Sockeye Research Articles

Using the camera traps for permanent monitoring and fi guring out the time of spawning migration and spawn of early morph of sockeye salmon in the Azabachye Lake in 2023

Using the camera traps for permanent monitoring and fi guring out the time of spawning migration and spawn of early morph of sockeye salmon in the Azabachye Lake in 2023

Regional Complexes of Oncorhynchus nerka (Salmonidae) from the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka and Chukotka: Delineation, Genetic Diversity, Origin, Adaptive and Demographic Processes

Regional Complexes of Oncorhynchus nerka (Salmonidae) from the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka and Chukotka: Delineation, Genetic Diversity, Origin, Adaptive and Demographic Processes

Investigating the quality discrepancy between different salmon and tracing the key lipid precursors of roasted flavor

Differences in raw material characteristics directly affect the processing characteristics and quality of the final product. Therefore, it is important for the salmon industry to start regulating or grading from raw material side. In this study, the material characteristics and flavor quality of three different salmons: Atlantic salmon, red salmon, and pink salmon were evaluated. Trans-2,cis-6-nonadienal, octanal, and cis-4-heptenal contributed to the fishy aroma of roasted salmon, while fresh salmon was mainly caused by octanal. The oily aroma of fresh salmon was relevant to octanal, decanal, and 1-heptanol. The results indicated that the composition of phospholipids affect the flavor of roasted salmon, such as phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines, were closely related to the roasted and fishy aroma of roasted salmon. This study revealed that roasting could reduce the sensory quality difference between salmon by changing the textural property and volatile compound profile, provide guidance for production, grading, and consumption of salmon.

Delineating population structure of resilient sea/river‐type sockeye salmon

AbstractConserving wild fisheries requires identifying and monitoring distinct populations, yet prevalent genetic approaches often do not integrate habitat data and may not fully delineate these structures. This issue is critical in sea/river‐type sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), an ecotype whose specific spawning habitats better define distinct breeding populations. Despite possessing traits that confer greater resilience to climate change and significant contributions to wild fisheries, gene flow among groups dilutes genetic structure, making it difficult to track populations. We focus on sea/river sockeye from one of the Pacific Rim's largest Sockeye fisheries, combining river strontium (Sr) isotope predictions, otolith Sr isotope measurements, and a Bayesian assignment model with a 4‐yr radiotelemetry and genetic dataset (n = 1994) to delineate the geographic structure of spawning habitats. Our results identify four distinct subpopulations with unique natal habitat Sr isotope ratios previously undifferentiated by genetic methods, providing a novel approach to monitor critical groups over multiple years.

In-season monitoring of harvest and effort from a large-scale subsistence salmon fishery in western Alaska

In-season management of salmon harvest requires real-time data. Specifically, following a brief period of open fishing, knowledge of harvest outcomes is useful when deciding the nature of subsequent fishing periods. This in-season management strategy is relatively new to the lower Kuskokwim River of western Alaska, where depressed salmon runs have caused restrictions to the subsistence fishery. We have developed an in-season monitoring program to rapidly inform managers about fishery outcomes from short-duration (6-24 hours) fishery openings. Completed trip information and one or more aerial surveys are combined to estimate daily effort and harvest from drift gillnet fishers spanning 11 communities and ~130 river kilometers. We present a re-analysis of the 40 monitored openers in June-July 2016-2023, and validate harvest estimates of Chinook, chum, and sockeye salmon by comparing them to post-season estimates derived from an independent long-term monitoring program. Our results indicate that the program has produced estimates of sufficient quality to inform in-season managers, although it will likely need alterations to be successful in years with less restricted fishing.

A Weight-of-Evidence Approach for Understanding the Recovery of Okanagan Sockeye Salmon.

