Aqueous Solutions Of Sodium Research Articles

Determination of the isotonicity 1 % solution of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate

The aim of the work is to justify the composition of a 1 % aqueous solution of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate for parenteral use. Materials and methods. The osmolality study of a 1 % solution of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate was conducted using the cryoscopic method according to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (2.2.35). The calculations were based on measuring the depression of the crystallization temperature of the 1 % solution of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate, 0.9 % NaCl solution, and high-purity water (Q3). The measurements of crystallization temperature were performed using a Beckman TL-1 thermometer, which allows for research with high precision up to ± 0.005 °C, making it valuable and most effective for studying isotonic concentration. Results. Temperature measurements of the crystallization of a 1 % solution under investigation, a 0.9 % NaCl solution, and high-quality purified water were conducted. Calculations of isotonic concentration were performed based on the measurement results. Conclusions. Based on the obtained experimental data on the depression of the crystallization temperature and the calculations, the amount of sodium chloride necessary for the preparation of an isotonic 1 % aqueous solution of AFI sodium 2-((4-amino-5-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate for parenteral use was established.

Research of the plasticizing binder type and quantity influence on the properties of pressed alumina­zirconia­silica refractories

Comparative research of the plasticizing binder type (technical lignosulfonate sodium aqueous solution, plasticizing additive on polycarbonate base aqueous solution, as well as technical lignosulfonate sodium and orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) aqueous solutions mixtures in 3:1 and 1:1 ratio) and its quantity influence on the properties indexes of pressed alumina­zirconia­silica (AZS) refractories were carried out.
 If necessary, the possibility of using any of the studied plasticizing binders for pressing AZS refractories was established. Each of the studied plasticizing binders ensures the receiving of AZS refractories with high indexes of properties. There is a slight tendency to improve the properties of unfired and fired samples of some compositions with binders from plasticizing additives on polycarbonate base aqueous solution and technical lignosulfonate sodium with H3PO4 aqueous solutions mixtures, compared to samples in which the binder is technical lignosulfonate sodium aqueous solution is observed. The best, according to the indicated tendency, is a plasticizing binder from technical lignosulfonate sodium and H3PO4 aqueous solutions mixture in 1:1 ratio. Binders from plasticizing additive on polycarbonate base aqueous solution, technical lignosulfonate sodium and H3PO4 aqueous solution mixture in 3:1 ratio, and technical lignosulfonate sodium aqueous solution are then placed. This tendency should be considered when choosing a plasticizing binder for pressing AZS refractories.
 The raw material base for AZS refractories production has been expanded using the research results.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics by Ag/BiOI/g‐C3N4 Composites

As an efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly technology, semiconductor photocatalysis has been widely used in the removal of antibiotics from wastewater. In this work, a novel Ag/BiOI/g‐C3N4 composite photocatalytic material, BiOI/g‐C3N4, g‐C3N4, and BiOI are prepared as the photocatalysts. The morphologies, chemical properties, and photocatalytic performances of the photocatalysts are characterized using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) diffuse reflectance spectra, and photoluminescence spectra. In addition, tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and ceftiofur sodium aqueous solutions are used to simulate wastewater and the photocatalytic degradation performances of the photocatalysts are investigated and compared under visible light. Compared to g‐C3N4, BiOI, and BiOI/g‐C3N4, the Ag/BiOI/g‐C3N4 demonstrates superior performance, increasing the removal rates of TC and ceftiofur sodium to 85.6% and 90.2%, respectively. The photocatalytic mechanism of the Ag/BiOI/g‐C3N4 may involve the promotion of the visible light–harvesting ability and inhibition of the recombination of photogenerated electron/hole pairs. Furthermore, the primary active groups in the system are identified as superoxide radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Herein, some valuable insights into the development of innovative photocatalytic materials are offered for the effective removal of antibiotics from water.

