Sodium Absorption Ratio Research Articles

Assessing suitability of surface water from Oued El Gourzi for irrigation east of Alger

The study was conducted to determine the suitability of surface water from Oued El Gourzi for irrigation in the Fesdis area, Algeria, during irrigation season of July 2022. The suitability was assessed by analysing eight water samples collected from various sites along the Oued. A range of physicochemical parameters were examined, including EC, pH, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, K+, HCO3– and Cl–, alongside other indices such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI) and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) using standard procedures. The Richards classification shows that these waters are characterised by high salinity and low alkalinity hazard (C3–S1). According to the Wilcox classification, the majority of these waters are of doubtful quality, with only 25% exhibiting good quality for irrigation. Based on the RSC and MAR, all water samples are deemed safe and suitable for irrigation. However, PI values suggest that all sampling sites are of marginal quality for irrigation (class II). In terms of sodium and chloride concentration, all water samples were deemed unsuitable for irrigation. Based on these results, the waters pose risks for irrigation, particularly due to salinity, necessitating the implementation of special management practices and the selection of salt-tolerant crops.

Electrocoagulation of landfill leachate: Transforming a hazardous residue into a source of irrigation water

Electrocoagulation of landfill leachate has been widely investigated, however, only few reports include the reuse of the treated water. In this work, treated leachate is evaluated as irrigation water. The main obstacle is the high Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR=Na+/(Ca2++Mg2+)/2. Reducing this indicator involves decreasing Na+ and increasing Mg2+ or Ca2+. Sodium concentration reduction is difficult by electrochemical methods (E0 = −2.71 V); Ca2+ increasing is not feasible as it precipitates. Hence, the use of different Al-Mg anodes was tested tending to increase Mg2+ concentration in the treated water The alloy 88%wtAl-12%wtMg was able to remove 52.9% of COD, 98.1% of turbidity, 97.9% of color, obtaining a SAR of 8.2 meq·L−1, total hardness (TH) of 64.2 meq·L−1 and a soluble sodium percentage (SSP) of 75.8 meq·L−1. This was achieved by working at a current density of 15 mA cm−2, a treatment time of 15 min and a pH 5.0. The phytotoxicity of the treated leachate was evaluated by the germination index using Lactuca Sativa L., reaching a value of 83.2%, which is considered excellent for irrigation water. During growth, 3–4 primary leaves were observed in seedings after 21 days, similar to when potable water was used. The results demonstrate that electrocoagulation is an adequate treatment technique for the reuse of landfill leachate if appropriated materials are used as anodes working in well selected operational variables.

Hydrogeochemical evaluation and characterization of water quality in the Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal.

The study was carried out in the Phewa Lake of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Gandaki Province, Nepal, for geochemical assessment and characterization of the lake water quality. A total of 28 water samples were collected in each season from the different zones of the lake in March 2022 (pre-monsoon) and November 2022 (post-monsoon). The lake exhibitedelevated levels of PO43-, NO3-, and NH3, indicating that anthropogenic activities are interfering the lake water. The significant differences in many monitored physicochemical parameters between the pre- and post-monsoon visualize dilution effect in the lake during post-monsoon. Piper diagram illustrates that the majority of water samples in the lake are of Ca-HCO3 type. Additionally, Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, and Mixing plot illustrate that carbonate weathering is dominant in both seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals significant correlations among NO3-, SO42-, Na+, and Cl-, demonstrating that pollution in the lake water is attributed to agricultural activities and domestic effluents. In the majority of samples,water quality index (WQI) depicts that the lake water quality is very poor to poor in the pre-monsoon and poor to good in the post-monsoon. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), % Na (percent sodium), electrical conductivity (EC), cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS), and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram illustrate that the lake water is suitable for irrigation.

Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose in aquifers of the Upper Brahmaputra floodplains of Assam, India.