The productivity of Pacific Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Columbia River has been declining over the past century. Yet, the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon population, which spawns in the Okanagan River, a Canadian tributary of the Columbia River, has seen a remarkable turnaround in abundance. Different hypotheses and lines of evidence covering multiple spatial scales have been proposed to explain this recovery; but they have never been comprehensively assessed. We adopted a weight-of-evidence approach to systematically assess the relative likelihood that each of these causal hypotheses contributed to the observed recovery. Our analysis disentangles the relative consequences of a set of environmental management actions that have been implemented to augment the Sockeye salmon freshwater productivity, while accounting for changes in freshwater and marine environmental conditions. Our list of potentially explanatory causal factors (anthropogenic and natural) included: (1) changes in escapement concurrent with improving local fish passage, (2) the implementation of fish-friendly flows in the Okanagan River, (3) initiating a hatchery restocking program, (4) potential improvements to Columbia dam operations to support higher relative survival of out-migrating juvenile fish, (5) possible shifts in survival-favorable conditions in the coastal marine environment for ocean-going life stages, and (6) broader changes to multi-stock harvest regimes in the Columbia River. Our assessment leveraged comparisons with the population dynamics of another Sockeye salmon stock in the Columbia River basin to differentiate between the impacts of management actions taken within the Okanagan watershed (our focus) from those occurring over the broader basin and marine scale. The results suggest that while shifts towards survival-favorable conditions in the coastal marine environment in 2007 played an important role in the upturn of the Okanagan population, alone it cannot explain the rate at which the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon recovered. Strong evidence supports the combined effect of increased escapement in conjunction with establishing and securing fish-friendly flows during spawning, incubation, and alevin emergence. Additionally, Sockeye salmon restocking improved the resilience of the stock against density-independent mortality events. These combined basin-level management actions played a pivotal role in magnifying the recovery trajectory afforded by improved marine survivorship. The spectacular response of the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon to the holistic perspectives and management interventions of Indigenous and other caretakers provides hope that other Pacific salmon stocks can be stabilized and recovered.

БОЛЕЗНИ ПРОХОДНЫХ ЛОСОСЁВЫХ РЫБ ПРИ ИСКУССТВЕННОМ ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ КРАЙНЕГО СЕВЕРА ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

Replenishment of fish stocks by increasing the release of juveniles during artificial fish farming is currently an urgent problem in the Far North of the Far East. In 1995-2003; 2021, an epizootological survey of natural spawning grounds and fish farming enterprises located in the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea basin was conducted: Ola, Arman, Taui, Yana, Iret, Ola experimental production acclimatization base, Armansky, Taui, Yansky salmon hatcheries. The aim is to study bacterial and protozoal diseases of passing salmonids in artificial fish farming. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the waters of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea basin, bacterial and parasitic diseases were detected in passing salmon fish in natural reservoirs during anadromous migration and artificial fish farming. In pink salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, Aeromonas hydrophila culture isolated from blood and internal organs turned out to be virulent. Aeromonosis was established for the first time in passing salmon fish of natural populations. As a result of bacteriological studies, Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were isolated from different batches of fertilized eggs, yolk sac of larvae, ascitic fluid of the abdominal cavity of juveniles. Due to the detection of the invasion of juvenile fish Trichodina truttae and Myxosoma cerebralis, which amounted to 10.0-46.5%, trichodyniosis and myxosomiasis were registered. The ways of transmission of infection to fish farms have been established. Fertilized eggs are infected from producers on spawning rivers during the selection of sexual products. The epizootological situation of aeromonosis, trichodyniosis and myxozomiasis is recognized as unfavorable. The method of diagnosis of bacterial diseases of salmonids at fish-breeding enterprises of the region has been improved.

Wild salmon migration routes influence sea lice infestations: An agent-based model predicting farm-related infestations on juvenile salmon.

