Sodium Citrate Group Research Articles

EVALUATION OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP) PREPARATION PROCEDURE

The success of PRP therapy in repairing tissue damage is influenced by the PRP preparation procedure. Currently, there’s no standardization of PRP preparation procedures, and various techniques are used, such as the use of anticoagulants and different centrifugation speeds. This study aimed to evaluating the PRP preparation procedures based on the centrifugations steps (single and double centrifugation) and the use of anticoagulants variation (sodium citrate, EDTA and ACD-A). This study was an experimental study and used blood samples from respondents. The selected respondents must meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. The treatment groups in this study were the single centrifugation group and the double centrifugation group. Each group will be divided into 3 subgroups with different anticoagulant usage (sodium citrate, EDTA and ACD-A). Statistical analysis results showed a significant difference in the mean platelet count in the sodium citrate , EDTA, ACD-A groups with single and double centrifugation steps. Evaluation of platelet preparation procedures in this study, a higher platelet count was obtained, specifically in the sodium citrate group (494 x 103 cells/µL), EDTA group (829.4 x 103 cells/µL), and ACD-A group (607.1 x 103 cells/µL), compared to single centrifugation in the sodium citrate group (354.8 x 103 cells/µL), EDTA group (408.1 x 103 cells/µL), and ACD-A group (390.6 x 103 cells/µL). The highest platelet count in PRP was achieved with the preparation procedure using EDTA as the anticoagulant with double centrifugation. Further research is necessary to evaluate PRP preparation procedures regarding the concentration of growth factors present in PRP.

Double-edged effect of sodium citrate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Promoting lipid and protein deposition vs. causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.

Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. However, the action of citrate in regulating nutrient metabolism in fish remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary sodium citrate on growth performance and systematic energy metabolism in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 270 Nile tilapia (2.81±0.01g) were randomly divided into three groups (3 replicates per group, 30 fish per replicate) and fed with control diet (35% protein and 6% lipid), 2% and 4% sodium citrate diets, respectively, for 8 weeks. The results showed that sodium citrate exhibited no effect on growth performance (P>0.05). The whole-body crude protein, serum triglyceride and hepatic glycogen contents were significantly increased in the 4% sodium citrate group (P < 0.05), but not in the 2% sodium citrate group (P>0.05). The 4% sodium citrate treatment significantly increased the serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of feeding trial and also in the glucose tolerance test (P < 0.05). The 4% sodium citrate significantly enhanced the hepatic phosphofructokinase activity and inhibited the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 and phosphor-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha proteins (P < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% sodium citrate significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and acetyl-CoA levels, while the expressions of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a protein were significantly down-regulated by the 4% sodium citrate (P < 0.05). Besides, the 4% sodium citrate induced crude protein deposition in muscle by activating mTOR signaling and inhibiting AMPK signaling (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the 4% sodium citrate significantly suppressed serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, along with the lowered expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as nfκb, tnfα and il8 (P < 0.05). Although the 4% sodium citrate significantly increased phosphor-nuclear factor-kB p65 protein expression (P < 0.05), no significant tissue damage or inflammation occurred. Taken together, dietary supplementation of sodium citrate could exhibit a double-edged effect in Nile tilapia, with the positive aspect in promoting nutrient deposition and the negative aspect in causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.

Intra-Articular Injection of PRP in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis Using Big Data.

