Sodium Dihydrate Research Articles

Pain Reduction of Ibuprofen Sodium Dihydrate Alone and in Combination with Acetaminophen in an Untreated Endodontic Pain Model: A Randomized, Double-blind Investigation

IntroductionMost pain studies have been based on a postsurgical, third molar model using ibuprofen (IBU)/acetaminophen (APAP). Studies have found quicker onset of pain relief with a newer formulation of IBU - ibuprofen sodium dihydrate (ISD). The purpose of this study was to compare pain reduction of ISD/APAP to ISD in an acute endodontic pain model of untreated patients experiencing moderate to severe pain with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Methods and MaterialsIn this double-blind randomized study, 64 adult emergency patients in acute moderate to severe pain, a pulpal diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis or necrosis, and symptomatic apical periodontitis participated. Each patient randomly received either one dose of 768 mg ISD/1000 mg APAP or one dose of 768 mg ISD. Pain intensity scores were recorded every 15 minutes over 240 minutes using the Heft-Parker VAS along with time to first sign of pain relief, time to meaningful pain relief, and time to 50% pain relief also recorded. The data were analyzed statistically. ResultsBoth ISD and ISD/APAP groups showed a progressive decrease in pain from baseline to 120 minutes after medication administration. Afterward, a relative plateau was seen in the patients’ pain. There was no difference in the VAS scores between the ISD and ISD/APAP at any given time point, time to first sign of pain relief, time to meaningful pain relief, and time to 50% pain relief. ConclusionsThe addition of APAP to ISD for pain control in an untreated endodontic pain model did not differ significantly from ISD alone.

Microhardness and tensile strength of electrochemically synthesized nickel-cobalt binary alloy sheets exfoliated from a dumbbell-shaped titanium cathode

Nanocrystalline nickel–cobalt (Ni–Co) binary alloy sheets were fabricated through electroforming in an acidic aqueous bath using exfoliation from a metallic titanium cathode. Cobalt content in Ni–Co alloy sheets ranged from 28.8 at% to 72.0 at% depending on experimental parameters, such as cathodic overpotential and bath composition. The surface roughness (R a) of the electroformed alloy sheets significantly decreased down to 1.5 μm as saccharin sodium dihydrate was added as an additive to the acidic aqueous solution bath. X-ray diffraction profiles and transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the electroformed Ni–Co alloy sheets have a nanocrystalline structure (grain size ≈ 30 nm). The lattice constant of the electroformed Ni–Co alloy sheets increased with an increase in cobalt content (i.e. solute atom concentration). The mechanical properties were significantly improved because of the synergistic effects of crystal grain refinement and solid solution strengthening. The microhardness and tensile strength of the electroformed Ni–Co alloy sheets reached 609 kgf mm−2 and 1757 MPa (X Co = 49.9 at%), respectively. The tensile strength of the electroformed Ni–Co alloy sheets in this study significantly exceeded that of solidified Ni–Co alloys (approximately 370 MPa). Therefore, this study offers a technique to enhance the mechanical properties of electroformed Ni–Co alloy sheets.

Oxonium trans-bis(oxalato)rhodate and related sodium salts: a rare example of crystalline complex acid

New coordination compounds trans-bis(oxalato)diaquarhodiate sodium dihydrate Na[Rh(H2O)2Ox2]·2H2O (crystallizes in two polymorphic forms NaRh-1 and NaRh-2), trans-bis(oxalato)hydroxoaquarhodiate sodium tetrahydrate Na2[Rh(H2O)(OH)Ox2]·4H2O (Na2Rh) and trans-bis(oxalato)diaquarhodic acid tetrahydrate (H3O)[Rh(H2O)2Ox2]·4H2O (HRh) are synthesized. The compounds are characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. NaRh-1, NaRh-2 and Na2Rh crystallize in space group P 1. Trans-bis(oxalato)diaquarhodic acid exists not only in solution, but can also crystallize as a tetrahydrate (space group C2/c). The formation of various species in solution of rhodium hydroxide in oxalic acid and their redistribution were studied using 103Rh NMR spectroscopy.