This study presents an Agent-Based Model (ABM) simulation to assess the impact of varying migration routes on sea lice (Caligus clemensi) infestation levels in juvenile wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia, Canada. This research highlights the importance of migratory routes in determining the extent of exposure to sea lice originating from nearby salmon farms. Three northward out-migration routes were modelled, each exposing the fish to different levels of infestation pressure based on proximity to salmon farms. The ABM incorporates spatially explicit migration patterns of juvenile sockeye salmon using a detailed raster map of the Discovery Islands. Key variables such as swimming speed, progression rate, and infestation levels were integrated into the model, offering a comprehensive analysis of migration and infestation dynamics. The study revealed that infestation rate is highly variable, depending on migration routes. Specifically, salmon traveling longer migration routes with lower infestation pressure may experience higher sea lice loads compared to those on shorter routes with higher infestation pressure. This underscores the role of low infestation pressures and the critical influence of swimming speed, which affects exposure time, and thus infestation rates. Additionally, the study conducted a sensitivity analysis to understand the influence of various parameters on infestation rates. This analysis highlighted the importance of swimming speed and progression rate, particularly in routes closer to the farms. The findings suggest that slower swimming speeds and meandering routes increase exposure to lice, thereby elevating infestation levels. The research contributes to understanding the dynamics of sea lice transmission and its relationship with salmon migration patterns. It underscores the necessity of considering migratory routes and farm proximity in managing and mitigating the impact of sea lice infestation on wild salmon populations. This study's insights are crucial for developing strategies to balance aquaculture practices with the conservation of wild salmon.

Incorporating ecological heterogeneity and intraspecific variation differentiates complex interactions between apex predators and stocked fish

Ecological heterogeneity and intraspecific variation can impact energy flow from the base of the food web to top predators. We evaluated the effect of intraspecific variation on estimates of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) consumption of stocked kokanee (lacustrine sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) in a 390 ha oligotrophic lake with two distinct basins. Lake trout stomach content analyses, stable isotope niche space, and catch rates indicated high intraspecific variation in resource use across habitats and basins. Intraspecific variation and ecological heterogeneity were incorporated into two bioenergetics modeling approaches; one lake-wide model, and one partitioned model that accounted for differences in lake trout diet composition and population size across habitats. The ecologically partitioned model highlighted that lake trout consumption was primarily in the epilimnion of one basin, while the lake-wide, unpartitioned model performed similarly but failed to provide ecological context for where that consumption occurred. Incorporating ecological heterogeneity and intraspecific variation into bioenergetic models can more accurately represent top predators foraging patterns across habitats and inform management actions to mitigate impacts to stocked fish.

How safe are wild-caught salmons exposed to various industrial chemicals? First ever in silico models for salmon toxicity data gaps filling

Salmons are crucial to ecosystems and economic activities like commercial fishing and aquaculture, while also serving as an important source of nutrients, underscoring their ecological significance and the need for sustainable management. To better understand the toxicity and biological interactions between the salmon and industrial chemicals in the aquatic environment, we utilized the ToxValDB database to develop first ever computational toxicity models for six salmon subspecies (covering Atlantic and Pacific salmon) across two genera, employing Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and quantitative Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship (q-RASAR) methods. For three smaller datasets (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus keta, and Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), we created mathematical models using the entire datasets where QSAR models demonstrated superior statistical quality compared to q-RASAR. Conversely, the three larger datasets (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and Salmon salar) were divided into training and test sets, the q-RASAR models yielded better results compared to QSAR models. Mechanistic interpretations of these models revealed that descriptors such as Burden eigenvalues (BCUT), autocorrelation of topological structure (ATSC), and molecular polarizability were significant predictors of toxicity. For instance, higher polarizability and certain topological features were associated with increased toxicity as per the developed models. Statistically superior models for each subspecies were used to predict the aquatic toxicity of 1085 untested organic chemicals for toxicity data gap filling and risk assessment considering the applicability domain (AD). These insights are pivotal for designing safer chemicals and emphasize the need for sustainable management of salmon populations.

The Effects of Rearing Environment on Organization of the Olfactory System and Brain of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka.

