Socket Base Research Articles

A Die-Level, Replaceable Integrated Chiplet (PINCH) Assembly Using a Socketed Platform, Compressible MicroInterconnects, and Self-Alignment

This paper presents a novel die-level, rePlaceable INtegrated CHiplet (PINCH) assembly using a socketed platform. To enable the replaceability of this tightly-integrated system, the appropriate set of enabling technologies is required. To this end, the PINCH assembly incorporates a non-permanent, off-chip interconnection system via Compressible MicroInterconnects (CMIs) and a non-permanent self-alignment technology using Positive-Self-Alignment Structures (PSAS) in a PSAS-to-PSAS configuration. As the PSAS-to-PSAS self-alignment technology is substrate agnostic, the PINCH assembly can also incorporate heterogeneous integrated systems. This paper discusses this PINCH assembly and it provides a design analysis for building this socketed system. The fabrication of all the components of the PINCH assembly (e.g., chiplet, interposer) is then performed, followed by a manual assembly process using the PSAS-to-PSAS self-alignment technology. Four-point resistance of the 150 μm pitch and 200 μm pitch CMIs are then measured after the socket is secured into the socket base of the PINCH assembly.

Investigation of Some Properties for Laminated Composite Used for Prosthetic Socket

Polyester has been used as a prosthetic socket base. It is well documented that the raw material of the socket base should have exhibited good mechanical properties. Prosthetic socket is a device that connects an artificial limb with the amputee part. In this work, seven laminated composites were prepared using vacuum technique from polyester resin and reinforced with Jute, Carbon, Glass, and Perlon fibers. The objective of this study is to manufacture prosthetic sockets from different laminated composite materials (fibers reinforced polymer) to make high-strength and durable prosthetic socket design. The results showed that the best laminated composite specimens have three jute fiber layers with four carbon layers whose compression strength and hardness reach (67) MPa and (86) Shore-D, respectively. Also, the water absorption of the composite specimen of jute with carbon fibers is higher than that of the composite specimen of jute with glass fiber.

Tensile properties of laminated composite prosthetic socket reinforced by different fibers

The prosthetic socket base material must have exhibited good mechanical properties. An experimental investigation about the behavior of different fibers reinforced laminated composite materials were done. This work has been done on seven laminated composites which were prepared by the Vacuum bagging technique from Polyester resin as a bonding matrix and reinforced with (Jute, Glass, Carbon, Perlon) fibers. Laminated specimens were characterized by mechanical tensile tests such as (Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus, Elongation Percentage) and physical test (density) to measure specific strength and specific modulus. SEM test also had been studied for different laminated composite. The results of experimental work showed that the mechanical properties were changed with the type and number of reinforcing layers. So, the results showed that the best laminated composite specimens have three layers of Jute with four layers of Carbon fiber. Where tensile strength and modulus of elasticity reach (162 MPa. and 3.60 GPa.) respectively. And specific strength and specific modulus reach to (134 MPa.cm3/gm–2.544 GPa.cm3/gm). The smoothness of the fractured surface will increase, indicating a brittle to semi-ductile transformation, according to SEM results.

Bayesian estimation of the normal and shear stiffness for rock sockets in weak sedimentary rocks

The design of socketed foundations in weak sedimentary rocks is often governed by settlement. The shear stiffness of the rock socket sidewalls, and the normal stiffness of the rock socket base are the main parameters that affect the settlement of rock sockets at service load conditions and are needed for settlement calculation in load-transfer method or using the theory of elasticity. In this paper, in situ load test data for socketed foundations in weak rocks are collected. The shear stiffness of the rock socket sidewalls and the normal stiffness for the rock socket base are, respectively, estimated based on the measured side shear stress and shear displacement, and base contact pressure and normal displacement relationships. The parameters affecting shear and normal stiffnesses are discussed. A Bayesian approach is used to develop probabilistic models for the rock socket shear and normal stiffnesses, which are functions of both rock properties and the rock socket size.

Experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviour of a new superimposed RC exterior basement wall with socket base

A new superimposed RC exterior basement wall with socket base is proposed here. To investigate the mechanical behaviour and failure mode, nine such basement walls and one cast-in-place basement wall were tested under the monotonic lateral load. The test results indicated that crack distributions and the corresponding loads of the superimposed basement walls under the serviceability limit state, which is the critical state that controls the design of the basement wall, are approximately identical with those of their cast-in-place counterpart. The failure of this new basement wall is generally dominated by the failure of the diagonal compression struts in the wall embedded in the socket base, whereas the failure mode of its cast-in-place counterpart is shear-compression failure near the bottom of the wall. Furthermore, the effects of four critical parameters were investigated: embedded length, thickness of the exterior lateral wall of socket base, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and roughness of the interface. The outcome of this study will provide systematic experimental data and conceptual understanding for the design of superimposed RC exterior basement walls with socket bases.

Influence of standard recommendations for the calculation of the column-base connection by socket according to ABNT NBR 9062:2006

Abstract This work studies the column-base connection by external socket in precast structures. A parametric study of the geometric characteristics of the external socket base with smooth interface is presented. In this parametric study, the consumption of concrete and steel are analyzed. The column cross section, the embedded length of the column in the socket base and the thickness of the wall of the socket base were the variables considered in this study. It was observed that with the increase of the embedded length, the minimum cross section of the main horizontal reinforcement reduces. With this modification, the walls of the socket base that are perpendicular to the direction of the applied loads presented a reduction of their stiffness. Besides the parametric study, this paper presents a verification model. This part of the study shows the possibility to generate abacuses that simplifies the project of the socket base foundation. Moreover, a comparative analysis becomes easier to be accomplished

A simplified approach for the ultimate limit state analysis of three-dimensional reinforced concrete elements

Several advanced constitutive models of concrete have been developed in recent decades, some of which are able to reproduce the behaviour of concrete structures with a high level of accuracy. Yet given their complex formulation, their application by most practitioners can entail some difficulties. This paper describes the adoption of an alternative, simplified comprehensible constitutive model for the ultimate limit state analysis of 3D reinforced concrete structural elements.The proposed model is described and the undertaken assumptions are justified. Different uniaxial stress–strain models can be adopted, particularly neglecting the tensile strength of concrete permits to study the goodness of the stress field method and the strut-and-tie method for 3D elements.This model was implemented into a non-linear finite element-based tool developed by the authors. The results of twelve four-pile caps and three socket base column-to-foundation connections are shown. The proposed approach facilitated the identification of the flow of forces and allowed a better understanding of the structural response.

The role of the scapula in preventing and treating shoulder instability.

The shoulder is a closed-chain mechanism that balances the mobility required by the ranges of motion in normal activities with the stability required to act as a stable ball and socket base for those activities. The scapula plays key roles in the closed-chain mechanism by being mobile enough to place the glenoid in optimal relation to the humerus to facilitate concavity/compression and by being a stable base for coordinated muscle activation to compress the humerus into the glenoid. Scapular dyskinesis alters these roles and is frequently present in many types of glenohumeral instability. It may create or exacerbate the abnormal glenohumeral kinematics in instability. Clinical evaluation methods can demonstrate scapular dyskinesis, and if dyskinesis is present, rehabilitation for the dyskinesis should be included in the non-operative, preoperative, or post-operative treatment. Rehabilitation for scapular dyskinesis can be performed by specific protocols and is more successful in muscle-predominant instabilities such as multidirectional instability and repetitive microtrauma instability. Level of evidence V.

Effect of Modifying Prosthetic Socket Base Materials by Adding Nanodiamonds

The curing process of prosthetic socket base materials requires attention owing to a series of associated problems that are yet to be addressed and solved. However, to date, few relevant studies have been reported. In this paper, nanodiamonds modified with a silane coupling agent were dispersed into a prosthetic socket base material, and the performance of the modified base materials was investigated. Adding a predetermined amount of nanodiamonds to the prosthetic socket base material increased the glass transition temperature, improved the mechanical properties of the cured base material, and reduced the influence of the volatile gas formed during the curing process on the environment. With increasing nanodiamond contents, the glass transition temperature increased and the mechanical properties improved slightly. Owing to the high thermal conductivity of the nanodiamonds, the localized heat, as a result of the curing process, could be dissipated and released. Thus, adding nanodiamonds led to a more uniform temperature field forming in the curing system. This improved the curing process and reduced the formation of volatile monomers, thereby decreasing the adverse impact of the generated volatile gases on the environment. All of these provide a potential strategy for modifying prosthetic socket base materials.