Groundwater is an essential natural resource for mankind. Due to various geogenic and anthropogenic causes, groundwater quality has raised serious concern over the years. In this study, groundwater quality was evaluated for its suitability for irrigation in the Jorhat and Golaghat Districts of Assam, India. A total of 100 groundwater samples were collected from shallow aquifers (< 35m) from different locations during the pre-monsoon season (March-April 2022). Groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline in nature (mean pH value of 7.44). The average cations and anions chemistry are in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > CO32-, respectively. Ca-Mg-HCO3 followed by Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl are the primary water types in the study area. Pearson's correlation matrix showed a positive correlation between TDS and EC (r = 0.78) and sodium showed a positive correlation with TDS and bicarbonate (r = 0.62 and r = 0.65), respectively. Gibbs plot indicated that rock-water interaction is the dominant factor that controls the chemistry of the groundwater of the area. Irrigation parameters like Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) indicated that groundwater is overall suitable for irrigation. USSL diagram illustrated that most of the samples fell into the C2 (medium salinity) and S1 (low sodium hazard) categories. Wilcox plot showed the samples fell in excellent to good categories indicating fitness of groundwater for irrigation in the area.

Evaluating Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes and Health Risk Assessment in West Midnapore District of West Bengal, India

Groundwater quality in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal, India is affected by anthropogenic activities as well as by water quality of Subarnarekha and Kangsabati rivers. This study aims to assess quality of groundwater and river water for drinking and irrigation usage, and assess the health risks of the people consuming the water across the rivers. The study also explores the groundwater-river water interaction. The river water and groundwater samples were collected three times during monsoon season from 14 sites across the rivers. The samples were analyzed for 11 water quality parameters, i.e., pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), major anions and cations, and iron (Fe). The groundwater was found slightly acidic (mean pH ~ 6.71) and correlated with nitrate concentrations. Most of the water quality parameters were found within their permissible limits of drinking water. However, elevated concentrations of potassium (K), ammonium (NH4), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (PO4), sodium (Na), and Fe were detected at some places, which were likely due to use of fertilizers. Water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and percentage Na values were computed to evaluate the groundwater quality. The mean WQI value of 37.07 showed that the majority of groundwater samples met drinking water standards. Groundwater was also found suitable for irrigation (SAR ~ 0.26 to 1.62 meq L-1 and percentage Na ~ 13.10% to 78.12%). Health risk assessments suggested minimal immediate risks, though high Na levels in certain areas raised concerns. Piper plot showed that increased calcium concentrations in groundwater were mainly due to interactions between river water and groundwater. Overall, groundwater quality did not present any harmful health hazards to the community. The findings of this study can be instrumental for groundwater managers in identifying potential areas for treating groundwater quality.

Chemometric evaluation, source apportionment, and health risk analysis of natural spring water in Murree, outer Himalayas

IntroductionContamination of water is a critical threat to human health at a global level. Water pollutants, such as heavy metals, can have adverse effects on the well-being of humans, animals, and the natural ecosystem of a region. Study AreaMurree is the most visited tourist destination in Pakistan. The rural population of Murree uses natural spring water for drinking, household use, and irrigation. MethodsThis study assessed the elemental concentration of water from 20 natural springs in Murree using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Source apportionment and spatial distribution of heavy metals were assessed using statistical approaches such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and interpolation. The study assessed the quality of water for drinking and irrigation in Murree's natural spring water using the metal index, sodium absorption ratio, magnesium absorption ratio, percentage sodium, Kelly's ratio, and salinity hazard. The health risks associated with heavy metals were assessed by computing Average daily dose, Hazard quotient, Hazard Index, and Cancer Risk. ResultsThe mean concentration of metals in mgL-1 varied in the following order: Ca (51.23) > Na (22.3) > Mg (16.26) > Si (6.51) > K (1.59) > Se (1.17) > Sr (0.48) > Ba (0.209) > Al (0.060) > Li (0.015) > Zn (0.005) > Fe (0.0033) > Ni (0.0032) > Cr (0.001). Metal index was calculated for Al (0.3), Ba (0.29), Cr (0.024), Ni (0.14), Fe (0.004), Zn (0.002), Sr (0.07), Mg (0.32), and Ca (0.25), revealing low levels of metal pollution. The geology of the study area was identified as the primary source of heavy metals in the water. The estimated values of health hazards showed that ingestion is the primary exposure pathway, with children having a higher risk. The health hazards posed by the heavy metal contact from the waters of Murree are not alarming. Quality indices show that the irrigation water sourced from the natural springs is of satisfactory quality. ConclusionThe study concluded that the spring water of Murree has low concentrations of heavy metals; their concentration is dependent upon the geology of the study area and is good for drinking and irrigation.