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) hatch and feed in freshwater habitats, migrate to sea to mature, and return to spawn at natal sites. The final, riverine stages of the return migrations are mediated by chemical properties of the natal stream that they learned as juveniles. Like some other fish, salmon growth is asymptotic; they grow continuously throughout life toward a maximum size. The continued growth of the nervous system may be plastic in response to environmental variables. Due to the ecological, cultural, and economic importance of Pacific salmon, individuals are often reared in hatcheries and released into the wild as juveniles to supplement natural populations. However, hatchery-reared individuals display lower survivorship and may also stray (i.e., spawn in a non-natal stream) at higher rates than their wild counterparts. Hatchery environments may lack stimuli needed to promote normal development of the nervous system, thus leading to behavioral deficits and a higher incidence of straying. This study compared the peripheral olfactory system and brain organization of hatchery-reared and wild-origin sockeye salmon fry (Oncorhynchus nerka). Surface area of the olfactory rosette, diameter of the olfactory nerve, total brain size, and size of major brain regions were measured from histological sections and compared between wild and hatchery-origin individuals. Hatchery-origin fish had significantly larger optic tecta, and marginally insignificant, yet noteworthy trends, existed in the valvula cerebelli (hatchery>wild) and olfactory bulbs (hatchery<wild). We also found a putative difference in olfactory nerve diameter (dmin) (hatchery>wild), but the validity of this finding needs further analyses with higher resolution methods. Overall, these results provide insight into the potential effects of hatchery rearing on nervous system development in salmonids, and may explain behavioral deficits displayed by hatchery-origin individuals post-release.

Parvoviruses of Aquatic Animals.

Family Parvoviridae consists of small, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of approximately 4-6 kilobases, subdivided into three subfamilies, Parvovirinae, Densovirinae, and Hamaparvovirinae, and unassigned genus Metalloincertoparvovirus. Parvoviruses of aquatic animals infect crustaceans, mollusks, and finfish. This review describes these parvoviruses, which are highly host-specific and associated with mass morbidity and mortality in both farmed and wild aquatic animals. They include Cherax quadricarinatus densovirus (CqDV) in freshwater crayfish in Queensland, Australia; sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV) in sunflower sea star on the Northeastern Pacific Coast; Clinch densovirus 1 in freshwater mussels in the Clinch River, Virginia, and Tennessee, USA, in subfamily Densovirinae; hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in farmed shrimp worldwide; Syngnathid ichthamaparvovirus 1 in gulf pipefish in the Gulf of Mexico and parts of South America; tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) in farmed tilapia in China, Thailand, and India, in the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae; and Penaeus monodon metallodensovirus (PmMDV) in Vietnamese P. monodon, in unassigned genus Metalloincertoparvovirus. Also included in the family Parvoviridae are novel parvoviruses detected in both diseased and healthy animals using metagenomic sequencing, such as zander parvovirus from zander in Hungary and salmon parvovirus from sockeye salmon smolts in British Columbia, Canada.

Revealing the evolutionary history and contemporary population structure of Pacific salmon in the Fraser River through genome resequencing.

The Fraser River once supported massive salmon returns. However, over the last century, the largest returns have consistently been less than half of the recorded historical maximum. There is substantial interest from surrounding communities and governments to increase salmon returns for both human use and functional ecosystems. To generate resources for this endeavor, we resequenced genomes of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from the Fraser River at moderate coverage (∼16×). A total of 954 resequenced genomes were analyzed, with 681 collected specifically for this study from tissues sampled between 1997 and 2021. An additional 273 were collected from previous studies. At the species level, Chinook salmon appeared to have 1.6-2.1× more SNPs than coho or sockeye salmon, respectively. This difference may be attributable to large historical declines of coho and sockeye salmon. At the population level, 3 Fraser River genetic groups were identified for each species using principal component and admixture analyses. These were consistent with previous research and supports the continued use of these groups in conservation and management efforts. Environmental factors and a migration barrier were identified as major factors influencing the boundaries of these genetic groups. Additionally, 20 potentially adaptive loci were identified among the genetic groups. This information may be valuable in new management and conservation efforts. Furthermore, the resequenced genomes are an important resource for contemporary genomics research on Fraser River salmon and have been made publicly available.

