Sodium Electrical Conductivity Research Articles

Ionic conductivity of sodium–strontium germanate Na4SrGe6O15

The electrical conductivity of sodium–strontium germanate Na4SrGe6O15 (sp. gr. P63/m) has been studied by impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 102–4 × 104 Hz and a temperature range of 450–600 K. Na4SrGe6O15 crystals were obtained by hydrothermal technique in the Na2O–SrO–GeO2–H2O system (temperature t = 300–600°C and pressure p = 1.4 × 108 Pа in the dissolution zone). The ionic conductivity of ceramic Na4SrGe6O15 samples is σ = 2.2 × 10–6 S/cm (at 573 K), the activation energy of Na+ ion transfer is Ea = 0.70 ± 0.03 eV.

Agricultural Polymers Revisited: Salinity Interactions and Soil-Water Conservation

A synthetic superabsorbent polymer used to improve water-holding capacity of soils was investigated. Two water qualities, two irrigation intervals, and two application rates were administered to 24 treated soil columns. Polymer absorbance of water was proportional with time but inversely proportional to salinity levels. After a threshold period, which was longer for the lower water application rate, cumulative evaporation (E = √ct) increased with decrease in irrigation interval and the type of amendments added in order of control > peat moss > the absorbent copolymer. The value of c was largely determined by the water application rate and the type of the soil amendment. Salt and moisture distributions were governed by the amount of water conserved. Peat moss was more effective in leaching salts. The quantity of water applied per irrigation, rather than cumulative amount, seemed to affect water conservation, whereas the cumulative amount of water affected electrical conductivity–sodium absorption ratio (EC-SAR) distributions.

Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake City and its Adjoining area

Quality assessment of water is essential to ensure sustainable safe use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. For the same purpose the study was conducted for the samples of water of Sambhar lake city and its adjoining areas. The standard methods of APHA were used to analysis 15 samples collected from hand pumps and tube wells of the specified area. The analytical results show higher concentration of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity sodium, nitrate, sulfate, and fluoride, which indicate signs of deterioration but values of pH, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, and carbonate are within permissible limits as per WHO standards. From the Hill-piper trilinear diagram, it is observed that the majority of groundwater from sampling stations are sodium-potassium-chloride-sulfate type water. The values of sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity of the groundwater were plotted in the US salinity laboratory diagram for irrigation water. Only the one sample fall in C(3)S(1) quality with high salinity hazard and low sodium hazard. Other samples fall in high salinity hazard and high sodium hazard. Chemical analysis of groundwater shows that mean concentration of cation is in order sodium > magnesium > calcium > potassium while for the anion it is chloride > bicarbonate > nitrate > sulfate.

Electrical conductivity of sodium and calcium forms of the synthetic inorganic exchanger zeolite type A

The electrical conductivity of the sodium and calcium forms of the synthetic inorganic exchanger, zeolite type A, was determined. The isoconductance point method, usually used for the determination of electrical conductivity of exchangers, was found unsuitable for the zeolite because the latter hydrolyzes. The conductivity of the dispersed phase was calculated from the measured conductivity of dilute suspensions and their equilibrium solutions by using Maxwell's equation. The electrical conductivity of the Na-zeolite was found to be 1163 ± 112 ohm −1 cm −1 × 10 −6 and that of the Ca-zeolite, 31 ± 4 ohm −1 cm −1 × 10 −6 at a frequency of 1000 Hz. By comparing the equivalent conductivity of the counter ions to the equivalent conductivity of the same ions in a dilute aqueous solution, an estimate of the “degree of dissociation” of the sodium and calcium counter ions was obtained.

Insulated sodium conductorsߞa future trend

Polyethylene-insulated sodium conductors, having economic advantages over conventional conductors, have been developed. The sodium conductors are light in weight and can be manufactured on standard cable-fabricating equipment. The light weight and the usual flexibility of the sodium cable should afford greater ease of installation in direct-buried and overhead power cable applications. Extensive tests indicate that this system is tough and resilient, and can withstand considerable abuse. Sodium's electrical conductivity ranks just below copper and aluminum. A useful service life of 40 years, under normal ambient conditions, is predicted for direct-buried cable.

Low-Temperature Resistivity of Sodium and the Effects of Nuclear Irradiation

Neutron irradiation effects on sodium electrical conductivity at low temperatures were measured using the hole 12 cryostat of the Oak Ridge graphite reactor, Data were compared with those for copper; it is suggested that the displacement threshold for sodium is less than that for copper. Results from pulse-annealing studies are presented in graphical form. The importance of the thermal history of sodium is stressed; sodium is far from an ideal simple metal. (L.N.N.)

The thermal and electrical conductivity of sodium at low temperatures

Modem theories of metallic conduction, based on the quantum interaction of electrons with the lattice vibrations, predict a considerable variation of Lorenz number with temperature. We have carried out measurements of the thermal and electrical conductivity of two rather pure specimens of sodium continuously from 90 to ~ 4° K and derived an experimental Lorenz curve. Considerable deviations from theory are found; these may in part be due to departure of the lattice vibrations from the Debye spectrum. The thermal conductivity, in particular, is compared with the most recent theoretical work, and the predicted minimum at ~ 0.25Θ has not been found.

URIC ACID PARTITION IN GOUT AND IN HEPATIC DISEASE

The problem of solubility of uric acid and urates in body fluids has been the subject of extensive studies. Uric acid is weak and dissolves in water in small amounts only. Sodium urate is more easily soluble,1but its solubility is depressed by the addition of sodium chloride. A physiologic solution of sodium chloride dissolves only one tenth of the amount soluble in distilled water.2The solubility of sodium urate in body fluids is much higher, however, than the determination of its solubility in physiologic solution of sodium chloride would suggest. Schade and Boden3observed that sodium urate solutions were characterized by properties specific for colloidal solutions, such as opalescence, gel formation and the Tyndall phenomenon (see also Bechhold and Ziegler4). This suggested the existence of a colloidal form of uric acid in body fluids (compare, however, Hoeber5). Freundlich and Farmer-Loeb6examined the electrical conductivity of sodium