Alteration of unfolded protein responses and autophagy signaling represented the molecular basis underlying saccharin toxicity to Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

The purpose of this study was to develop a new control method for Drosophila using saccharin sodium dihydrate (saccharin), an artificial sweetener that is safe for humans and the environment, and to elucidate its mode of action. In this study, we confirmed that saccharin can dose-dependently inhibit the development of or kill vinegar flies (VFs) and spotted wing Drosophila (SWDs). In addition, we found that low concentrations of saccharin induced a similar effect as starvation in Drosophila, whereas high concentrations of saccharin induced changes in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy signaling that were unlike starvation and inhibited development or killed the VF and the SWD by performing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Spinosad is a widely used plant protection agent for SWD control. When saccharin was cotreated with 0.25-1.0 ppm spinosad, an additive insecticidal activity was observed only at high concentrations of saccharin. However, when saccharin was cotreated with 2.0 ppm spinosad, an additive insecticidal activity was observed at low concentrations of saccharin. Taken together, alteration of UPR and autophagy signaling represented the molecular basis underlying saccharin toxicity to Drosophila and concurrent spraying of an insecticide with saccharin could enhance the insecticidal activities.

Spray drying of naproxen and naproxen sodium for improved tableting and dissolution – physicochemical characterization and compression performance

In this work, the tabletability and dissolution of spray-dried forms of naproxen and its sodium salt were compared with those of unprocessed drugs. Solutions of naproxen or naproxen sodium alone or with HPMC (5% w/w of drug content) were spray dried. Scanning electron micrographs showed that naproxen sodium spray-dried particles were spherical, whereas those of naproxen were non-spherical but isodiametric. Powder x-ray diffraction and thermal analysis indicated that co-spray drying with HPMC resulted in reduced crystallinity of naproxen and higher naproxen sodium dihydrate content. FTIR and Raman analysis showed shifting, merging or elimination of bands in the spectra of the co-spray dried products signifying solid-state alterations. When mixed with suitable processing aids (7% w/w), all co-spray dried powders produced satisfactory tablets in the pressure range 73–295 MPa. Conversely, physical mixtures of naproxen compressed with the same aids failed tableting, whereas naproxen sodium produced weak tablets. Dissolution tests showed significant improvement for co-spray dried drugs tablets. Therefore, since the large therapeutic doses of naproxen and sodium naproxen limit the use of tableting aids, the improved compaction and dissolution performance of the spray-dried forms may be a formulation alternative.

Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation

The manufacture of oral dosage form may induce changes in the physical form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. One such example includes formation of hydrate during granulation followed by the reverse transition to the anhydrous form during drying. We used naproxen sodium dihydrate (DH) as the model compound and studied its dehydration at elevated temperature under different processing conditions, (i) in ambient air, (ii) in flow of inert gas (iii) under low pressure environment, and (iv) under ‘high’ pressure in closed environments. In situ variable temperature X-ray diffraction was used to monitor kinetics of phase transformation under these processing conditions. The DH dehydration was fastest under the flow of inert gas and slowest in closed environment. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), commonly used hygroscopic solids, were used as the model excipients to monitor influence of excipients in modulating DH dehydration behavior under different processing conditions. Both the excipients altered the kinetics as well as the extent of DH dehydration, with PVP delaying and MCC facilitating the transformation under all processing conditions studied. The results indicate that the physical form of API, such as hydrate or anhydrous in the present case, in the formulation may be modulated by rational excipient selection.