An experimental study on different socket base connections under cyclic loading

Abstract. This paper presents an experimental study on socket base connections of precast reinforced concrete columns. The main purpose of this study is to determine socket base connection which has the closest behavior to monolithic casted column-base joints. For this purpose, six specimens having different column-socket base connection details were tested under cyclic loading. For each test, strength, stiffness, ductility and drift ratios of the specimens were determined. Test results indicated that a suggested connection type is 10% - 30% stronger than the other type of connections under lateral loading. The welded connection (PC-5) had better lateral load carrying capacity and ductility. On the other hand, performance of standard connection (PC-1) which is commonly used in construction was weaker than other connections. Thus, decision of connection type should be referred not only performance but also applicability. Keywords: precast columns; socket base connection; cyclic loading; energy dissipations; stiffness degradation; displacement ductility

Nonlinear finite element analysis of loading transferred from column to socket base

Since the beginning of the 90 s, depending on the growth of the industrial sector in Turkey, factory constructions have been increased. The cost of precast concrete buildings is lower than the steel ones for this reason the precast structural systems are used more. Precast concrete structural elements are mostly as strong as not to have damage in the earthquake but weakness of connections between elements causes unexpected damages of structure during earthquake. When looking at the previous researches, it can be seen that there is a lack of studies about socket type base connections although there were many experimental and analytical studies about the connections of precast structural elements. The aim of this study is to investigate the stress transfer mechanism between column and the socket base wall with finite element method. For the finite element analysis ANSYS software was used. A finite element model was created which is the simulation of experimental research executed by Canha et al. (2009) under vertical and horizontal forces. Results of experimental research and finite element analysis were compared to create a successful simulation of experimental program. After determining the acceptable parameters, models of socket bases were created. Model dimensions were chosen according to square section column sizes 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 mm which were mostly used in industrial buildings. As a result of this study, stress distribution at center section of the socket base models were observed and it is found that stress distribution affects triangular at the half of socket bottom and top.

Periodontal ligament distraction: A simplified approach for rapid canine retraction

Distraction osteogenesis is a method of inducing new bone formation by applying mechanical strains on preexisting bone. The process of osteogenesis in the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement is similar to the osteogenesis in the midpalatal suture during rapid palatal expansion. A new concept of “distracting the periodontal ligament” is proposed to elicit rapid canine retraction in two weeks. At the time of first premolar extraction, the interseptal bone distal to the canine was undermined with a bone bur, grooving vertically inside the extraction socket along the buccal and lingual sides and extending obliquely toward the socket base. Then, a tooth-borne, custom-made, intraoral distraction device was placed to distract the canine distally into the extraction space. It was activated 0.5 mm/day, immediately after the extraction. Canine was distracted 6.5 mm into the extraction space within two weeks.

Analysis of the behavior of transverse walls of socket base connections

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of socket base connections of precast concrete structures with regard to the behavior of transverse walls. The experimental program included seven specimens, for which the type of interface in contact with cast-in-place concrete, the load eccentricities and the embedded lengths were all varied. A design model was proposed to calculate the reinforcements of the transverse walls. Based on the obtained results, some conclusions can be drawn: (a) The top of the transverse wall on the compression side of the smooth connections and the top of the two transverse walls of the rough connections are submitted to a bending-tension and this tension prevails on the bending; (b) The design model proposed for the calculation of the reinforcement of the transverse wall on the compression side provides the best prediction of the experimental results for all specimens when compared to the current design models; (c) For rough interfaces, the top of the transverse wall on the tension side is more requested than the top of transverse wall on the compression side; (d) The results of the proposed design model for the reinforcement of the transverse wall on the tension side of rough connections were in close agreement with the experimental results.

Behavior of Socket Base Connections Emphasizing Pedestal Walls

To evaluate the main design models for socket base connections of precast concrete structures, an experimental investigation was carried out on specimens of this connection with smooth and rough interfaces in contact with cast-in-place concrete. The specimens consisted of pedestal walls and were submitted to loads with large eccentricities. Based on the experimental results, two rational design models are proposed for this connection. One of these models accounts for the friction and is applied to socket bases with smooth interfaces. The main behavior model was verified for sockets with this type of interface and the design of the longitudinal walls as corbels is also suggested in this case. Because the behavior of the rough interface specimens was very close to a monolithic connection, the other proposed model is an adaptation of the bending theory to calculate the vertical reinforcement of socket bases with rough interfaces.

