Sodium Adsorption Ratio Values Research Articles

Numerical Verification of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation Around the Subsurface Dam Area of Miyako Island, Japan

The sustainable management of water resources is essential for agricultural productivity, especially in areas with scarce water availability. This study focused on assessing groundwater quality for irrigation near the subsurface dam area of Miyako Island, Japan. Water samples from three observation points were tested for various parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR). EC values ranged from 270 to 800 µS/cm, suggesting water quality ranging from doubtful to good. SAR values between 0.23 and 1.49 suggested excellent quality. SSP ranged from 7.90% to 31.71%, mostly indicating good to excellent quality. RSBC values fluctuated between -1.57 to 1.45 epm, largely within safe limits. PI values varied from 40.34 to 75.83, indicating good permeability. Total hardness (TH) ranged from 105.50 to 326.45 ppm, classifying the water as hard to very hard. MAR values were below 50, suggesting potential soil issues. A numerical model confirmed observed Ca²⁺ concentrations, showing an increasing trend due to enhanced CO₂ emissions and lower pH. The data analysis revealed strong positive relationships between SSP and KR (r = 0.984), SAR and SSP (r = 0.951), and SAR and KR (r = 0.960). Despite generally acceptable values, continuous monitoring is recommended, especially for hardness, to ensure sustainable crop production. This study underscores the need for regular assessment and management of groundwater quality in subsurface dam areas to mitigate potential adverse effects on soil and agricultural productivity.

Evaluation of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in fresh water and laundry grey water for irrigation usage

AbstractThe current study was carried out to assess the suitability of laundry grey water (LGW) for reuse in irrigation so that it can help in the reduction of freshwater stress in irrigation sector. To address this objective, concentration of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and phosphate (PO43−) were tested in fresh water (FW) collected before laundry washing and LGW generated after laundry washing from different households. The suitability of LGW for irrigation purpose was determined by using water quality indices such as Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The SAR values of FW at the rural and urban area sites varied from 0.84 to 1.10 and 0.82 to 4.30 respectively and remained in the excellent category for irrigation purpose. The SAR values of LGW at the rural and urban sites varied from 10.06 to 13.01 and 6.26 to 9.68, respectively. In contrast to the SAR values of the LGW at rural site, which remained under good quality category, SAR values remained under excellent category for irrigation purpose at urban sites. RSC values of FW and LGW were below 3.97 showing low or medium hazards associated with it for irrigation.

The potential of NAA and ICP-MS for determining soil dispersibility in relation to landslide incidents

Dispersive soils pose significant challenges due to their inherent tendency to rapidly respond to the presence of water, resulting in erosion and heightened susceptibility to landslides. The inclusion of sodium (Na) onto the surface of soil clay particles results in the attenuation of the electrochemical interactions between the dispersed soil, leading to the repulsion and subsequent migration of the clay particles away from one another. This study employed Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) as indicators of soil dispersibility. The results indicate that soils containing montmorillonite clay mineral exhibit greater values of SAR > 11 and ESP > 20 in comparison to soils containing other clay minerals i.e. kaolinite, illite, and vermiculite. The calculated SAR and ESP values obtained from both analyses demonstrate a notable agreement, indicating a positive correlation. In conclusion, it is apparent that both NAA and ICP-MS method has the capability to be applied for the purpose of predicting soil dispersibility in landslide-prone regions of Malaysia.

Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region.

Monitoring and protecting freshwater habitats are paramount for a sustainable water management perspective. This study investigated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region, for a hydrological year (from May 2020 to April 2021). Among PTEs, the highest average values were recorded for sodium (Na) at 41.3mg/L and the lowest for mercury (Hg) at 0.009μg/L and noted under quality guidelines. The stream was found to be at the level of "Low Heavy Metal Pollution" and "Low Contamination" based on the ecotoxicological risk indices. The highest calculated hazard quotient (HQ) value of 1.21E-02 for Cd was noted in the children via the dermal pathway and the lowest of 6.91E-06 for Fe in adults via the ingestion pathway. Results revealed a higher hazard index (HI) value of 1.50E-02 for Cd to children and the lowest of 1.98E-05 for Fe to adults. As a result of applying agricultural risk indices, the stream showed sodium adsorption ratio values less than 6 and was found to be "Excellent" for agriculture. However, the sodium percentage values were less than 20 and found "Permissible" and the magnesium hazard > 50 and noted as "Unsuitable" for agriculture. Statistical analysis revealed that natural factors mainly attributed to PTE contamination of the Anday Stream Basin.