A comparative study on the sticking tendency of ibuprofen and ibuprofen sodium dihydrate to differently coated tablet punches

In the present study, the sticking tendencies of ibuprofen and ibuprofen sodium dihydrate as model substances for a lipophilic and a hydrophilic sticky API to differently coated punches were investigated. Increased sticking was observed with the more polar ibuprofen sodium dihydrate than with the less polar ibuprofen. Interestingly, the anti-sticking performance of the punch coatings proved to be independent of the APIs’ polarity. To understand this phenomenon, key properties of the punches were investigated. The AFM adhesive forces of both APIs to the differently coated punches as well as the surface free energies and the surface texture of these punches were determined. Separately evaluating these properties revealed only a partial correlation with the sticking observed during tableting. Consistent results with the tableting data could only be achieved if evaluating the surface texture in context with the chemical composition of the respective punch surfaces. It was concluded that each punch tip coating represents an entirely different system, which were described in detail as a result of the performed investigations. Particularly, chromium nitride-coated punches resulted in excellent anti-sticking performances because of a low chemical interaction with the APIs combined with a smooth and homogeneous surface texture.

Organo-bridged silsesquioxane incorporated mesoporous silica as a carrier for the controlled delivery of ibuprofen and fluorouracil

Mesoporous silica based drug carriers were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-rays diffraction. Zeta potential was measured with zetasizer. The synthesized materials were tested as a drug carrier for ibuprofen, ibuprofen sodium dihydrate and 5‑fluorouracil. Silica with long organic surface chains and ordered mesoporous network showed a high loading capacity for ibuprofen (22.0wt%), ibuprofen sodium dehydrate (48.0wt%) and 5‑fluorouracil (9.4wt%). The long hydrophobic chains enhanced the drug adhesion to the silica surface which eventually delayed the release of the drug and hence presented a sustained and controlled release profiles. The study suggests that the synthesized materials have potential as controlled drug release systems where prolonged drug therapeutic effects are required. This study also suggests that the 5‑fluorouracil loaded nano-carriers in the form of films, mats or cream could be a potential candidate for skin cancer treatment formulations.

Insufficient evidence to support benefits of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate over ibuprofen acid to reduce pain in patients with acute odontogenic pain

Insufficient evidence to support benefits of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate over ibuprofen acid to reduce pain in patients with acute odontogenic pain

A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing 2 Ibuprofen Formulations in Patients with Acute Odontogenic Pain

IntroductionIbuprofen sodium dihydrate, a new formulation of ibuprofen, was introduced with the claim of faster onset of analgesia. Most of the data on this new ibuprofen formulation are drawn from studies using the oral surgery model. Because this model differs significantly from the endodontic pain model, we conducted a study comparing ibuprofen sodium dihydrate with conventional ibuprofen acid in endodontic pain patients. MethodsThis randomized, double-masked study recruited subjects experiencing moderate to severe pain from a tooth diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis (n = 41). Subjects were randomized to receive 400 mg ibuprofen acid (Advil; Pfizer, Madison, NJ) or an equivalent dose of 512 mg ibuprofen sodium dihydrate (Advil Sodium, Pfizer). The outcome measures were time to onset of 50% pain relief recorded using a stopwatch, reduction in spontaneous pain experienced on a 100-mm visual analog scale, and change in mechanical allodynia measured using a bite force transducer. The last 2 measures were obtained before and 60 minutes after administration of the drug. ResultsThe median time to onset of 50% pain relief after administration of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate was significantly faster compared with ibuprofen acid (26.5 vs 44 minutes, P = .08). Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate provided a greater reduction in spontaneous pain (50.8% vs 33.3%, P < .05) and mechanical allodynia (15% vs 9%, P > .05). ConclusionsIn endodontic pain patients, a single dose of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate provides faster onset of pain relief and a greater reduction in spontaneous and evoked pain compared with ibuprofen acid.