Classification of surface waters and groundwater in terms of drinking, agriculture, and industry

In this study, samples were collected from Seydoon River, The Alaa River, Galal Duparan Well, and Seyed Behzad Seepage Well near Seydoon River during the water year 2021-2022 for evaluation by the Khuzestan Water and Power Organization. Following laboratory analysis, Schuler and Wilcox diagrams were created using Aqua and Chemistry software to classify and interpret the water from The Seydoon River, The Alaa River, Duparan Well, and Seyyed Behzad Seepage Well. The objective of this study is to assess and comprehend the water quality of the rivers and wells in the region for drinking, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Overall, the groundwater in the area is deemed to be of medium to unsuitable quality for drinking. The well water is are classified as extremely hard. Furthermore, The Seydoon River and The Alaa River exhibit lower hardness levels compared to the groundwater in the region. in accordance with the Wilcox diagram, both surface and groundwater in the area are suitable in sodium absorption ratio for agricultural use, but they do face salinity issues. The water from The Seydoon River is suitable for industrial purposes, while The Seydoon River, The Alaa River, and Seyyed Behzad Seepage Well water is drinkable, and the water from Duparan Well is prone to forming deposits.

Evaluation of the Şerefiye (Zara-Sivas) Dam According to Water Quality Indexes

With the aim of determining the water quality of Şerefiye Dam, Sivas province, the present study was carried out on the samples collected monthly from 3 stations between January 2014 and December 2014. In the analyses, which examined 25 variables, water quality was determined using the World Health Organization drinking water standards, water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage, permeability index (PI), magnesium index, irrigation index, and the Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. The mean value of water quality index in the dam was found to be 46.82 and the mean value of IWOI irrigation was found to be 3.90. The results obtained here showed that Şerefiye Dam was in the "very good" class in terms of water quality index and irrigation water quality. In addition, there was no oxygen deficiency due to excessive oxygen consumption during organic matter decomposition. The water quality parameters were much lower than the thresholds set in the SWQR, but according to the results of factor analysis (FA), the main variables responsible for the processes in the ecosystem were TSS, COD, SO3, SO4, EC, BOD, NO3, NH4, DO and Fe

Irrigation Water Quality Assessment in Egyptian Arid Lands, Utilizing Irrigation Water Quality Index and Geo-Spatial Techniques

This study focused on assessing surface water quality in the northwest part of the Egyptian Nile Delta (El-Menoufia Governorate) and evaluated water suitability for irrigation purposes using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), Permeability Index (PI), Wilcox, United State Salinity (USSL) diagram, and Piper trilinear diagrams categories, taking into consideration various water quality parameters. The results showed that, based on the IWQI, most of the water samples (61.8%) in the investigated area fell under the no restriction water (NR) category. Furthermore, the Wilcox diagram demonstrated that most of the investigated water samples (93.6%) are categorized as doubtful water; this shows that those samples have a higher sodium content material. According to the USSL diagram, most of the water samples (70.9%) fell into the high salinity (C) and moderate sodium (S) content (C3S2) class. According to the PI index, 8.2% of the tested water samples fell into class II (suitable for irrigation) and 91.8% fell into class III (unsuitable for irrigation). Based on the Piper trilinear, the water type is Na-Cl-HCO3. According to these results, most of the water samples require more water regulations, are categorized as doubtful water that causes plants’ augmentation sensitivity if used for irrigation, and fell into the high salinity (EC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) magnitude, which might have negative outcomes on soil and plant health if used for irrigation, have extensive obstacles, and are improper for irrigation. Therefore, proper management practices and treatments may be vital to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity and SAR on soil and plant health in this study area. Therefore, addressing water deficiency and quality in Egypt’s northwest Nile delta is crucial for suitable irrigation purposes.