Observing data on the characteristics of intra-articular injection of sodium citrate for knee osteoarthritis is an important reference value for human safety and evacuation design. To address the problems of slow data collection and poor accuracy of results of knee osteoarthritis behavior, under intensive conditions of intra-articular injection for knee osteoarthritis, this paper designs a data mining-based feature extraction system for intra-articular injection of sodium citrate for knee osteoarthritis. Using the Hadoop architecture, we extract the basic data of human behavior in the two-dimensional plane by storing and stitching the collected continuous data and discriminate the behavioral categories of knee osteoarthritis. We collected a real dataset from 84 patients with knee osteoarthritis treated in our hospital from October 2019 to October 2020. The dataset was divided into 42 patients in the tretinoin group and 42 patients in the sodium glutamate group according to the randomized number table method. The trimethoprim group was treated with intra-articular injection of trimethoprim, and the sodium citrate group was treated with intra-articular injection of sodium citrate. The clinical efficacy, joint mobility, intra-articular fluid volume, Lysholm score of knee joint, numerical pain intensity scale (NRS) score, and adverse effects of the two groups were compared before and after treatment. In our experiments, we observed that, compared with triamcinolone acetonide intra-articular injection, sodium hyaluronate intra-articular injection is more effective in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. It can effectively improve knee function and reduce pain and adverse reactions.

Effect of uremic serum on Th17/Treg cell balance and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats

Background/AimsThe imbalance of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells exists in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is an important self-protective cellular response to harmful stimuli, such as uremic environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the Th17/Treg cell balance and ERS in a uremic environment and analyze the relationship between them. Methods(1) The rat spleen lymphocytes were extracted and treated with thapsigargin (inducer of ERS) and sodium citrate. The proportion of Th17 and Treg cells were then detected. (2) The uremic serum-cultured lymphocytes were used and divided into three groups: non-uremic serum group, uremic serum group, and uremic serum + sodium citrate group. Afterward, the proportion of Th17/Treg cells and the expression of ERS-related proteins (GRP78 and CHOP) were detected. ResultsThapsigargin had no significant effect on the proportion of Th17 cells within a limited concentration range, but it could reduce the proportion of Treg cells, sodium citrate had a negative influence on the deviation of Th17/Treg cells treated with thapsigargin. Uremic serum treatment reduced the proportion of Treg cells, resulting in an increase of the Th17/Treg ratio. However, sodium citrate had no influence on the deviation of Th17/Treg cells treated by uremic serum. Sodium citrate reduced the elevation of ERS-related proteins induced by uremic serum. ConclusionsUremic serum can lead to the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells as well as ERS, suggesting that ERS is one of the mechanisms of the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells induced by uremic serum. Sodium citrate can inhibit ERS induced by uremic serum.

Quality of vacuum packaged beef as affected by aqueous ozone and sodium citrate treatment

ABSTRACT This study was targeted to investigate the effect of the combination of aqueous ozone (AO) and sodium citrate (SC) pretreatment on quality of vacuum packaged beef stored at chilling temperature. The steers were randomly divided into five treatment groups, containing the group C (steers without any treatment), DW (steers pretreated with distilled water), AO, SC and AO+SC. During processing, the parameters included total Viable Count (TVC), total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, meat color, metmyoglobin (Met-Mb), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBArs), Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and purge loss were measured and compared. Firstly, the TVC in beef steaks of group AO+SC was significantly lower than group AO and SC during the whole storage (P < .05). In addition, the TVB-N values in AO+ SC group were significantly decreased than AO group at the end of storage time. Furthermore, compared with the group only treated by AO, the group AO+SC displayed higher L* (lightness) value, lower a* (redness) value and lower Met-Mb. The values of WBSF and purge loss of group AO+SC was lower than group AO, as well as TBArs. The treatment methods and storage time had significant interactive effects on TVC, TVB-N, pH, L*, Met-Mb, and TBArs (P < .05). The combination treatment of AO and SC showed better effect on inhibiting the microbial growth and decreased the deteriorated effect of AO on beef quality including TBArs, WBSF, and purge loss.