Improving the granule strength of roller-compacted ibuprofen sodium for hot-melt coating processing

Solvent-free hot-melt coating processing is a novel and cost-efficient approach to manufacturing taste-masked multiparticulate systems. However, most API powders are fine and cohesive and not processable by hot-melt coating. The aim of this study was to produce dense and abrasion-resistant granules with high drug content (>80%) via roller compaction for hot-melt coating process optimization. The selected API was ibuprofen sodium dihydrate, a salt of ibuprofen with improved bioavailability and poor intrinsic compactibility.The formulation and roller compaction process were developed for the production of granules with 94%w/w of API and low friability (∼30%), using sorbitol and isomalt as excipients. The strong bonding mechanism relied on powder jamming prior to the rollers and was investigated via scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and small and wide angle X-ray scattering. It was shown that sorbitol crystals are solubilized during roller compaction and recrystallize as sorbitol hydrate, acting as strong solid bridges. The robustness of the roller compaction process and the re-compaction of fines were investigated. A statistical design of experiments was conducted to evaluate the hot-melt coating process for taste masking of ibuprofen sodium granules. Taste masking required coating ratios higher than 40%w/w of granule batch, emphasizing the need for high-drug-content and abrasion-resistant granules.

A Modern Approach to the Heckel Equation: The Effect of Compaction Pressure on the Yield Pressure of Ibuprofen and its Sodium Salt

Despite being heavily criticised in the literature the most widely used and accepted compaction equation is the Heckel equation proposed by Heckel in 1961. Its presence in literature for 55 years is due to the ease in which it can distinguish between plastic and brittle materials. Achieving the correct balance of plastic and brittle materials in a formulation is critical to ensure adequate tablet strength is achieved therefore classifying materials using the Heckel equation is attractive. Despite the importance of this understanding, especially in the design and manufacture of direct compression formulations, there are no set analytical testing standards or materials classification guidelines. Instead many workers have attempted to develop techniques for the measurement and classification of a materials deformation but there is still confusion and contradiction present in this field. In this study we report the effect of compaction pressure on the yield pressure of ibuprofen and its sodium salt. Ibuprofen and its sodium salt were selected as models for study due to the availability of comparative literature yield pressure values. The reported variation in yield pressure can be significant e.g, ibuprofen which has literature values of 21-1139 MPa. This study proposes an approach to determine yield pressure from the Heckel equation using a linear regression method. The full linear regression methodology utilised is described and is used to report the yield pressure of ibuprofen and its sodium salt dihydrate. This technique reveals the most representative compaction pressure in order to derive yield pressure to be 121 MPa. The yield pressure of ibuprofen and its sodium salt have been shown to increase with increasing compaction pressure. The reported values lie between 52-78 MPa for ibuprofen and 48-75 MPa for ibuprofen sodium dihydrate. The slightly lower reported yield pressure values for ibuprofen sodium suggest increased plasticity which could be attributed to the water contained within the structure acting as a plasticiser.

Onset of analgesia and efficacy of ibuprofen sodium in postsurgical dental pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled study versus standard ibuprofen.

Objectives:A novel, immediate-release tablet formulation of ibuprofen (IBU) sodium dihydrate, Advil Film Coated Tablets (IBUNa), has been developed that is absorbed faster than standard IBU tablets. The objective of the current study was to compare the efficacy and onset of analgesia of this new formulation with standard IBU tablets after a single dose.Materials and Methods:Patients (N=316) with at least moderate baseline postsurgical dental pain were randomized to 400 mg IBUNa, Advil (IBUAdv), Motrin (IBUMot), or placebo. Primary endpoints were time-weighted sum of pain relief (PR) and pain intensity differences over 8 hours (SPRID 0-8) and time to onset of meaningful pain relief (TMPR) measured by the double-stopwatch method.Results:SPRID 0-8 was significantly greater for IBUNa and the other active treatments versus placebo (P<0.001). IBUNa had a significantly earlier TMPR versus placebo, pooled IBUAdv/IBUMot, and IBUMot (P<0.001 for all), and a marginally faster TMPR (P=0.075) versus IBUAdv. Results for secondary endpoints were similar. Adverse events were comparable across treatment groups, with gastrointestinal disorders being most frequently reported. Most adverse events were mild or moderate.Discussion:This novel formulation of IBUNa provided superior overall PR compared with placebo and more rapid onset of analgesic effect compared with standard IBU tablets. Rapid PR is important in the treatment of acute pain, including dental pain, and this IBUNa formulation represents a new treatment option for rapid PR.