Studies on the interference of citrate salts on the ion–solvent interactions of ionic liquid with water at different temperatures through volumetric, viscometric, and acoustic methods

The density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity of solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulphate ([EMIm][EtSO4]) with aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium salts of citrate have been measured at five different temperatures i.e., T = (298.15–318.15) K and 0.1 MPa pressure. The experimentally found density (ρ) data have been utilized to compute the different volumetric properties such as apparent molar volume (Vϕ), partial molar volume (Vϕ0), partial molar expansivity (Eϕ0), Hepler’s constant (∂Eϕ0/∂T)p and volume transfer (ΔtrVϕ0). Similarly, the Jones-Dole equation, viscosity B-coefficient, transfer properties of B-Coefficient, (ΔtrB) and thermodynamics of viscous flow were calculated from viscosity consequences. The compression properties such as apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Kϕ,S), partial molar compressibility (Kϕ,S0) and transfer partial molar compressibility (ΔtrKϕ,S0) of IL have been deduced from the ultrasonic velocity. All the derived properties have been used to investigate the impact of citrate salts on the ion–solvent interactions of [EMIm][EtSO4] with water. The positive value of each of Hepler’s constants, and ΔtrKϕ,S0 and the negative sign of (dB/dT) indicates the existence of strong ion–solvent interactions and the cosmotrope nature of [EMIm][EtSO4] in the studied systems at the studied temperature ranges. The ion–solvent interactions of the present IL are found to be more in the solutions of potassium citrate (K3Cit) than sodium citrate (Na3Cit).

Influence of aqueous sodium chloride solutions on operational properties of epoxy coatings

The main goal of the research presented in the article is to assess the impact of the destruction (degradation) of epoxy coatings, caused by the influence of a 25% aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine), on the operational properties that determine the coatings reliability (durability). Samples of two-layer epoxy coatings (obtained from powder paints) were aged by immersing them in brine for a maximum period of 1680 h. The following criteria were used to assess the operational properties of the coatings: thickness, roughness and surface morphology, hardness, water absorption (mass increase), surface free energy. The FTIR and DSC tests performed showed a progressive development of the oxidation processes of the epoxy with the ageing period. The long-term impact of the brine resulted in the destruction of the coatings in the form of: craters, grooves, microcracks, including silver cracks. The contact of the coatings with brine also increased their: surface roughness (Ra, Rz, Rmax), thickness, mass, surface free energy, and decreased hardness and heat resistance.

Study on ionic association behavior in sodium nitrate solution

Raman spectroscopy combined with component analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were used to study chemical species and their transformation in aqueous sodium solutions. Study shows that the characteristic vibrational frequency of nitrate ions (ν1-NO3-) blue-shifted from 1043.9 to 1046.9 cm−1, and the full width at half maximum increased from 6.8 to 10.8 cm−1 as the concentration increasing. When water/salt molar ratio (WSR) > 30, the relative concentration (RC) of free hydrated ions and solvent shared ion pair accounts for the vast majority, and there is almost no contact ion pair in solution. When WSR less than 30, due to the continuous reduction of the number of water molecules, the hydrated water molecules around the sodium ions and nitrate ions begin to decrease, and solvent shared ion pair or contact ion pair gradually forms. Sodium ions and nitrate ions mainly exist in a monodentate coordination. When WSR > 160, both the relative concentration of contact ion pair and complex structure is close to 0. This work proves that a lower RC of complex structure in solution, a smaller supersaturation of the solution is achieved, meaning aqueous sodium nitrate solution is easier to nucleate crystals.

Mass transfer and capture of carbon dioxide using amino acids sodium aqueous solution in microchannel

Capture and storage of CO2 are important to restrain the greenhouse effect. The amino acid salt solution as a new type of CO2 absorbent shows good application potential. Besides, microchannel has a unique enhancement to mass transfer, which is conducive to promote CO2 capture. The absorption performance of CO2 into aqueous solutions of sodium salts of l-threonine, l-valine, l-alanine and glycine in the microchannel was investigated. It was found that the CO2 absorption rate of four sodium amino acid aqueous solutions under the same condition follows in the order: ñ (sodium glycinate) > ñ (sodium l-alaninate) > ñ (sodium l-valinate) > ñ (sodium l-threoninate). The sodium glycinate aqueous solution has maximum CO2 absorption ability, thus the mass transfer and capture of CO2 absorbed into the sodium glycinate aqueous solution were studied systematically. The effects of operating conditions including gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and sodium glycinate concentration on the specific surface area, overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, overall mass transfer coefficient and absorption fraction of CO2 were explored. Furthermore, a new correlation was proposed to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient.