Application of sodium citrate in continuous renal replacement therapy

Objective To discuss the anticoagulation effects and safety of sodium citrate in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) . Methods A total of 140 cases who underwent CRRT in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 were selected as research objects and divided into the heparin sodium group (n=56) , the low molecular weight heparin calcium group (n=48) and the sodium citrate group (n=36) according to the anticoagulation methods. The differences of anticoagulation effects, the average service life of the pipelines, the overall pipeline quantity, the total cost of blood purification, the blood transfusion amount during CRRT, total bilirubin (Tbil) , serum creatinine (Cer) , Na+, K+, prothrombin time (PT) , activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) , platelet count (PLT) before and after CRRT and the complications related to CRRT among the three groups were compared. Results The anticoagulation effect of the sodium citrate group was obviously better than that of the other two groups (χ2=18.809, P<0.05) . The average service life of the pipelines of the sodium citrate group was (29.3±5.4) h, which was obviously higher than that of the heparin sodium group (16.5±3.5) h and the low molecular weight heparin calcium group (24.8±4.1) h, and the intergroup difference was statistically significant (F=6.596, P<0.05) . The transfusion amount of red blood cells, plasma and platelets of the sodium citrate group was (12.3±2.8) U, (1 875.5±198.6) ml and (23.5±8.6) U, which was obviously lower than that of the heparin sodium group [ (16.5±5.6) U, (2 463.4±265.4) ml and (58.3±18.5) U] and the low molecular weight heparin calcium group [ (13.4±3.2) U, (1 954.4±214.5) ml and (32.6±11.5) U], and the intergroup differences were all statistically significant (F=4.563, 3.896, 7.456; P<0.05) . The Tbil, Cer, Na+ and K+ of all groups decreased after CRRT, and the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05) . There were statistical significance in PT, APTT and PLT among the three groups (F=4.562, 4.153, 5.468; P<0.05) . The PLT of the sodium citrate group increased significantly after CRRT, with statistical difference (P<0.05) . The incidence rate of hemorrhages in skin, digestive tract, puncture point and trachea of the sodium citrate group was respectively 2.8%, 5.6%, 2.8% and 5.6%, which was obviously lower than that of the heparin sodium group (23.2%, 12.5%, 16.1%, 12.5%) and the low molecular weight heparin calcium group (6.3%, 10.4%, 8.3%, 8.3%) , and the differences were all statistically significant (χ2=6.678, 7.553, 6.849, 7.534; P<0.05) . The incidence rate of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) of the heparin sodium group was 8.9% (5/56) . Conclusions The anticoagulation effect of sodium citrate in CRRT is remarkable with less complications. It can significantly reduce the amount of blood transfusion and the cost of blood purification and is worth of promotion in clinical application. Key words: Continuous renal replacement therapy; Sodium citrate; Anticoagulation effect; Complications

Comparison of Intravenous and Oral Hydration in the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Low-Risk Patients: A Randomized Trial

Aims: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a common cause of renal failure. We evaluated the effectiveness of oral sodium citrate versus intravenous (IV) sodium bicarbonate for CI-AKI prophylaxis as well as their influence on kidney injury biomarkers. Material and Methods: A randomized, controlled, single-center study including 130 hospitalized patients (62.3% men), who were randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate (1/6 men, 3 ml/kg/h for 1 h; n = 43), oral sodium citrate (75 ml/10 kg divided into 4 doses; n = 43) or nonspecific hydration (n = 44) before contrast administration, was conducted. Serum creatinine and kidney injury biomarkers (cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin-8, F2-isoprostanes and cardiotrophin-1 [CT-1]) were assessed. Results: Incidence of CI-AKI was 9.2% with no differences found between hydration groups: 7.0% in sodium bicarbonate group, 11.6% in oral sodium citrate group and 9.1% in the nonspecific hydration group. Urinary creatinine and urinary CT-1/creatinine ratio decreased 4 h after contrast infusion (p < 0.001), but none of the biomarkers assessed were affected by the treatments. Conclusions: There were no differences in hydration with oral sodium citrate and IV sodium bicarbonate for the prophylaxis of CI-AKI. Therefore, oral hydration represents a safe, inexpensive and practical method for preventing CI-AKI in low-risk patients. No effect on biomarkers for kidney injury could be demonstrated.