Solubility of Ibuprofen Sodium Dihydrate in Acetone + Water Mixtures: Experimental Measurement and Thermodynamic Modeling

The solubility of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate (ISD) in acetone + water mixtures was measured by the gravimetric method at temperatures ranging from (279.55 to 312.05) K. The measured solubilities were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation, the λh (Buchowski) equation, the van’t Hoff model, the combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich–Kister (CNIBS/R-K) equation, and the general single model. The modified Apelblat equation was the best model for correlating the solubility of ISD, while the general single model fits the best for mixed solvents. The standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy of the dissociation process of ISD were calculated by the van’t Hoff equation and the modified Apelblat model. In addition, there was a maximum value of solubility at a certain acetone mole fraction in the acetone + water mixture.

A tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane bearing carboxylic acid groups at position 4: {1-[bis(4-carboxy-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylato}sodium dihydrate

A low-resolution X-ray molecular structure of the title hydrated salt, [Na(C19H21N6O6)]·2H2O, displays scorpionate character and resolves apparent ambiguities between solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopies. The (13)CNMR CPMAS spectrum is consistent with this structure showing some splittings, which have been rationalized using GIAO/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical calculations.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of 2 Loxoprofen Tablets in Healthy Egyptian Male Volunteers.

The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro dissolution and to evaluate the bioavailability of two brands of Loxoprofen sodium dihydrate tablets. Loxoprofen tablets (68.1 mg loxoprofen sodium dihydrate equivalent to 60 mg loxoprofen; test) relative to Roxonin tablets (68.1 mg loxoprofen sodium dihydrate equivalent to 60 mg loxoprofen; reference). In vitro study was adopted to determine and compare the dissolution behavior of both products. In vivo study was conducted according to a single-center, randomized, single-dose, and laboratory-blinded, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover design with a washout period of 1 week. Under fasting conditions, 24 healthy Egyptian adult male volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of either test or reference product. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for loxoprofen concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay method. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax , AUC0-t , AUC0-∞ , tmax , and t1/2 were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUCt-∞ of the test product over those of reference were within the acceptable range (0.8-1.25) for bioequivalence. On the basis of these results, the two-loxoprofen formulations are considered bioequivalent.

4-Aminosalicylic Acid Adducts

4-Aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylic acid, PAS), an antituberculosis drug, is a model active pharmaceutical ingredient to study salt and cocrystal formation in a multiple hydrogen-bonding functionality molecule with carboxylic acid, amine, and phenol groups. A cytosine salt CYT+–PAS–, salt cocrystal hydrate CYT+–PAS––CYT–H2O, and nicotinamide cocrystal hydrate PAS–NAM–H2O, are described in this article. Furthermore, X-ray crystal structures of PAS sodium dihydrate, sulfate, and mesylate salts and dehydration/rehydration behavior of the sodium salt by powder X-ray diffraction are discussed.

Analgesic efficacy with rapidly absorbed ibuprofen sodium dihydrate in postsurgical dental pain: results from the randomized QUIKK trial