Production of rods for steel and iron casting from mixtures with a binder based on a combination of inorganic salts

Recently, there has been an active search and development of non-scarce and suitable for industrial use inorganic binders that can compete with synthetic resins in the composition of core mixtures in the production of castings, while ensuring comfortable working conditions for the personnel of foundries and reducing harmful emissions during the entire production process. To date, this goal has not yet been achieved and the search has not been completed, so research continues. The work, the results of which are presented by the authors of this article, is one of many ongoing in Russia in the mainstream of the designated topic. The authors decided to assign the role of the binder in the composition of the core mixture to the composition of inorganic salts, one of which is liquid glass - an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium silicates, and the other (others) are simultaneously hydrophilic and highly soluble in water salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals. The work focuses on the group of complex double salts, crystalline hydrates of sulfates of tri- and monovalent metals - the so-called alum, which have the required set of properties, and, in particular, on non-deficient potassium alum, which had previously proven itself well as a technological additive to the liquid glass core mixture. An environmentally friendly, easy-toimplement version of the technology has been proposed, experimentally verified and tested under the conditions of existing production, which provides the curing of the rod by the mechanism of dehydration of the rod mixture by a combination of heat exposure and the imposition of vacuum and the achievement of the required level of operational characteristics. Practical testing has confirmed the effectiveness of the application of the developed technology for the production of castings from iron and steel. Currently, work is underway to expand its application in foundries of Russian enterprises.

Preparation and Activity Evaluation of the Novel Cu/TiO2 Nanometer Photocatalytic Materials

In this paper, the Cu/TiO2 thin film catalysts were prepared by alcoholthermal method with copper sheet as the carrier. In order to improve the degradation rate of antibiotic (cefazolin sodium), the synthesis conditions of Cu/TiO2 thin films were optimized. The physicochemical properties and activity were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer (EDX), infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and spectrophotometry. The results show that the Cu/TiO2 catalyst had a uniform thickness of ∼200 nm and the particle size was about 0.4 nm, and the heterojunction between copper and anatase titanium dioxide has was successfully prepared. It can be found that when the dosage of TiF4 was 0.016 g, the tertiary butyl alcohol was 40 ml, the oven temperature was 130 °C, the oven reaction time was 24 h, the calcination temperature was 180 °C, and the calcination time was 2 h, the formed Cu/TiO2 catalyst can reach 58.1% for 3 h under visible light, with the photocatalytic degradation of 20 μg · mL–1 cefazolin sodium aqueous solution.

State of ions and water molecules in the water salt solutions of polyacrylamide and co-polymer of “acrylamide–acrylic acid Na/k salt”

Geometrical and electronic parameters of the microstates of the molecular models of polyacrylamide and co-polymers of acrylamide-acrylic acid in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium chlorides were computed by the non-empirical SCF MO LCAO method with the use of the basis MINI Huzinaga. The models contained four monomeric units of the polymer, including two metal carboxylate groups, 80 water molecules and two pairs of ions Na+ and Cl– or K+ and Cl–. It follows from the calculation results that there is a principal difference in the hydration of Na+ and K+: the Na+‧‧‧О2– bond is shorter than the sum of the radii of the interacting ions, while the k+‧‧‧O2– bond is equal or longer. This indicates that in the first case, the bonds are partially covalent, while in the second one they are pure electrostatic. All elements of the molecular models in the both cases are combined by the intermolecular bonds forming a spatial net. The polymer molecules have a flexible chain with oxygen containing functional groups that are built into the structure of the salt solutions without distorting it. We assume that this is the main reason for the good solubility of the studied polymers in the aqueous salt solutions.

Method of ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation to prepare graphene.

