Socio-political Trends Research Articles

Do we want to know?

ABSTRACT The weak evidence base and profound consequences of gender-affirming interventions for youth call for a particularly sensitive and complex psychoanalytic exploration. However, prohibitions on knowing at the individual and social levels significantly constrain psychoanalytic work with trans-identified youth. Barriers to exploration and thinking that patients bring to treatment are reinforced and reified by the dominant socio-political trends that saturate the contexts in which young people dwell. These trends increasingly frame any attempt to deeply explore why a young person is seeking medical or surgical gender-affirming interventions as “off-limits” and a form of conversion therapy. Furthermore, politically driven clinicians who promote medical gender-affirming interventions misrepresent and attempt to discredit clinicians who explore the meaning and function of trans identification, or who express concern that transitioning may be a drastic solution to various forms of psychic pain. In doing so, they minimise the significance of the weak evidence base for these interventions and their serious, known risks. At the same time, they obscure or deny the psychic pain that is sometimes humming beneath the experience of gender dysphoria. The author asks: If there are significant uncertainties and risks of harm associated with medical interventions for young people, do we want to know?

On the socio-political reserves and imperatives of special military operation

Two years have passed since the beginning of Russia's special military operation in Ukraine. Survey data show trends in the social and political understanding of the events by citizens: the growth of consolidation, the activation of volunteer activities, adaptability to Western sanctions. The author of the article draws attention to the key positions of the doctrinal foundation and conceptual content of the special military operation and practical aspects of managerial interactions of citizens, actors and institutions of civil society and the state in the processes of conducting the SWO, considers the serious problem of motivational and psychological aspects and social and power processes around the SWO. The article attempts to analytically comprehend the socio-political trends and prospects of the special military operation, its possible development and completion. According to the author, the transformation and restructuring of the industrial and financial system, approaches to state and corporate governance and other measures in the processes of governance in the zone of the special military operation, in civil society and the state, require the achievement of the necessary degree of information reliability. The discussion of possible scenarios for the completion of a special military operation through the prism of geopolitical and political-economic realities leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to optimize the interaction of military-technical and socio-political mechanisms for the implementation of the available reserves for achieving the goals of a special military operation.

Economic Rationality and Socio-Technological Fantasy Soviet Oil and its Geochronological Formation (A. Konchalovsky’s The Siberiade, 1978)

The contradictions in the development of the late Soviet oil industrial complex can be described as a gap between the energy concentrated in this natural resource and the entropy it generated in the context of the planned socialist economy of the 1970s and 1980s. The tension that arose from this gap between the modernization potential of oil and the conservative economic and socio-political trends that arose in connection with the growing dependence on resources produced unexpected effects in the space of Soviet culture. These effects were associated with intense mythologizing and fetishization of oil, numerous examples of which can be found in Soviet literature and cinema of that era. In consequence of the enormous pressure that drove ideas and conceptions regarding oil out of official political and economic discourse and into the social imaginary, the products of their cultural refining broke the artistic and ideological norms of official Soviet culture, concentrating in themselves various forms of utopian and mystical, historiosophical and metaphysical meanings. As one of the most powerful symptoms of these phenomena, we analyze the film by Andron Konchalovsky The Siberiade (1978).

Coercion and Its Discontents: The Promise and Peril of Increasingly Restrictive of Vaccination Mandates Comment on "Convergence on Coercion: Functional and Political Pressures as Drivers of Global Childhood Vaccine Mandates".

Attwell and Hannah present a cogent analysis of why policy-makers in four jurisdictions chose to use coercive approaches to increase vaccination rates between 2015 and 2017. Their study calls attention to the challenging political calculations that are necessary when choosing between coercion and persuasion to increase vaccine uptake. Further research is needed on the consequences of making a mandatory vaccination policy more restrictive, in order to better understand the backlash and resistance such a strategy may provoke. Although one reason that policy-makers may choose a coercive approach is that it is cheaper and easier to implement than a persuasive one, sociopolitical trends and backlash related to the COVID-19 pandemic may make coercive policies more politically risky in the coming years.

RECLAIMING POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY: A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN MAINSTREAM POLITICS IN PAKISTAN

Women account for over half of the global population, yet women are politically marginalized and underrepresented in third-world countries. Long-standing conventional structural and socio-economic difficulties hurt their mobility, socialization, political and electoral engagement, and participation in decision-making forums. They cannot make significant changes to socio-political trends because of their limited effectiveness. Their political emancipation was weakened and domesticated by Pakistan's traditional patriarchal mentality and the emergence of Islamic extremism. Although women in Pakistan have overcome the obstacles above and increased their representation in Parliament, they still have a bit of a way to go before actively participating in the decision-making process. Over time, there has been a growing realization that the only way to achieve a gender-balanced society that addresses women's issues is to encourage greater participation of women in governance structures. There are significant differences in women's political participation in diverse parts of the globe. This study examines the reasons for the increase in the number of women in legislatures in other parts of the world, focusing on South Asia and presenting the case of Pakistan. This study focuses on the political participation of Pakistani women. The Pakistani Parliament in 2002 now shows the highest level of feminine representation in the country’s history. The study examines how Pakistani women benefit from their numerical superiority in Parliament, whether women are "agents of change" or "agents of change," and whether these alterations are driven by women or triggered by external factors. This study examines the challenges women face in Pakistan in overcoming political marginalization and recommends creating a more comprehensive and representative civilization.

