 6, the corticosteroids are stopped, but the fever returns the following day. Two days later, an erythematous maculopapular rash reappears, and the child’s lips are dry and cracked. On day 10, repeat CT scan shows that the retropharyngeal abscess has resolved. An additional imaging study reveals the cause of his symptoms. A 3-month-old previously healthy girl presents to the ED with a 1-day history of a blistering rash. Her parents noted an erythematous area on her occiput after …

The Effect of Repeated Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure on Chlorine Resistance Development in Escherichia coli O157:H7

The Effect of Repeated Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure on Chlorine Resistance Development in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Biomarker responses in Solea senegalensis exposed to sodium hypochlorite used as antifouling

The time–course stress responses (0, 1, 2, and 7 d) was assessed in plasmatic, branchial and renal parameters of juveniles Solea senegalensis exposed to different concentrations of the antifouling sodium hypochlorite (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg L −1). These stress responses were only assessed for the total length of exposure (7 d) at the lowest NaClO concentration due to the high toxicity of this chemical. In addition, the xenobiotic metabolism responses were evaluated by means of enzymatic activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and carboxylesterase (CbE) in liver; as well as GST, GPX, CAT and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in gill. Oxidative stress damage due to sodium hypochlorite exposure was measured by lipid peroxidation levels in liver and gill. Concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 mg L −1 produced lethal effects after 1 d and 2 h of exposure, respectively. After 1 d of exposure to sublethal concentration of sodium hypochlorite (0.1 mg L −1) osmoregulatory (osmolality and chloride) and stress (cortisol, glucose and lactate) plasmatic parameters were enhanced to respect at control fish. However after 3 or 7 d these parameters returned to control values. No effects were observed on plasma protein and triglyceride levels or on gill and kidney Na +/K +-ATPase activities. Diverse gill pathologies such as hypertrophy, lamellar fusion and an increase in goblet cell number and size were observed after 7 d of exposure. Most biochemical parameters related to xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress were also significantly affected which suggests that seawater affected by sodium hypochlorite discharges from power plants, is able to alter the fish xenobiotic metabolism and generate oxidative stress.

Comparative global transcription analysis of sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Disinfectants are routinely used in hospitals and health care facilities for surface sterilization. However, the mechanisms by which these disinfectants kill and the extent to which bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are resistant remains unclear. Consequently, P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections result in considerable casualties and economic hardship. Previously, DNA microarrays were utilized to analyze the genome-wide transcription changes in P. aeruginosa after oxidative antimicrobial (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) exposure. Simultaneous analysis of these transcriptome datasets provided a comprehensive understanding of the differential responses to these disinfectants. An analysis of variance, functional classification analysis, metabolic pathway analysis, Venn diagram analysis, and principal component analysis revealed that sodium hypochlorite exposure resulted in more genome-wide changes than either peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide exposures.