Graphene is a two-dimensional material with unique structure and excellent properties. After first being successfully prepared in 2004, it rapidly became a research hotspot in the fields of materials, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Currently, there are many methods for preparing graphene, such as ball milling method, chemical oxidation-reduction, chemical vapor deposition, and liquid-phase exfoliation. Among these methods, liquid-phase exfoliation is the most important preparation method. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation is systematically studied. The output power and frequency of the ultrasonic crusher used in the experiment are 100 W and 20 kHz, respectively. Results show that ultrasonic waves can affect the size and thickness distribution of graphene sheets; ultrasound-assisted deoxycholic acid sodium aqueous solution has a good exfoliation effect. In addition, the effects of the 3 liquid-phase systems on preparing graphene are studied, including organic solvent system, aqueous surfactant system, and ionic liquids system; the improvement efforts for ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method are discussed including the exploration of new solvents and optimization of exfoliation process. The application of auxiliary agent-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method is also discussed.

Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamin B and diclofenac sodium on hollow hierarchical microspheres of BiOBr modified with sepiolite and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

A novel hollow PVP/AS/BiOBr hierarchical microsphere was successfully fabricated with surface modifications of acidized sepiolite (AS) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The structure, morphology and optical properties of the PVP/AS/BiOBr were systematically characterized. The degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and diclofenac sodium aqueous solution were studied using this composite photocatalyst to determine the optimal blending rate of AS (6%). The result also indicated that the photocatalytic activity of PVP/AS/BiOBr photocatalysts were superior to that of AS/BiOBr. The enhanced activities of PVP/AS/BiOBr could be attributed to the hollow structure, the improved visible light absorption, the effective separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and narrowing band-gap. In addition, the possible photocatalytic degradation pathways of PVP/AS/BiOBr were also analyzed through tracking the degradation by-products. After consecutive degradation experiments, the degradation performance and the catalyst structure both remained unchanged, highlighting the excellent stability and reusability of this novel catalyst.

Chemical Aspects of Scandium carbonate leaching from Red Muds

Red Muds (R.M.) – waste of bauxite reprocessing by the Bayer's method include many rare elements, such as Gallium, Titanium, Zirconium, Rare Earth Elements and Scandium, concentration of which in its reached 130 g/t. In the problem solving of Scandium extraction from R.M. get a two directions: immediate leaching of Scandium from R.M. and in passing Scandium recovery under complexing processing of R.M. The method of carbonate leaching of Scandium from R.M., which was work out in Institute of Solid State Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Urals Branch, include saturation by carbon dioxide of alkaline solutions, obtained after water process of R.M. and allow up to 20 % Scandium recovery in solutions. It is not effective for work out of technological scheme of R.M. processing. In recent paper, the chemical aspects of carbonate leaching of Scandium from R.M. in heterogeneous systems solid – liquid – gas carbon dioxide were investigated to determine of conditions for more Scandium recovery from R.M. It was shown, that Scandium leaching by aqueous sodium solutions without carbon dioxide gives small recovery yield and accompanied by alkaline hydrolysis under high pH in concentrated Na2CO3 solutions. Under saturation by carbon dioxide of carbonate R.M. pulp, the hydrolytic polymerization of hydroxocarbonates of Scandium and Aluminum in presence of carbonic acid proton take place. In the both process secondary precipitates are settle down and reduce of Scandium recovery yield. For increase of Scandium recovery from R.M. it is necessary to exclude the secondary precipitates under carbonate leaching with saturation by carbon dioxide.

Surface of aqueous solutions of alkali halides: layer by layer analysis

ABSTRACTInterfacial layers of both vapour/liquid and crystal/liquid aqueous solutions of sodium and caesium halides have been analysed in detail using four different methods for the identification of interfacial molecules and layers, and both non-polarisable and polarisable models. It is found that each of the methods yields a somewhat different result with the best mutual agreement found between the ITIM (Identification of Truly Interfacial Molecules) and α-shape-based USTI (Universal Scheme for Triangulated Interfaces) methods. Concerning the water models, the commonly used JC [I. S. Joung, T. E. Cheatham, J. Phys. Chem. 112 (2008) 9020] model predicts the structural properties of the vapor/liquid interface different from both the non-polarisable MADRID and polarisable AH/BK3 models, and also from experiment. The same applies also to the structural properties of the solid–liquid interface; although the AH/BK3 and JC models yield a surplus of chlorine ions, a segregation of Na and Cl− ions in the interfacial layers predicted by the JC model is not observed in the polarisable model.