Migration behavior for sockeye salmon adults of early race in the tributaries of Lake Nachikinskoye (western Kamchatka)

Several stages are determined in the early run of sockeye salmon into tributaries of Lake Nachikinskoye: i) maturation of adults at depth, ii) concentration of adults in the mouths of the main tributaries, iii) entry of small flocks of the spawners into tributaries over a short distance, iv) upstream movement of lager flocks, v) thinning of flocks and formation of pairs, vi) spawning, and vii) death of spawned fish. In the large, stable accumulations formed in the mouths of tributaries, salmon choose paths for onward movement in the process of homing, by decoding imprinting information. There, aggregations of spawners are differentiated into separate flocks going to spawn on different spawning grounds. A peculiarity of this population of sockeye salmon is the retention of individuals not ready for spawning in many pits and catches of the rivers, with formation of well-visible compact schools, which dissipate as the fish mature. Filling of the spawning grounds in tributaries is determined by their characteristics, and typically occurs with a dome-shaped dynamics of intensity. The upward long-term trend in filling of the spawning grounds is observed in the lower Taburetka River (before its tributaries), while the downward trend — in the tributaries. Data on the filling for the last 5 years are presented. The greatest contribution to reproduction of the early sockeye salmon in Lake Nachikinskoye is provided by the lower reaches of the Taburetka River (41 %), whereas its tributary, the Verkhnyaya River, contributes 20 % and inputs of other tributaries are noticeably lower. In conditions of degradation for a part of the spawning grounds due to increased anthropogenic impact, all existing subpopulations should be preserved as productive as possible.

Comparison of Juvenile Pacific Salmon abundance, distribution, and body condition between Western and Eastern Bering Sea using spatiotemporal models

Recent changes in climate have had generally negative impacts on salmon stocks in the eastern and positive effects in the western Bering Sea (WBS). Eastern Bering Sea (EBS) salmon stocks have periodically experienced reduced productivity, size, and survival, whereas salmon stocks in the western Bering Sea (WBS) have tended to be more stable, with some stocks increasing in abundance. This difference could be partially attributed to the different habitats that juvenile salmon occupy during their first marine year, which often determines recruitment. Here, we used salmon surveys in the EBS and WBS to compare the status of juveniles in these two large marine ecosystems. We applied spatio-temporal vector autoregressive spatio-temporal (VAST) models to adjust for differences in timing, vessels and trawl gear used, and to compare the relative abundance and body condition indices (length, weight, and Fulton's condition factor) of three juvenile salmon species pink, chum and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. keta, and O.nerka respectively) between the WBS and EBS from 2002 to 2022. Juvenile salmon in WBS exhibited a consistent trend of larger size and higher Fulton's condition factor, with greater abundance compared to EBS in even years. A clear even-odd year pattern, which is believed to be driven by pink salmon, occurred in all species’ relative abundance and body condition in the WBS, with a limited impact of interannual temperature changes. Conversely, temperature had a significant impact on EBS salmon, with much of the variation in relative abundance and body condition occurring between warm and cold periods, and even/odd patterns were found only in pink salmon relative abundance and body condition. We detected different WBS-EBS migration patterns, with EBS juveniles dispersing from nearshore habitats earlier than WBS juveniles but migrating offshore later that is connected to bathymetry and the broad shelf in the EBS.

Genetic structuring and conservation of sockeye salmon on the Asian coast of the North Pacific: identification of regional stock complexes

Genetic structuring and conservation of sockeye salmon on the Asian coast of the North Pacific: identification of regional stock complexes

Climate Change and Indigenous Subsistence in the Thompson River Watershed (British Columbia) in the Late Holocene

ABSTRACT The Indigenous peoples of the Thompson River watershed on the northern Columbia Plateau traditionally subsisted in winter on dried salmon, dried roots and berries from upland meadows, and game. A summed probability distribution (SPDF) based on 54 radiocarbon ages from twenty-eight winter villages and summer fishing camps along that river exhibits volatile activity in anti-phase with an SPDF derived from 77 radiocarbon ages from twenty-six sites in the neighbouring uplands in the 2500–500 cal BP interval. Activity levels on the riverbanks decline after ∼2000 cal BP, increase rapidly from ∼1600 cal BP to ∼1350 cal BP, fall dramatically in the next century, then rise again after ∼700 cal BP, echoing patterns at other upriver fisheries on the northern Columbia plateau. Periods of increased activity on the Thompson riverbank are linked to robust runs of sockeye salmon, prompted by cooler/wetter phases of regional climate, and marked by higher lake levels, glacial advances, and increased rates of coastal upwelling in the northeast Pacific. Less reliable salmon harvests in the intervening periods are indicated by increases in activity in the uplands, with a concomitant greater reliance on roots and game in the local diet.