Groundwater hydro-geochemical inferences and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence augmented groundwater quality prediction in arid and semi-arid segment of Rajasthan, India

Groundwater quality is a crucial aspect especially in the arid and semi-arid segments of the world due to its restricted availability. With increasing consumptions over time period, it is essential to ensure its quality by appraising complex hydro-geochemistry. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the groundwater hydro-geochemistry in the arid and semi-arid segment of Rajasthan, India and to fill the gap in understanding of groundwater quality by incorporating eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). 120 groundwater samples were collected during post monsoon season of 2022 and sixteen physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and corresponding inferences were drawn. The hydro-chemical facies indicated Na–Cl composition of groundwater with the dominance of evaporation. Majority of the samples showed reverse ion exchange process along with positive Saturation Index value of Calcite (CaCO3) and tendency towards leaching F− in the groundwater. Water Quality Index for drinking as well as irrigation purpose showed relatively better quality in the central segment than the marginal region. The SHAP values derived from the XGBoost model depicted fluoride (F-) as the primary feature influencing overall groundwater quality for drinking purposes, whereas the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) emerged as the key predictor influencing overall groundwater quality for irrigation. The implication of proposed method signifies the importance of incorporating hydro-geochemical inferences with machine learning technique to understand the complex character of groundwater. Further, due to its robustness as well as cost-effectiveness, the application of the method would be helpful in policymaking to safeguard the groundwater resource in arid and semi-arid regions at global scale.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL AND IRRIGATION PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY OF FUTUK AND ITS ENVIRONS, NORTHERN BENUE TROUGH, NORTHEAST NIGERIA

This research assesses the suitability of groundwater quality in the region for residential and agricultural use. To evaluate the water quality for domestic purposes, 15 samples of groundwater were taken and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3), carbonate (CO3), and nitrate (NO3). The quality of irrigation water was evaluated using several parameters: permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and water quality index (WQI). Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, and the chloro-alkaline index were used to determine groundwater facie classification and ion exchange mechanisms. When compared to the WHO 2011 standard, the physiochemical parameters are within the appropriate limits, with the exception of EC and NO3, which revealed excessive values in some samples. All of the measured parameters are suitable for irrigation activities. According to the Kelly index, there is just one sample that is inappropriate for irrigation. The predominant groundwater type in the area is calcium chloride, with sodium chloride constituting the second most common groundwater facies. The hydrochemical mechanism that regulates the local groundwater chemistry is reverse ion exchange. This indicates a positive index, resulting from the exchange of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the groundwater with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the aquifer components.

Groundwater quality parameters prediction based on data-driven models

Groundwater quality assessment is essential for achieving safe and sustainable water resources, specifically in regions that rely mainly on groundwater. This study focuses on evaluating groundwater quality metrics in the Alnekheeb basin located in Iraq to obtain a more suitable and sustainable water source, which plays a pivotal role in policy development and strategies for more efficient utilization of groundwater. In this regard, three groundwater water quality metrics presented in hardness, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and salinity are purportedly predicted using two AI-driven models, namely the Radial Basis Neural Network (RBF-NN) and the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of input parameters on the performance of the proposed models. Several water quality parameters, including SO4, Cl, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, and CO3, are used for the development modelling. The effectiveness of the proposed models is assessed using various statistical indicators and graphical presentations. According to the evaluation results, adding more input variables can sometimes increase the efficacy of the proposed models with regard to prediction accuracy. Moreover, the findings show that the PNN model provides a promising performance in predicting the groundwater’s water quality (WQ) matrices, showing superior performance compared to the RBFNN model.

Hydrogeochemical and GIS Analysis of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Kuzhithuraiyar Sub-Basin, Kanniyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