Immiscibility of Liquid Phases and Liquid–Liquid Critical Phenomena in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium and Potassium Phosphates

Phase equilibria were studied in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium phosphates at elevated temperatures (to 425°C) and pressures (to 63 MPa). Experimental data were obtained on the transformation of gas–liquid equilibria into heterogeneous equilibria of two liquid phases with increasing pressure, which ends in the critical phenomena of immiscibility (L1 = L2). Based on the experimental and literature data, it was concluded that the binary water–salt systems containing KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4, NaH2PO4, and Na2HPO4 are characterized by phase diagrams of the first type [1, 2], which have two critical invariant end points: N (G–L1 = L2) and R (G = L1–L2).

Genoprotective, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of wild-growing Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) native to Romanian southern sub-Carpathian hills

BackgroundJuniperus communis L. represents a multi-purpose crop used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industry. Several studies present the possible medicinal properties of different Juniperus taxa native to specific geographical area. The present study aims to evaluate the genoprotective, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of hydroalcoholic extract of wild-growing Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) native to Romanian southern sub-Carpathian hills.MethodsThe prepared hydroethanolic extract of Juniperus communis L. was characterized by GC-MS, HPLC, UV-Vis spectrometry and phytochemical assays. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using the DPPH assay, the antifungal effect was studied on Aspergillus niger ATCC 15475 and Penicillium hirsutum ATCC 52323, while the genoprotective effect was evaluated using the Allium cepa assay. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in two inflammation experimental models (dextran and kaolin) by plethysmometry. Male Wistar rats were treated by gavage with distilled water (negative control), the microemulsion (positive control), diclofenac sodium aqueous solution (reference) and microemulsions containing juniper extract (experimental group). The initial paw volume and the paw volumes at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 h were measured.ResultsTotal terpenoids, phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to be 13.44 ± 0.14 mg linalool equivalent, 19.23 ± 1.32 mg gallic acid equivalent, and 5109.6 ± 21.47 mg rutin equivalent per 100 g of extract, respectively. GC-MS characterization of the juniper extract identified 57 volatile compounds in the sample, while the HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the selected compounds (α-pinene, chlorogenic acid, rutin, apigenin, quercitin). The antioxidant potential of the crude extract was found to be 81.63 ± 0.38% (measured by the DPPH method). The results of the antifungal activity assay (for Aspergillus niger and Penicillium hirsutum) were 21.6 mm, respectively 17.2 mm as inhibition zone. Test results demonstrated the genoprotective potential of J. communis undiluted extract, inhibiting the mitodepressive effect of ethanol. The anti-inflammatory action of the juniper extract, administered as microemulsion in acute-dextran model was increased when compared to kaolin subacute inflammation induced model.ConclusionThe hydroalcoholic extract obtained from wild-growing Juniperus communis native to Romanian southern sub-Carpathian hills has genoprotective, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties.

Analysis of blood serum biochemical parameters during the treatment with sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate

Topicality. The search of new biologically active compounds among 1,2,4-triazole furan substituted is subject of publications. Each researcher reasonably proves the usage prospects of this particular class of synthetic derivatives as potential pharmacologically active substances. Thus, today we can confidently assert the facts of very successful combination of presented heterocyclic systems to create an individual promising scientific field of synthetic research. Aim . To present and to analyze the serum biochemical parameters of experimental rats on the background of introduction the sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate, to make certain conclusions for future pharmacological implementations of the compound. Materials and methods . The material of the study was 1 % aqueous solution of sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate. Laboratory animals - white rats weighing 130-150 g were used for the study. Results and discussion . The use of sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate 1 % aqueous solution leads to increase of alanine aminotransferase activity and partly to reduce of aspartate aminotransferase activity. Regarding to gamma glutamyl transpeptidase its level naturally decreases. There is a tendency to reduce the lactate dehydrogenase activity. Compared with the control group the use of sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate 1% aqueous solution leads to increase of glucose level. It should be also noted the trend towards reduction of cholesterol level, significant decrease of triacylglyceride and concentration of uric acid. As for the second group of animals it is marked the tendency to increase the seromucoid level in blood serum. These parameters of blood serum as alkaline phosphatase, urea, α-amylase, bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus and calcium had no significant fluctuations after application of the solutions in the two test groups. Conclusions . Analysis of biochemical studies may show a high probability of the use of sodium 2-(4-amino-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate 1 % aqueous solution in the future as a potential antioxidant and immune-modulating agent.