Genotypic Variability in Wheat Response to Sodicity: Evaluating Growth and Ion Accumulation in the Root and Shoot

Soil sodicity is a major constraint to seedling emergence and crop production, potentially reducing plant growth due to physical and chemical constraints. Studying responses to ion imbalances may help identify genotypes tolerant to chemical constraints in sodic soils, thereby improving productivity. We evaluated the performance of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in solutions with five sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) ranging from 0 to 60. For all four genotypes, seedling emergence and shoot dry matter (DM) decreased significantly with increasing SARs. A significant positive correlation was observed between Ca concentration in roots as well as both root and shoot DM for all genotypes. At SAR values > 20, the more tolerant genotype (EGA Gregory) displayed higher Ca concentrations in root tissues, whereas the more sensitive genotype (Baxter) exhibited Na-induced Ca deficiency. Thus, the selection of genotypes that are able to accumulate Ca in roots in sodic conditions may be a useful trait for selecting genotypes tolerant of soils with high ESP values. However, for soils that restrict plant growth at ESP (SAR) values of 6–10%, it is likely that growth is restricted by physical constraints rather than by a Na-induced Ca deficiency.

Drip fertigation with food waste biogas effluent in a humid area is possible but challenging due to increased soil soluble sodium

To assess changes in soil salinity and salinity leaching following rainfall when food waste biogas effluent was used as a fertilizer in a humid region, a field experiment was conducted in 2020–2022 focused on broccoli drip fertigation with different percentages of biogas effluent. Five treatments consisted of 0% (CF), 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75), and 100% (T100) biogas effluent blended with fresh water, with the same total N, P, and K. The experiment included a control (CK) that consisted of drip irrigation without fertilizer. The electrical conductivity of soil saturation paste extract (ECe), soluble sodium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS), and broccoli yield were monitored. Drip fertigation with biogas effluent (electrical conductivity=19.0 dS/m) increased soil salinity and the ECe rose as the biogas effluent percentage increased, especially in the 0–20 cm soil profile. The T25, T50, T75, and T100 treatment ECe values were 1.2–2.2 times those of the CF treatment. Soluble sodium, SAR, and CROSS increased during the fertilization season. However, compared with CF, 25–100% biogas effluent drip fertigation did not significantly affect broccoli yield. During the post season, the soil salinity was effectively leached by rainwater. After one study year of rotation, there was almost no significant difference in ECe between treatments, but the soluble sodium, SAR, and CROSS values were significantly higher in T100 than in the CF treatment. In other words, when the total applied fresh water amount (including rainfall and irrigation) is more than 45–48 times the biogas effluent application amount (i.e., irrigation with a biogas effluent concentration of ≤75%), it may not significantly increase the soil soluble sodium. In conclusion, drip fertigation with biogas effluent can be used for broccoli fertigation in humid areas, and treatment with≤ 75% biogas effluent is suggested. Combined with the local rainfall depth, a biogas effluent application depth of ≤ 28–30 mm/year may be feasible.

An integrated approach for evaluating freshwater ecosystems under the influence of high salinity: a case study of Manchar Lake in Pakistan.

Manchar Lake, Pakistan's biggest lake in the arid zone, faces human-induced salinity issues. This study investigated its effects on the multifaceted ecosystem services, including serving as a source of drinking and irrigation water and aquatic health through assessing fish diversity and characteristics. Analyses of 189 water samples from 21 sites revealed spatiotemporal variations in major ions contributing to lake water salinity. The study assessed water suitability for drinking and agriculture using the water quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), sodium percent (Na%), and Kelly's ratio (KR). The WQI, ranging from 141 to 408, indicated that the lake water was unfit for drinking. In some seasons, such as the pre-monsoon period, the lake water was deemed unsuitable for irrigation due to high SAR values (18 ± 4 g/L, average ± standard deviation), consistently rising MH values exceeding 66 in all seasons and elevated sodium percentages surpassing 66% in both the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The KR remained acceptable (averaging 0.8 to 2.5) in all seasons. Fish health in highly saline conditions was assessed using data from interviews, focus group discussions, and fish sampling (1684 fish from 10 sites). Results depicted that high salt contamination severely impacted fish length and weight. The study found low richness (Simpson's biodiversity: 0.697 and Shannon Weaver: 1.51) and evenness (Pielou's index: 0.48) among the fish populations. Since 1998, Manchar Lake has seen a decline in fish varieties from 32 to 23, with changes in fish species' feeding habits. To improve lake water quality, the study recommends diverting saline water to the sea before and after the monsoon season while utilizing freshwater from alternative sources to fill any water deficit.