To evaluate the onset of analgesic effect for a new formulation of ibuprofen sodium dihydrate versus conventional ibuprofen (ibuprofen acid). In this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover trial, patients requiring surgical removal of two impacted or partially impacted mandibular third molars received: ibuprofen sodium dihydrate 400 mg plus conventional ibuprofen placebo (Group 1); or conventional ibuprofen 400 mg plus ibuprofen sodium dihydrate placebo (Group 2) following the first surgery. Patients were then crossed over to the alternative treatment. 72 patients were enrolled in Group 1 and 72 patients in Group 2. Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate produced faster initial pain relief than conventional ibuprofen as assessed by time to first pain relief (24.6 vs. 30.5 minutes; p = 0.004), and patient-assessed pain relief at 15 minutes ("some" to "complete" pain relief: 43% vs. 29%; p < 0.001) and 30 minutes (82% vs. 63%; p < 0.001) and pain intensity at 30 minutes (p < 0.001). Substantial pain relief with ibuprofen sodium dihydrate was twice that of conventional ibuprofen at 30 minutes (11% vs. 5%; not significant); 29% and 33% of patients did not reach substantial pain relief at 120 minutes. There were no adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation and only two serious adverse events (oral abscess and facial paresis with conventional ibuprofen) considered unrelated to treatment. Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate was as effective as conventional ibuprofen, but had a faster onset of initial pain relief and significantly reduced pain intensity within the first 30 minutes after administration, providing rapid clinically meaningful pain relief for patients.

Formas de preparo de figo-da-índia minimamente processado¹

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da forma de preparo na conservação pós-colheita de figos-da-índia minimamente processados. Foram utilizados figos-da-índia maduros de polpa alaranjada, provenientes de pomar comercial da região de Valinhos-SP. Após a seleção, os frutos foram lavados e higienizados em solução com Sumaveg® a 200 mg 100g-1 de cloro livre, por 5 minutos. Em seguida, os frutos foram levados à câmara fria, a 12±2°C, onde permaneceram por 12 horas prévias ao processamento. O processamento constituiu na retirada da casca e das extremidades para a obtenção dos frutos inteiros. Para a obtenção das metades, foi realizado um corte no sentido longitudinal da fruta descascada e, para obtenção das rodelas, foram realizados cortes, a cada 2 cm, transversais à altura do fruto descascado. Os tratamentos assim obtidos foram acondicionados em contentores de tereftalato de polietileno transparente e com tampa, com capacidade de 1.000 mL (marca Neoform® N-94). As embalagens foram armazenadas em expositores refrigerados a 3°C, por um período de 16 dias, sendo as análises realizadas a cada 4 dias. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial 3x5: três processamentos e cinco datas de amostragem (0;4;8;12 e 16 dias), com três repetições por tratamento. Avaliaram-se a perda de massa fresca, os teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), a relação (SS/AT), ácido ascórbico, além da análise sensorial dos produtos. Os frutos inteiros foram os preferidos quanto à intenção de compra e apresentaram melhores resultados quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis, de acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e teor de ácido ascórbico. A maior perda de massa fresca foi verificada no processamento em rodelas.

Pós-colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' recobertas com quitosana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de cobertura de quitosana na pós-colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins', colhidas "de vez" e armazenadas a 23 ºC (65% UR). As mangas foram adquiridas na CEAGESP de Ribeirão Preto-SP, e transportadas ao Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Agrícolas da UNESP de Jaboticabal. Após a seleção, os frutos foram higienizados em solução de dicloro s. triazinatriona sódica di-hidratada (Sumaveg®) a 200 mg 100g-1 de cloro livre por 10 minutos, secadas, imersas nas soluções a 0%; 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0% de quitosana por 1 minuto, secadas sob ventilação, acondicionadas em bandejas e armazenadas a 23±2 °C e 65±5% UR, por 9 dias. Foram utilizados três repetições com dois frutos cada. Avaliaram-se, a cada três dias, a perda de massa fresca, a cor, a firmeza, os teores de ácido ascórbico, de sólidos solúveis, de acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis / acidez titulável. O recobrimento com quitosana retarda o amadurecimento de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' "de vez", durante nove dias de armazenamento a 23 ºC, sendo que a concentração de 1,5% propicia melhor manutenção da cor da polpa, dos teores de sólidos solúveis, de acidez titulável, de ácido ascórbico, dos valores de SS/AT e de firmeza.