A hydrogeochemical analysis was conducted to find the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Kuzhithuraiyar sub-basin, Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. 48 groundwater samples were collected from the different locations of the study area during both the pre- and postmonsoon periods. This study assesses the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the analytical results, water quality index, Wilcox plot, and irrigation parameters such as electrical conductance, Kelly’s ratio, sodium absorption ratio values, magnesium hazards, bicarbonate, and the residual sodium carbonate index. The pH values ranged from 8.5 to 6.5, suggesting generally acceptable conditions. TDS concentrations range from 24 to 1277 mg/L, whereas EC values range from 37.50 to 1996 μS/cm. It is observed from the collected samples that the pre-monsoon water samples TDS’ values were exceeded the recommended TDS limits than postmonsoon samples. Water quality indices indicate that 50% of premonsoon samples and 48% of postmonsoon samples are suitable for drinking. In total, 10% of samples are admissible to a doubtful category before and after the monsoon, 6% are good to permissible during the monsoon, and 84% are good to permissible. Kelly’s ratio shows that 56% and 48% of samples collected during the post- and premonsoon are suitable for irrigation, respectively, whereas the remaining samples are not. Due to magnesium hazards, 40% and 44% of pre- and postmonsoon samples are not suitable for irrigation. Overall, the postmonsoon samples exceeded the permissible TDS limit (1000 mg/L) by 10% and the premonsoon samples by 6. 13% of samples obtained after the monsoon and 19% collected before the monsoon have a potential salinity greater than three, indicating that these samples are unacceptable. The sustaining water quality and mitigating possible hazards in the Kuzhithuraiyar sub-basin require continuous monitoring and focused measures.

Degradation Rate/Vulnerability Potential and Fertility Status of Luvisols in the Mandara Mountains (Far-North Cameroon).

Soil degradation emerges as one of the major problems in the locality of Sir in the Mandara Mountains, Far-North Cameroon. Inappropriate agricultural techniques resulting in land use change affect soil functions and seriously harm forest ecosystems. This study was conducted to analyse the current character of soils and access their degradation and their level of fertility. Twenty soil samples were taken at 15 cm depth. This includes ten in the plot under forest reserve and ten others in the plot under cultivation. Cultivation is responsible for the increase in bulk density (BD) (1.59 to 2.23 g/cm3), Mg (4.76 to 6.40 cmol·kg-1), Ca (10.44 to 11.26 cmol·kg-1), P (7.93 to 9.93 g/kg), and Mg/K (2.28 to 5.84) and decrease in CEC (38 0.15 to 31.46 cmol·kg-1), OM (2.76 to 1.08%), OC (1.66 to 0.62%), total nitrogen (0.08 to 0.05%), K (4.59 to 1.15 cmol·kg-1), Na (1.32 to 0.91 cmol·kg-1), C/N (25.69 to 13.86), and Ca/Mg (2.32 to 1.89). This variability in physicochemical properties reflects progressive soil degradation. Cultivated soils are subject to severe degradation or potential vulnerability (SDR/Vp = 4/2) due to texture, organic carbon, soil aggregate stability, sealing index, and total nitrogen. On the other hand, soils under forest reserve are subject to severe degradation or vulnerability due to the total nitrogen and sodium absorption ratio. The soils of the study area are subject to severe and extreme potential degradation or vulnerability due to BD, respectively, under forest reserve and cultivation. Two classes of fertility were identified: class II (plots under forest reserve) having a good level of fertility, characterized by good physical properties and severe limitations in nitrogen and phosphorus and class IV (cultivated plots) with a low level of fertility due to severe limitations in organic matter, phosphorus, and poor physical characteristics. The best indicator of the good quality of the luvisols of Sir is the pH, while the bulk density is an indicator of severe to very extreme degradation or high to very high vulnerability. The application of organic and mineral amendments is essential for raising the organic matter and nitrogen and phosphorus contents in these soils.

Prevalence, causes, and consequences of agricultural land abandonment: A case study in the Region of Murcia, Spain

Agricultural land abandonment has received increasing attention from the scientific community and decision makers in recent years. In this study, we aimed to identify the current status of agricultural land abandonment in Europe, investigate its main causes and consequences, and propose management solutions based on future projections. We selected the Region of Murcia (RM) in southeastern Spain as the study area as it has been identified as a hotspot of agricultural land abandonment. A large number of areas with severe erosion (gullies and piping) attributed to abandonment have been identified in the Neogene and Quaternary basins. Morphometric analyses of various fields and estimates of soil loss were performed in 57 abandoned land areas in the RM. Additionally, physical and chemical soil analyses were performed in 15 selected areas. The results showed that abandoned crop terraces in loam soil promote piping processes owing to their flat surfaces and the formation of a hydraulic gradient. Furthermore, soils with a poor structure, fine texture, and low organic matter content are vulnerable to erosion processes. Additionally, increased exchange sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) contribute to these processes. The results of this study confirmed the detrimental effects of abandoning agricultural land. We found that multiple contributing factors led to severe erosion on abandoned land in the RM. Therefore, efficient land use planning and management are required, especially for land abandonment in Neogene and Quaternary basins in semi-arid regions.

Hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater quality during the pre- monsoon season of Manipur, India

ABSTRACT The water quality index (WQI) and irrigational index for groundwater were studied in the northeastern section of the Manipur Valley in northeast India. Water samples were collected in 2022 during the pre-monsoon season. To compute the water quality index for drinking water, the basic chemical parameters of total hardness, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Carbonate were used. The assessment of bacteriological quality is also done, which is crucial for overall water quality evaluation, alongside physical and chemical analyze. For determining irrigation suitability, irrigational indices such as sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, and magnesium hazard were calculated. WQI, %Na+, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard, permeability Index and total hardness indicate that most water samples are harmless for irrigation and drinking purpose. They have affirmative relationships indicating that these characteristics are interdependent. Approximately 25% of the Piedmont zone groundwater is found to be unfit for agricultural and drinking usage. The encrustation of gypsum, halite, and evaporation into the Disang shares accelerate the dissolution of ions in Piedmont water, resulting in quality degradation. According to Gibbs plots, Durov Scatter Plot, and Hill Piper Trilinear Diagram of water dominated the rock-weathering process, while hydrochemical facies progressed from the beginning to the intermediate stage of Chadha’s graphical representation illustrates the progression of hydrochemical processes in surface water. Therefore, proper integrated water resource management and development are required for effective water resource utilization, particularly around the Piedmont zone. In recent years, the quality of groundwater has caused a significant deal of alarm, and an increasing number of studies relating to it have been published. The geological, structural, and geomorphological features in the intermontane Imphal Valley in Manipur, India, were identified using SRTM DEM data by QGIS Software. This area has simple geology and structural elements, making it an appropriate site to evaluate the use of remote sensing and GIS tools in geological studies. To prevent a water crisis, groundwater resources must be managed sustainably. The current study also concentrated on a bibliometric examination of groundwater management and access to gauge the state of the field. A bibliometric examination of these papers may offer insight into current research and trends. We are the first to join Groundwater Quality Assessment with bibliometric analysis. This prediction, if taken into consideration strategically during the planning of preventive measures for groundwater quality can help to analyze future evaluation to a great extent.

Assessment of coastal river water quality in Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas of Bangladesh is a prevalent phenomenon. However, it is not conducive to activities such as irrigation, navigation, fish spawning and shelter, and industrial usage. The present study analyzed 45 water samples collected from 15 locations in coastal areas during three seasons: monsoon, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon. The aim was to comprehend the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters, including water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, HCO3-, PO43-, SO42-, and Cl-. Additionally, parameters essential for agriculture, such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly's ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI), were examined. Their respective values were found to be 63%, 16.83 mg/L, 34.92 mg/L, 145.44 mg/L, 1.28 mg/L, and 89.29%. The integrated water quality index was determined using entropy theory and principal component analysis (PCA). The resulting entropy water quality index (EWQI) and SAR of 49.56% and 63%, respectively, indicated that the samples are suitable for drinking but unsuitable for irrigation. These findings can assist policymakers in implementing the Bangladesh Deltaplan-2100, focusing on sustainable land management, fish cultivation, agricultural production, environmental preservation, water resource management, and environmental protection in the deltaic areas of Bangladesh. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of seasonal variations in the hydrochemistry and water quality of coastal rivers, aiding in the comprehension of salinity intrusion origins, mechanisms, and causes.