Sociology and the international monetary system: an update of Hoogvelt and Vermeiren

ABSTRACT While money is centrally important to globalization, inequality, and social conflict, sociological globalization theories lack a macro theoretical framework for analysis of the international monetary system. Because studies of the US dollar by Hoogvelt (2010) and Vermeiren (2013) are directly relevant to the development of such a framework, in this paper I critically review their analyses in light of (A) post-Great Financial Crisis macroeconomic and sociopolitical trends, (B) recent theoretical studies of money, and (C) empirical studies of the international monetary system. My critique of Hoogvelt and Veirmeiren’s analyses serves as a foundation for the development of a theoretical analysis of money that is both sociological and global in its orientation.

Territories in Transition: how social contexts influence wildland fire adaptive capacity in rural Northwestern European Mediterranean areas

BackgroundRural and semi-rural areas are complex and dynamic social-ecological systems, many of which have experienced profound impacts from wildland fires, particularly this decade. Under uncertain climate change conditions, these areas require new adaptive strategies to support landscape and community resilience. While these areas vary widely, some patterns of local social context have become apparent through wildland fire research. These patterns can help decision-makers better understand what influences communities’ abilities to adapt to fire. We focused our study on a northwestern European Mediterranean context, where communities are adapting to wildland fire and other climate change impacts through varied programs and policies. This area is composed of diverse landscapes, cultures, histories, languages and governance structures, but it also shares fire-based learning networks and collaborations, providing a sound indicator of shared elements of social context. Our study analyzed local social contexts in rural areas of Spain, Italy and France and assessed how these may inform adaptive capacity to wildland fire. A two-step process achieved this: (1) a targeted literature review of local social context elements as they relate to wildland fire in Mediterranean Europe; and (2) conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 key experts in rural Mediterranean areas, including fire managers, foresters, local administrators and technicians.ResultsResults illustrate numerous shared patterns in rural social contexts that influence local fire adaptive capacity. Dynamic local relationships among residents, local fire knowledge and environmental movements, the role of fire managers and administrators, and embeddedness in broader sociopolitical trends all interconnect to influence local fire adaptive capacity. Some key elements of context can act as primary enablers or barriers to this process, such as the presence (or lack) of local fire knowledge, and the opportunity (or lack thereof) for sustainable local economic development. Results also demonstrate high diversity in terms of governance structures and development trajectories.ConclusionsWe argue the need for deepened empirical transdisciplinary research to connect fire and land management tailored to local characteristics. Centering these local perspectives and diverse cultural values is necessary to foster long term adaptive wildland fire management strategies in rural Mediterranean communities and globally.

Кросс-региональный анализ настроений пользователей сетевых сообществ ВКонтакте «Типичный Краснодар» и «Типичный Кемерово»

This research tested a complex analytical method based on semantic modeling of discursive fields and network analysis that can be applied to networked linguistic data. The copyright software package Monitoring and Analysis of Social Networks, Internet Communities, and Users provided automatic data processing to restore the semantic core of the discursive fields generated by Typical Krasnodar and Typical Kemerovo online communities in 2021–2022. The analysis was visualized as social graphs and semantic core models. It identified a number of sensitive topics that generated a lot of feedback. The method also proved efficient in predicting cultural and socio-political trends. The complex methodology provided rapid identification of amplified discursive activity, conditions for social unrest, and bifurcation points for destructive social practices. The results may contribute to effective information management and social strain relief in the regions through discursive control of online communication.

Individual Psychology in 2023

Individual Psychology in 2023 Jon Sperry and Len Sperry We are most pleased to share this open issue with you. This issue consists of five noteworthy articles that offer clinical and theoretical applications of Individual Psychology. These editors' notes were written during an unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. As the war rages on, many of our Adlerian colleagues have embodied the spirit of social interest by housing Ukrainian refugees, offering counseling services to Ukrainians in need of mental health services, and donating funds for various essential items. We are hopeful that the Adlerian community will continue to find ways to support and contribute to those experiencing unnecessary suffering and who are geographically displaced by this war. This issue begins with an article titled "Freud's Disavowal of Adler and Adler's Subsequent Influence on Psychoanalytic Thought," by Richard Watts, Noah Thorne, and Marina Bluvshtein. This article is particularly meaningful, as its original version was written by Richard Watts while he was a doctoral student. He informed us that this will be his last publication because of his current health status. As editors, we are beyond grateful to Richard for his various articles, conference presentations, and other contributions to this theory. The next article, by Shantell A. Johnson, Natalie Noble, Lily Slavin, and Timothy Hartshorne, offers a wonderful contribution to the CHARGE and Individual Psychology literature in "Fathers and CHARGE Syndrome: Impact on the Life Tasks." The authors present their study that examined how 93 fathers of children with CHARGE syndrome experience the life tasks. They examined the challenges and resiliency of the fathers faced with parenting a child with this rare genetic condition. Len Sperry's article, "Adlerian Case Conceptualization and Therapy: The Pattern-Focused Approach," compares his pattern-focused case conceptualization and psychotherapy approach to the more common way in which Adlerian therapy is conceptualized and practiced. Described are the [End Page 423] clinical value, indications and counterindications, and the evidence base of this new approach. Then case material illustrates similarities and differences between the approaches. Calvin Armerding presents a timely article, "Contemptuous Political Partisanship: An Adlerian Conceptualization and Call to Action." The increasing ideological polarization in the United States and around the globe makes political compromise or cooperation seem almost impossible. Armerding conceptualizes this sociopolitical trend with an Adlerian framework and also proposes that Adlerians must model healthy political engagement by engaging in Gemeinschaftsgefühl in political discourse with one another and their respective communities. The final article, by Philip Davis, an internal medicine physician, reviews an article written by Rudolf Dreikurs in 1934 that highlighted the mind–body connection for a patient with gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological symptoms. Davis's article, "Rudolf Dreikurs Speaking Truth Across the Ages," identifies the present-day relevance of Dreikurs's original article in his daily practice, particularly with patients experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms. [End Page 424] Copyright © 2022 University of Texas Press