Hydrogeologic characteristics of groundwater in the Kızılırmak graben (Nevşehir–Turkey) and its evaluation in terms of irrigation water quality

Abstract In this study, an area of 150 km2 with important settlements and agricultural areas within the Kızılırmak and Kuyulukışla grabens, in the north of Nevşehir province (Turkey), was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the hydrochemical properties and water quality of the vital groundwater in the study area, determine effective utilisation methods, and make recommendations for sustainable use. From the data obtained as a result of these analyses, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium percentage (%Na) values were calculated and compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and TS-266 (Turkish Standards) quality standards to determine the characteristics of water for human consumption and irrigation for agricultural purposes. Based on these values, Wilcox diagrams and US Salinity Laboratory diagrams were used. According to these evaluations, it was found that sample SMP1 is not suitable for use as drinking water according to the basic parameters in the reference standards, while the other samples are suitable for drinking and human consumption. Electrical conductivity, %Na, SAR values, US Salinity Laboratory, and Wilcox diagrams were used to evaluate the use of water resources for irrigation purposes. According to the results obtained, all samples except sample SMP1 were found to be suitable for use as irrigation water.

Utilizing geographic information system and indexing to evaluate irrigation suitability of groundwater in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh

The aim of this research was to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh, a region that is significantly reliant on groundwater for crop development, especially during dry periods. By combining hydrochemical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS), the research examined the physicochemical attributes and their spatial distribution. Fifteen groundwater samples from various locations were analyzed to measure parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Kelly's ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), and potential salinity (PS). The pH of the groundwater ranged between 5.51 and 7.53, indicating slightly acidic to moderately alkaline conditions suited for irrigation. The EC ranged between 115.7 and 458 μS/cm, mostly falling into the "excellent" or "good" categories. Groundwater displayed irrigation suitability with TDS below 182 ppm and low SAR values, but variable RSC and MAR values indicated localized water quality issues. Based on the irrigation water quality index, all samples were within the "permissible" range. However, GIS-generated maps showed disparities in groundwater quality across the study area. Correlation matrices revealed significant links between various factors. Both the Piper and Gibbs diagrams displayed a prevalent Ca-HCO3 groundwater type influenced by geological formations. Overall, the study confirmed groundwater's appropriateness for irrigation while recommending periodic evaluations due to a few uncertainties. In conclusion, the study found that hydrochemical analysis, GIS mapping, and correlation matrices reveal groundwater quality and spatial trends, allowing for sustainable water resource management and agricultural advancement.

Integrating GIS and irrigation water quality index approaches for identifying groundwater irrigation potential zones in Central Gujarat, India.

In this study, groundwater irrigation potential zones are identified by measuring an integrated irrigation water quality index using a GIS platform in the Vishwamitri River Basin (VRB) region, Gujarat, India. Classification of different irrigation potential zones is about the collective paraphernalia of thematic maps, namely, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-, which principally regulate the groundwater quality for irrigation. The EC, SAR, and chloride values are > 3000 µS/cm, > 9meq/L, and > 10meq/L, respectively, indicating 98.78%, 41.78%, and 84.88% of the total area, respectively, belong to groundwater both hazardous and unsuitable for irrigation. Similarly, 39.55% of the total area is unsuitable for irrigation due to its high Na+ concentration. The permeability, porosity, and infiltration risk usually appear when excessive sodium ions reduce the rate of flow of irrigation water which moves in the lower soil zones. Similarly, high bicarbonate and chloride concentrations have been denoted to hamper the development of several crops causing symptoms analogous to lime-induced chlorosis due to toxic effects of the salt. The final irrigation potential map is marked by four levels, such as "most suitable," "moderately suitable," "moderately unsuitable," and "unsuitable for irrigation." Approximately, 56.69% of the total VRB region are covered with unsuitable for irrigation purposes. In such areas, irrigation must be avoided in usual conditions, and the halophytes, namely, Khati palak (Atriplex stocksii), Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album), and Rudravanti (Cressa cretica) should be recommended with high soil permeability and proper drainage facilities. The soil must be highly permeable for groundwaters with high salinity and sodicity. Based on this study, policymakers and environmental managers can estimate the resource implications for drinking and irrigation.