Effect of sodium citrate on efficacy of oral midazolam premedication in children with congenital heart disease

Objective To investigate the effect of sodium citrate on the efficacy of oral midazolam premedication in children with congenital heart disease. Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ children, aged 2-6 yr, weighing 12-20 kg, undergoing cardiac surgery, were randomly divided into 2 groups （n = 20 each）： control group （gronp C） and sodium citrate group （group S）. Group S received oral mixture of midazolam 0.12 ml/kg （0.6 my/kg）, ketamine 0.12 ml/kg （6 my/kg）, glucose 0.12 ml/kg （60 mg/kg） and sodium citrate 0.12 ml/kg （3 mg/kg）, total volume 0.48 ml/kg. Group C received oral mixture of midazolam 0.12 ml/kg, ketamine 0.12 ml/kg and glucose 0.24 ml/kg, total volume 0.48 ml/kg. Hydrochloric acid （pH value 1.75） was mixed with the mixtures in the two groups and pH values were measured. Preoperative anxiety scale and the onset time,sedation score and parental separation score after receiving oral drugs were recorded in preparation room for anesthesia. After entering the operating room, HR, MAP and SpO2 were monitored, and the response to venepuncture in children and the adverse effects associated with oral drugs were also observed and recorded. Results The pH value was 1.97 in group C and 4.52 in group S. The parental separation score, sedation score and response score were significantly lower and the onset time was significantly shorter in group S than in group C. HR, MAP and SpO2 were in the normal range after entering the operating room. There was no obvious adverse effect after administration of oral drugs in the two groups. Conclusion Application of sodium citrate in the oral premedication in children with congenital heart disease can raise the pH value, shorten the onset time of midazolam, and enhance the sedative efficacy. Key words: Citrates; Midazolam; Child; Premedication; Administration,oral

Le citrate de sodium oral augmente les nausées pendant la césarienne réglée

Historically, aspiration of gastric contents with subsequent pneumonia was a major cause of anesthesia-related maternal mortality. Before elective Cesarean delivery, gastric fluid can be neutralized with histamine-2 blockers or with oral sodium citrate. Although sodium citrate is commonly used, many patients dislike its taste. We designed this study to determine whether or not patients are more likely to experience nausea during Cesarean delivery when sodium citrate is administered preoperatively. One hundred and twenty-three healthy women carrying a singleton fetus and scheduled for elective Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomized to receive either sodium citrate 30 mL p.o. and saline 2 mL i.v. (sodium citrate group), or water 30 mL p.o. and famotidine 20 mg i.v. (famotidine group). Spinal anesthesia consisted of 1.6 mL of 0.75% bupivacaine (12 mg), fentanyl 20 microg, and preservative-free morphine 200 microg. Patients were asked to rate the degree of nausea present at one and five minutes after spinal placement, at the time of uterine exteriorization, and upon arrival to the recovery room. At each time point, the patient's systolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. At all recorded intervals, the average degree of nausea was greater in the sodium citrate group compared to the famotidine group. The frequency of nausea was also greater in the sodium citrate group compared with the famotidine group (37% vs 14% respectively, P < 0.05) five minutes after establishment of spinal anesthesia. The frequencies of nausea were not significantly different between groups at other time periods. Nausea is more common during Cesarean delivery in women who receive oral sodium citrate rather than i.v. famotidine for aspiration prophylaxis.

Effets comparés du diazépam, de la ranitidine, du citrate de sodium et de l'enprostil en prémédication, sur le pH et le volume gastrique