Comparison of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity under the Reclaimed Conditions of Salt Affected Soil

Solving the soil problems that affect negatively on growth of plants and reduce the soil permeability is necessary for the study site, Thein Gone Village in Yamethin Township, Myanmar. The objectives of this study were; to identify the soil whether it is salt-affected or not and to investigate the proper reclamation method with different rates of amendments by comparing the saturated conductivity (Ks). Both composite (disturbed) and core (undisturbed) soil samplings were collected at three profiles (0 - 60 cm soil depth) during March, 2023. Some soil properties such as texture, bulk density (g cm-3), moisture content (%), ECe (electrical conductivity, saturated extract; mS cm-1), pH (1:5 water), SAR (sodium absorption ratio) and pH and EC of leaching water were also measured. Firstly, the study site was problematic with high pH due to Na+ distribution of underground water although there was some application of gypsum for a decade. Also, low permeability (Ks &lt; 1x10-8 cm s-1) was another problem there. To leach the salt (EC &lt; 1 mS cm-1 in leachate), 1500 cm3 of water was necessary for one core (98.21 cm3 soil volume). It was relatively high amount for using the quality-water. For reclamation methods, gypsum 5 t ha-1, sulphur 1 t ha-1, and cow-dung manure 20 t ha-1 gave the minimum (- log Ks) value among different rates of each amendment. The less the - log Ks, the more permeable the soil becomes. Among different amendments, gypsum 5 t ha-1 showed the fastest saturated hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, it is necessary to drain out the leachate to prevent the formation of saline -sodic soil.

Hydrochemical characterization and assessment of health risks of trace elements in the Huai River Basin of China.

Basin water pollution is a global problem, especially in the densely populated areas. The Huai River Basin (abbreviated as HRB), including the Huai River system and the Yishu River system, is the sixth-largest and most densely populated watershed in China. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies of river and well water throughout the Huai River basin, including hydrochemistry characterization and assessment of health risks. This study investigated water quality and pollution sources of river and well water in the HRB based on the hydrochemistry analysis and different water quality indices. The water body in the HRB showed weak alkalinity (pH = 8.4 ± 0.7) and had high TDS values (TDS = 339 ± 186mg/L) with water types of HCO3-Ca-Mg and SO4-Cl-Ca-Mg in the Huai River system, and SO4-Cl-Ca-Mg in the Yishu River system. Atmospheric input and evaporation had less impact on hydrochemistry. Evaporite dissolution and carbonate weathering had a greater impact on hydrochemistry. Carbonate precipitation and cation exchange also influenced the dissolved solutes, especially Ca2+ and Na+. Samples had low to medium salinity hazards and sodium absorption ratios and were suitable for irrigation. For drinking purposes, samples were fresh water and have good or excellent according to the Water Quality Index (WQI). Land use types influenced water quality with the worst river water quality from cropland. Combining different assessment indices, the water quality of the Yishu River system performed betterthanthe Huai River system. Absolute principal component analysis-multiple linear regression and the positive matrix factorization models identified the main pollutants as As, Ba, Cr, Ni, and Mn, with natural sources of As, Ba, and Ni and anthropogenic inputs of Cr, and Mn. Although the water quality of the HRB has improved in recent years, high potential risk from As, Cr, Mn, Ba, and Ni should be noted. This study provided vital information for basin hydrochemistry analysis and water quality assessment.

Pollution sources apportionment and suitability assessment of Lah River, Ethiopia: Conjunctive application of multivariate statistical analysis and water quality index.

This study aimed to assess spatiotemporal water quality variation and its suitability for irrigation and domestic purposes in Lah River using the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI). The IWQI analysis result showed that the sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, potential salinity, Kelly index, magnesium ratio, sodium percentage, and permeability index were found to be 1.07 mEq/L, -0.43 mEq/L, 0.8 mEq/L, 0.78 mEq/L, 43.01%, 42.95%, and 63.46%, respectively. The IWQIs revealed that the water quality of the river was appropriate for agricultural use during the dry season. Furthermore, the calculated WAWQI of the river water ranged from 123.13 to 394.72 during the wet season, indicating the high pollution levels in the Lah River and incompatibility for drinking purposes. On the other hand, the principal component analysis identified two pollution sources during the wet season and three during the dry season. In addition, the positive matrix prioritization model predicted the pollution source's contribution quite well with a signal-to-noise ratio of >2 and a residual error between -3 and 3 for both seasons. This study suggests that water quality of Lah River is degrading periodically necessitating proper pollution management.