A mixed-charged polyelectrolyte complex nanofiltration membrane for mitigating scaling during high-recovery wastewater effluent desalination

The high salinity of wastewater effluent restricts its sustainable use for irrigation. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes can desalinate effluent. However, the applicability of polyamide NF membranes for effluent desalination is limited by high scaling, particularly calcium phosphate, and the permeate's high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). This research presents a simple method to fabricate a mixed-charged polyelectrolyte complex NF (PECNF) membrane to overcome these challenges. The performance of the PECNF membranes was optimized by varying the polyanion-polycation ratio and total polyelectrolytes mass load and utilizing crosslinking. The resultant PECNF membrane exhibited 7.2 LMH/bar permeance and similar rejection of different types of ions. Scaling experiments using synthetic and real effluents mimicking 80 % recovery revealed that the PECNF membrane has lower scalant forming ions rejection and comparable TDS rejection (35 %) than commercial polyamide NF membrane (NF 270). Consequently, the scaling propensity of the PECNF membrane, evaluated by permeate flux reduction (∼33 %) after 50 h of filtration, was lower than that of the NF 270 membrane (∼70 % reduction). Additionally, the SAR value of the PECNF membrane's permeate was substantially lower. The PECNF membrane's stability, permeate quality, and anti-scaling properties make it a promising alternative to polyamide membranes for high-recovery effluent desalination.

The successive infiltration of various saline waters accelerates the infiltration processes and enhances the salt leaching in a coastal saline soil

AbstractThe local saline water resource has been widely used for soil water and salt managements in saline‐alkali area. The soil desalinization is strongly affected by the infiltration mode, and the melting saline ice infiltration can obtain soil salt leaching effectively. In this work, four melting sections (S1, S2, S3, and S4) were divided artificially according to the changes in meltwater from 5 (W5), 10 (W10), and 15 g L−1 (W15) ice. Various saline water samples of the above four sections with different salinities and volumes were prepared and infiltrated successively into soil columns that were packed with the coastal saline soils. The infiltration parameters, distribution patterns of soil moisture, salt, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and soil desalinization in different sections were investigated and analyzed. Results showed that the infiltration of higher salinity water in the initial section increased the infiltration rates of slightly saline and fresh water in the last section. A greater infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration, and infiltration depth were ranked as W5 < W10 < W15. Moreover, the faster infiltration process obtained higher soil water contents throughout the S1, S1 + S2, and S1 + S2 + S3 sections, and more water was ultimately distributed in the deeper soil layer (S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 section). Both the soil salt and SAR increased initially (Section S1) and then decreased in the following sections; >80% of the total leached salt loads occurred in the S2 section for all treatments. Lower levels of soil salt contents and SAR developed within the later infiltration sections. Ultimately, the 30 cm desalinization layer was obtained among all treatments, and the treatments corresponding to the saline ice with higher salinity acquired lower salt contents and SAR values. These results indicate that the successive infiltration of water with various salinity levels, characterized by meltwater from saline ice, accelerated the infiltration process, and resulted in an obvious soil desalinization effect on the coastal saline soil.

Evaluation of irrigation water quality for paddy cultivation in Bachok, Kelantan

Evaluation of irrigation water quality status was conducted in Bachok district, Kemubu Agriculture Development Authority (KADA) from July 2021 to March 2022. Water quality changes in the irrigation canal were examined by measuring several physical and chemical water quality at eight sampling points. The sampling locations are primary irrigation canals used to supply water into the paddy fields. Water quality parameter measured were temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Conductivity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN), Ca, Na and Mg. This paper aims to discuss irrigation water quality status using Water Quality Index (WQI), National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). The results revealed that water quality were within NWQS Class II-IV except DO, AN and TSS in locations with intensive aquaculture. The average Water Quality Index in all sampling points ranged from 66.67-88.18, indicating that all irrigation water samples falls into the category of excellent and adequate water. The SAR values varied from 1.66-10.20, which means that all irrigation water samples were categorized into suitable for irrigation purposes. This work will help the decision makers to better manage irrigation water resources and policy development for paddy cultivation in KADA.

Hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater in semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia using geospatial methods and multivariate statistical analysis techniques

The present study focused on evaluating the groundwater hydrogeochemical of shallow aquifers in the semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia, using geospatial modelling and multivariate statistical techniques. Physico-chemical parameters, including pH, major ions, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), pollution index (PI) and other parameters, from 22 samples have been used to assess water quality, sources of various ions, water types and factors controlling groundwater chemistry. Results showed that the spatial distribution of major ions, EC, TDS, TH and PI values in these samples significantly differ from one location to another due to geological variations and anthropogenic activities of the area. The quality of most groundwater is generally unfit for drinking due to their PI, EC, TH, calcium, potassium, total iron and bicarbonate (HCO3−) values that found to be above the permissible limits of WHO and Ethiopian standards. The parameters like sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium bicarbonate, permeability index, magnesium hazard and Kelly’s ratio revealed good quality of groundwater for irrigation utilization, whereas EC of irrigation water (ECiw), combined effects of ECiw − SAR and bicarbonate hazard values indicated that majority of groundwater are not suitable for irrigation use. Piper trilinear diagram classified majority of samples under temporary hardness with Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. Further, Gibbs diagram reveals that water–rock interaction is the major hydrogeochemical processes governing the water chemistry of the study area. Therefore, it is recommended to perform a constant water quality checking program and improvement of tangible management practices for sustainable utilization of groundwater resources.

Detection of Groundwater Quality Changes in Minia Governorate, West Nile River

The need for freshwater supplies is increasingly rising according to the increase in the inhabitants’ expansion and economic growth. Available water resources are reduced by pollution and overpumping. This research’s prime objective is to study changes in the water quality of the Pleistocene aquifer in Minia Governorate. Historical hydro-chemical data of the groundwater in two years 2009 and 2019 were used to study the changes in the groundwater quality of the Pleistocene aquifer under the impact of the recharge and discharge processes. The Nile River, and the Al-Ibrahimia and Bahr Youssef Canals are considered the main sources of aquifer recharge. Collected data from 53 groundwater wells in the Pleistocene aquifer were used to calculate the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly index (KI), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), magnesium ratio (MR%), permeability index (PI) and chloro-alkaline index (CAI). These data were used to evaluate and detect the quality and changes in groundwater through the years 2009 and 2019 using spatial mapping in the geographic information system (GIS). The values of SAR, KI and Na% varied between 0.06–1.22, 0.02–0.57 meq/L and 3.7–37.63%, respectively, in the year 2009, but these values changed to 0.4–0.75, 0.16–0.28 meq/L and 15.07–23.44% in the year 2019. The calculated MR and PI values indicate that 100% of the groundwater samples were in the “suitable” category. The calculated SSP reflects no changes in groundwater alkalinity between the years 2009 and 2019. The hydro-chemical analysis of the studied groundwater (G.W.) samples shows high pollution levels caused by Pb and Fe in some parts of the study area. Pb was found to be >40 µg/L in the middle parts, whereas Fe was found with high levels in 27% of the studied groundwater samples. The localities of these samples were affected by pollution from the industrial wastewater from the sugar factory of Abou-Qarqas city (e.g., El-Moheet drain), the fertilizer leaching process and pesticides seeping into groundwater from soils and agricultural wastewater.

Suitability Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation: A Case Study of Modjo River, Ethiopia.

Water quality change due to industrial pollution is one of the major environmental concerns in developing countries. The majority of industries in Ethiopia release their wastewaters into the nearby water bodies with limited or without any forms of treatment. The main objective of this study was to assess the suitability of Modjo River for irrigation use based on the assessment of salinity, reduced water infiltration rate, specific ion toxicity, and miscellaneous chemicals as water quality-related problems in irrigated agriculture. Water samples were collected from six sampling stations along the river, and the relevant physicochemical parameters were determined in the laboratory by the standard procedures. Besides, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were determined to evaluate the suitability of the river water for irrigation. Cluster and principal component analyses of the data set were carried out. The results of this study showed that the river water in the vicinity of industries was saline and thus affects sensitive crops. The SAR value varied from 57.6 to 122.3. The concentration of chromium in the lower reaches of the river was also above the standard value of 0.1 mg/L. Among the miscellaneous chemicals, concentration of potassium, carbonate, and bicarbonate at all the sampling stations were above the standard values set by FAO for irrigation use. Based on the computed IWQI of 30.6, Modjo River is in the medium class of suitability for irrigation. Effluents from industrial establishments, namely, tannery, abattoir houses, and poultry farms and domestic waste dumping, were identified as the main sources of water pollution in the study area. Based on the findings of the study, Modjo River water is not suitable for irrigation use without some forms of physical and chemical treatment.

ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY AS DETERIORATED BY EFFLUENT DISCHARGED FROM MAJOR SHRIMP PROCESSING INDUSTRIES OF RUPSHA UPAZILA, KHULNA, BANGLADESH

A Comparative study was carried out in different shrimp processing industries at Rupsha Upazila under Khulna district from January 2010 to December 2010. In the experiment, some water quality parameters were determined to sketch out the nutrient dynamics of the experimental area. The nutrient contents of water were analyzed for measuring temperature, pH, EC, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), hardness and some major ionic concentrations. The temperature of the water samples were ranged from 29.1°C to 29.3 °C and the pH varied from 8.0 to 8.12 which reflected neutral to alkaline in nature. The values of SAR, SSP and hardness were ranged from 4.28 to 8.65, 71.24 to 81.847 percent and 239.1 to 312.3 mg L-1, respectively. Among the five industries the hazardous classes of the four industries reflected High sodium (alkali) content with medium salinity hazard. So, from the result, it may be concluded that appropriate sustainable management technologies need to be incorporated to control pH, hardness and salinity of that water.

Kelayakan Air Tanah untuk Irigasi Pertanian Menggunakan Sodium Arbsoption Ratio (SAR)

Irrigation has an important role and is one of the keys to success in increasing rice production in paddy fields. Trimulyo Village is one of the areas in Jetis District, Bantul Regency has the majority of people as farmers. There is no information about groundwater quality as agricultural feasibility in the area is the background of this research. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of groundwater quality for agricultural irrigation using the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) method in Trimulyo Village, Jetis District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The method used in this study was the testing of 2 groundwater samples in the laboratory and field observation of geology and geomorphology conditions. The parameters used are chemical parameters which include Sodium or Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg). Based on the results of laboratory tests and data analysis, that groundwater sample 1 had a SAR value of 0,63 then groundwater sample 2 had 0,75. Both groundwater samples have a water classification of Excellent or Very Good for agricultural irrigation.

Predicting Irrigation Water Quality Indices Based on Data-Driven Algorithms: Case Study in Semiarid Environment

Ascertaining water quality for irrigational use by employing conventional methods is often time taking and expensive due to the determination of multiple parameters needed, especially in developing countries. Therefore, constructing precise and adequate models may be beneficial in resolving this problem in agricultural water management to determine the suitable water quality classes for optimal crop yield production. To achieve this objective, five machine learning (ML) models, namely linear regression (LR), random subspace (RSS), additive regression (AR), reduced error pruning tree (REPTree), and support vector machine (SVM), have been developed and tested for predicting of six irrigation water quality (IWQ) indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na), permeability index (PI), Kelly ratio (KR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), and magnesium hazards (MH) in groundwater of the Nand Samand catchment of Rajasthan. The accuracy of these models was determined serially using the mean squared error (MSE), correlation coefficients (r), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The SVM model showed the best-fit model for all irrigation indices during testing, that is, RMSE: 0.0662, 4.0568, 3.0168, 0.1113, 3.7046, and 5.1066; r: 0.9364, 0.9618, 0.9588, 0.9819, 0.9547, and 0.8903; MSE: 0.004381, 16.45781, 9.101218, 0.012383, 13.72447, and 26.078; MAE: 0.042, 3.1999, 2.3584, 0.0726, 2.9603, and 4.0582 for KR, MH, SSP, SAR, %Na, and PI, respectively. The KR and SAR values were predicted accurately by the SVM model in comparison to the observed values. As a result, machine learning algorithms can improve irrigation water quality characteristics, which is critical for farmers and crop management in various irrigation procedures. Additionally, the findings of this research suggest that ML models are effective tools for reliably predicting groundwater quality using general water quality parameters that may be acquired directly on periodical basis. Assessment of water quality indices may also help in deriving optimal strategies to utilise inferior quality water conjunctively with fresh water resources in the water-limited areas.

Irrigation Water Quality in Selected Water Bodies of East Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

Turkey is a country that has available climate conditions and water sources utilizable for agriculture. Most surface waters in the country can be applicable for irrigation purposes. Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the salinity of the irrigation water, while salinity can also be directly measured in ppm. High salinity water prevents the water supply of the plant roots due to the high osmotic pressure, in other words reduces the availability of irrigation water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an indicator of the quality of the irrigation water that is a measure of the sodium amount relative to calcium and magnesium amounts. High SAR values in the irrigation water result in impermeability in the soil meanly infiltration problems following a decrease in the water supply by the crop. In this study, four selected surface waters from the East Mediterranean Basin were chosen to evaluate their availability for the purpose of irrigation. Since the East Mediterranean Basin is a productive land due to its climatic conditions, monitoring the quality of the irrigation water of the basin becomes crucial. The selected surface water bodies were analyzed at three-month intervals between 2015 and 2019. The salinity and alkalinity classes were found to be C2-S1 which corresponds to good irrigation water quality and can be used to irrigate all types of plants.