A study was designed to assess the efficacy of oral premedication with diazepam or enprostil in preventing the gastric aspiration syndrome in fasted patients scheduled for elective surgery, and to compare the results with those obtained with ranitidine and sodium citrate. The study included 120 consecutive patients undergoing urological or plastic surgery, randomly assigned to four groups of 30. Two hours before anaesthesia, the patients from three groups were given, with 30 ml of water, either 10 mg diazepam, or 150 mg ranitidine, or 35 μg enprostil. Those in the fourth group were given 30 ml of 0.5 M sodium citrate, ten minutes before induction. Anaesthesia consisted in the administration of thiopentone, fentanyl, vecuronium and nitrous oxide in oxygen. After endotracheal intubation, a gastric tube was inserted. The stomach fluid content was completely aspirated, and then again 60 and 120 min after induction, as well as at the end of surgery. Age, weight and duration of surgery were comparable in the four groups. Mean pH in the diazepam group was much lower than that in the other groups, both just after induction (2.3 ± 1.54 ; p < 0.001 vs. ranitidine and sodium citrate ; p < 0.01 vs. enprostil) and at the end of surgery (3.2 ± 2.03 ; p < 0.01 vs. ranitidine and sodium citrate ; p < 0.05 vs. enprostil). There was more than 0.4 ml · kg −1 gastric juice in the sodium citrate group. Immediately after induction, 22 % of patients in the diazepam group were considered to be at risk from gastric aspiration (pli < 2.5, and volume above 0.4 ml · kg −1), as opposed to 6 %, 4 % and none in the enprostil, ranitidine and sodium citrate groups respectively. It was concluded that oral diazepam premedication did not protect against the risk of gastric aspiration in fasted patients scheduled for elective surgery.

輸血の血小板に及ぼす影響

1. In order to discide the method by which the platelet count in the circulating blood might be measured as accurately as possible, both Olef's and Fonio's methods were investigated. Glass and polymethyl methacrylate plates were used in both methods. Olef's method with glass plate was proved to be the best of the four methods, since it was accompanied by the least error, great convenience and comparatively good protective action on the platelets.2. The change of the platelets following the transfusion of 200cc of the compatible blood was investigated by measuring the platelet count prior to, and 30min., 1 hour, 2 hours and 24 hours after the transfusion in 30 patients. The red blood cell showed little change in number and the change of the white blood cell count was not consistent. The platelet count in the circulating blood, on the hand, revealed a marked change.A. Change of the platelet counta) Transfusion of ACD containing, preserved blood in 10 cases;The peak of the change came one hour following the transfusion, and ranged from 24 to 56 percent decrease in 8 cases, and from 20 to 57 percent increase in 2 cases.b) Transfusion of sodium citrate containing, fresh blood in 10 cases;Decreased in 8 cases and increased in 2 cases. The changes and their recovery in this group occurred earlier than in a).The rate of the change in this group was about the same as in a).c) Transfusion of heparin containing, fresh blood in 10 cases;Decreased in 6 cases and increased in 4 cases. The rate of change, especially the increase rate, was more marked than in a) and b).B. Incidence of complicationsThe most frequent of all complications associated with blood transfusion was urticaria.In sodium citrate group of twenty patients, there was mild urticaria in 4 cases and pruritus in 1 case, i. e. 25% out of 20 patients.There was thrombocytopenia in all patients with complications. No correlation between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the symptomatology of complications was detected.In the heparin containing fresh blood group of 10 patients, there were 4 cases of urticaria (severe in one and mild in three) and 1 pruritus out of 6 thrombocytopenic patients, and 2 (moderate in one associated with coughs and severe in another associated with fever) out of 2 thrombocytotic patients. The thrombocytosis of the last 2 patients was as marked as up to 75 and 73 percent in increase.3. In another group of 30 patients who were administered 20cc of intravenous MgSO4 solution 30min. prior to the transfusion of 200cc ACD preserved blood, the changes of the platelet count and complications following the transfusion were investigated. MgSO4 was administered in 10% in water in 10 cases and 10% in 5% glucose solution in 20 cases.The variation of the r. b. c. count was the same as the one encountered in 5 cases (17%) out of 30 patients in this group and, on the other hand, 15 cases (75%) out of a control or sodium citrate group of 20 patients. The difference above mentioned was statistically significant with less than 0.1% of significance level.As to the complications, there were two cases of urticax is (6.9%) in this group. The difference of the incidence of urticaria between this group and the control was again statistically significant with 7% of significance level.