Active acetabulum base stabilization as a supplement to endoprosthesis in polyarthritis-induced acetabular protrusion

In many cases, rheumatoid arthritis results in protrusio acetabuli. In order to effect a durably stable support over the whole extent of the acetabulum, the active stabilization of the socket base in an endoprothetic joint replacement through a corticospongy plastic is more promising than the application of passive measures. Rheumatoid arthritic persons underwent 127 hip-joint replacements as first-time surgeries. In 47 operations out of the 127, we also carried out the active stabilization of socket bases because of protrusio acetabuli. Through the implantation of corticospongy bone material into the protrusions, socket bases with enough strain capacity could be recreated. Loosenings or reprotrusions were not observed over a period of up to 5 years.

Rapid canine distraction osteogenesis: periodontal way or dentoalveolar way?

Objectives: This study compared the differences between rapid canine retraction by dentoalveolar distraction and periodontal distraction. Materials and methods: Twelve patients who were to undergo orthodontic treatment by means of bilateral first premolar extractions and subsequent bilateral canine distalization were included. Six of them underwent osteotomy around the canine tooth (dentoalveolar distraction), while in the rest, interseptal bone distal to the canine was undermined with a bur, grooving vertically inside the extraction socket along the buccal and lingual sides and extending obliquely toward the socket base (periodontal distraction).

Design model for socket base connections adjusted from experimental results

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of socket base connections of precast concrete structures, with the emphasis on pedestal walls. The experimental programme included five specimens subjected to loads with large eccentricities, changing the type of the interface in contact with cast-in-place concrete and the load eccentricities. Three specimens had smooth interfaces and two specimens had rough interfaces. The experimental results indicated the need to revalue the principal design models for this connection. In the case of smooth walls, the friction portion that contributes to the socket connection strength was verified and a design model was proposed and adjusted to the experimental results. Based on the present experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (a) the Leonhardt and Mönnig behaviour model is suitable to represent connections with smooth interfaces; (b) the proposed design model for smooth interfaces provides the closest predictions of the experimental results; (c) the Leonhardt and Mönnig behaviour model is not suitable for rough interfaces; and (d) for rough interfaces, the vertical reinforcement can be designed by bending theory.

Rapid canine retraction through distraction of the periodontal ligament

The process of osteogenesis in the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement is similar to the osteogenesis in the midpalatal suture during rapid palatal expansion. A new concept of “distracting the periodontal ligament” is proposed to elicit rapid canine retraction in 3 weeks. It is called dental distraction. Fifteen orthodontic patients (26 canines, including 15 uppers and 11 lowers) who needed canine retraction and first premolar extraction were included. At the time of first premolar extraction, the interseptal bone distal to the canine was undermined with a bone bur, grooving vertically inside the extraction socket along the buccal and lingual sides and extending obliquely toward the socket base. Then, a tooth-borne, custom-made, intraoral distraction device was placed to distract the canine distally into the extraction space. It was activated 0.5 to 1.0 mm/day immediately after the extraction. The anchor units were the second premolar and first molar. Cephalometric and periapical x-rays were taken before and after the canine retraction. Both the upper and lower canines were distracted bodily 6.5 mm into the extraction space within 3 weeks. New alveolar bone was generated and remodeled rapidly in the mesial periodontal ligament of the canine during and after the distraction. It became mature and indistinguishable from the native alveolar bone 3 months after distraction. During the distraction, 73% of the first molars did not move mesially and 27% of them moved less than 0.5 mm mesially within 3 weeks. The radiographic examination revealed that apical or lateral surface root resorption of the canine was minimal. No periodontal defect or endodontic lesion was observed throughout and after distraction. We concluded that the periodontal ligament could be rapidly distracted without complications. The rapid orthodontic tooth movement through distracting the periodontal ligament cannot be emulated by current conventional orthodontic concepts and methods. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;114:372-82)

Stress Transfer Mechanism of Socket Base Connections with Precast Concrete Columns

The purpose of this study is to derive a rational design method and connection details for socket base column-to-foundation connections for earthquake-resistant buildings. Cyclic loading tests on one-half-scale model specimens were conducted to investigate the structural behavior of socket base connections. From experimental observations, modeling of the resultant force transfer mechanism of socket base connections was also carried out. Finally, a practical design method of connection details for socket base connections was proposed using the aforementioned model.

プレキャストRC造柱のソケットベースにおける応力伝達のメカニズム

プレキャストRC造柱のソケットベースにおける応力伝達のメカニズム