Sodium 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate, synthesis, study of biochemical indicators of blood serum cows in its use

Introduction. Heterocyclic system of 1,2,4-triazole is interesting and has a popularity among scientists around the world every year. Most attention today is attracted to the compounds formed by a combination of 1,2,4-triazole and various structural residues of an aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic nature. Recent publications on the study of physical, chemical and biological properties of 1,2,4-triazole substituted prove the obvious relevance of the search for potential pharmacologically active molecules is among the water-soluble derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole. It should be noted that 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are successfully used in veterinary practice as original domestic drugs.The aim of our work was to synthesize the sodium 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio) acetate for which we decided to provide a comparative screening studies on determination of some biochemical parameters of cows blood serum and determine the possibility of its further implementation.Materials and methods of research. As the starting compound for the synthesis it was used a 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetic acid. The obtained compound is an individual white crystalline substance, which is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.Results and discussion. At the first day of administration of sodium 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio) acetate in experimental animals it was recorded significant increase in total protein content of the serum, γ-globulin, reduction of enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.On the third day it was marked increase in total protein, γ-globulin, and decrease of activity of LDH and LF. On the seventh day in the experimental animals was recorded increase of total protein and γ-globulins. Decreased activity of LDH and exercise therapy.Conclusions. First we synthesized sodium 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetate whose structure is confirmed by complex physical and chemical analysis methods. According to the results of the experiment revealed that intramuscular administration of 1 % aqueous solution of sodium 2-(4-amino-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio) acetate cows enhances total protein, γ-globulin, reduce LDH activity in cow blood serum and LF. Thus, this salt is a perspective in future implementation and can be recommended as a compound which has antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating activity by increasing the basic biochemical indicators.

Preparation of Microcapsules Containing Artificial Diet for Tropical Fishes with Spray Gelling Method

The microcapsules containing the artificial diet for tropical fishes were prepared with the spray gelling method in order to prevent water environmental pollution. The carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, in which α-tocopherol droplets containing the powdery artificial diet were dispersed, was dropped or sprayed into the chitosan aqueous solution. Microcapsules were prepared by forming polyionic complex shell made from chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium. In the experiment, the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa) was mainly changed to investigate the effect on the diameters of microcapsules, the content and the microencapsulation efficiency. The microcapsules couldn’t be prepared with the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium less than 3.0 wt%. The microcapsules were the core-shell type. The diameters of microcapsules were increased with the concentration of CMCNa and the microencapsulation efficiency of ca. 100% could be obtained by the preparation method presented in this study. The microcapsules were found to be eaten well by tropical fishes and to prevent water environmental pollution.

Simultaneous studies on solar energy storage by CO2 reduction to HCOOH with Brilliant Green dye removal photoelectrochemically

Abstract The simultaneous study on photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction with Brilliant Green (BG) dye removal was studied in the present work. Experimental studies were done in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium based electrolytes using a cathode [Zinc (Zn) and Tin (Sn)] and a common cobalt oxide (Co3O4) anode electrocatalyst. The influence of reaction with electrolyte concentration for the both catalysts was shown clearly with respect to time. The selected electrocatalysts were able to reduce CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH) along with high BG dye removal. With Sn as cathode, the maximum BG dye removal was obtained to be KHCO3–[95.9% (10 min)–0.2 M], NaHCO3–[98.6% (15 min)–0.6 M]. Similarly for Zn, KHCO3–[99.8% (10 min)–0.4 M], NaHCO3–[99.9% (20 min)–0.8 M] were observed respectively. Finally, the results have proven that higher efficiencies for BG dye removal were obtained along with HCOOH formation, which might be a better alternate for water purification and to decrease the atmospheric CO2 concentrations.