On monitoring the downstream and spawning migrations of Pacific salmon on the Paramushir Island (Northern Kuriles) in 2023

The purpose: The main goal of the work is to study the conditions of migration of juveniles on the control Savushkina River and describe the state of Pacific salmon migrating off the coast of the Paramushir Island in 2023.Methods used: Research work was carried out using standard generally accepted methods.Result: During the research work, data were obtained on the timing and dynamics of migration of juvenile Pacific salmon. The results of monitoring the approaches of Pacific salmon producers are presented. Shown are data on the size-mass characteristics and age composition of chum salmon, sockeye salmon, coho salmon and pink salmon.Practical significance: The results of the research work carried out will be used in the preparation of materials for the projected volume of production (catch) of Pacific salmon for 2024 and subsequent years for the North Kuril subzone.

Establishing present‐day Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka|sćwin) spawning capacity in the highly impacted sq,awsitkʷ|Okanagan River to guide population conservation and restoration

AbstractThe presence of dams on the Columbia River (CR) has reduced Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka|sćwin) numbers to a fraction of their historic numbers. The Syilx Okanagan Nation Alliance (SONA) has led voices of concern regarding the impacts of diminishing Sockeye Salmon numbers on the ecosystem health of the sawsitkʷ|Okanagan River (s|OR), a tributary of the CR. In the early 2000s efforts commenced to rehabilitate the s|OR Sockeye population. These efforts have seen the population rise from a running average of 40,000 to 200,000. However, the contemporary spawning capacity of the s|OR is unknown, and this metric is critical to guide the conservation and restoration of this keystone species. We employed a spawning capacity model relating fish length and gravel size to spawning potential. We collected substrate data at 49 sites throughout our 37‐km study area, and used fish length and egg numbers from n = 269 Sockeye Salmon to establish s|OR specific fecundity metrics. The model estimated the s|OR has the capacity to support 147,687 (±33,346) Sockeye spawners, in its current condition. Whilst our model has limitations, we suggest a minimum escapement of 147,687 Sockeye spawners ought to be passed to the s|OR per annum. These fish will have broad ecosystem benefits and will be culturally beneficial to SONA peoples. Finally, continued restoration of s|OR habitat should enhance opportunities for Sockeye Salmon to continue their remarkable recovery.

Enhancement of Physical Appearance, Skin Permeation, and Odor Reduction Using Liposome of Hydrolyzed Salmon Collagen for Cosmetic Products.

Hydrolyzed collagen (HC) derived from salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) skin possesses properties that can nourish the skin, and it is one of the active ingredients used in cosmeceutical products for moisturizing the facial skin. However, HC solution gives off a fishy odor and it is gray in color that makes the product unacceptable for cosmetic purposes. This study aimed to use liposome-encapsulated hydrolyzed salmon collagen to improve its physical appearance, skin permeation, and eliminate the fishy odor. Two percent of HC and vitamin B3 (VitB3) were used as active ingredients to incorporate into liposomes. Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and Tween 80 at a suitable weight ratio of 8 : 2 : 1 produced nano-sized vesicles (170.6 ± 0.70 nm) with the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency (95.72 ± 2.00%) of VitB3 and (49.63 ± 1.74%) of HC. Skin permeation and odor detection of the HC-VitB3 liposome were studied using Franz's diffusion cell and gas chromatography, respectively, and compared with HC-VitB3 solution. Subsequently, facial serums were formulated using HC-VitB3 liposomes and HC-VitB3 solutions, and a product satisfaction test was conducted with 100 volunteers to determine their preferred product. The results of the studies of HC-VitB3 liposome serum showed improved formulation appearance, enhanced skin permeation, and better odor elimination compared to the HC-VitB3 serum. Furthermore, seventy-three volunteers in the product satisfaction test preferred and selected the liposomal serum for its superior scent. From all the experimental results, it could be seen that liposomes can help increase skin penetration, and undesirable odors and colors can be masked by the appropriate lipid bilayer structure of liposomes.