MAIN POLITICAL TRENDS OF STATE ABOLITION UNDER CONDITIONS OF STRATEGIC INSTABILITY

The purpose of the research. The article is about the issues of ensuring the state security of the Russian Federation at the strategic level. There were analyzed main socio-political trends aimed at the usurpation of state power in various spheres of modern society, within which the most significant threats to the formation of strategic instability were identified. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the main actors in the implementation of the “abolition of statehood” trends are representatives of transnational corporations, international non-governmental organizations, non-profit structures, as well as extremist-terrorist groups and various radical religious entities that are making various attempts to limit the power of state structures and on the organization on the territory of the Russian Federation of centers of socio-political tension.

Global and Local Trends Affecting the Experience of US and UK Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19: Twitter Text Analysis.

Background: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are on the frontline of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent reports have indicated that, in addition to facing an increased risk of being infected by the virus, HCPs face an increased risk of suffering from emotional difficulties associated with the pandemic. Therefore, understanding HCPs’ experiences and emotional displays during emergencies is a critical aspect of increasing the surge capacity of communities and nations. Methods: In this study, we analyzed posts published by HCPs on Twitter to infer the content of discourse and emotions of the HCPs in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The tweets of 25,207 users were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP). Results: Our results indicate that HCPs in the two countries experienced common health, social, and political issues related to the pandemic, reflected in their discussion topics, sentiments, and emotional display. However, the experiences of HCPs in the two countries are also subject to local socio-political trends, as well as cultural norms regarding emotional display. Conclusions: Our results support the potential of utilizing Twitter discourse to monitor and predict public health responses in emergencies.

Typology of content warnings and trigger warnings: Systematic review.

Content and trigger warnings give information about the content of material prior to receiving it. Different typologies of content warnings have emerged across multiple sectors, including health, social media, education and entertainment. Benefits arising from their use are contested, with recent empirical evidence from educational sectors suggesting they may raise anxiety and reinforce the centrality of trauma experience to identity, whilst benefits relate to increased individual agency in making informed decisions about engaging with content. Research is hampered by the absence of a shared inter-sectoral typology of warnings. The aims of this systematic review are to develop a typology of content warnings and to identify the contexts in which content warnings are used. The review was pre-registered (ID: CRD42020197687, URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020197687) and used five sources: electronic databases covering multiple sectors (n = 19); table of contents from multi-sectoral journals (n = 5), traditional and social media websites (n = 53 spanning 36 countries); forward and backward citation tracking; and expert consultation (n = 15). In total, 6,254 documents were reviewed for eligibility and 136 documents from 32 countries were included. These were synthesised to develop the Narrative Experiences Online (NEON) content warning typology, which comprises 14 domains: Violence, Sex, Stigma, Disturbing content, Language, Risky behaviours, Mental health, Death, Parental guidance, Crime, Abuse, Socio-political, Flashing lights and Objects. Ten sectors were identified: Education, Audio-visual industries, Games and Apps, Media studies, Social sciences, Comic books, Social media, Music, Mental health, and Science and Technology. Presentation formats (n = 15) comprised: education materials, film, games, websites, television, books, social media, verbally, print media, apps, radio, music, research, DVD/video and policy document. The NEON content warning typology provides a framework for consistent warning use and specification of key contextual information (sector, presentation format, target audience) in future content warning research, allowing personalisation of content warnings and investigation of global sociopolitical trends over time.

Normalization after Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward Towards Healthy Recovery

The world as we know has changed. While a global pandemic has been an ominous risk for decades, COVID-19 came as a jolt, characterized by the functional interdependencies of the social, economic and public health systems. The initial shock and systemic failures from policy unpreparedness, not only bared open the fault lines of social injustice and inequity, but also led to xenophobic orientation and conspiratorial thinking. Social isolation, mental health illness, redundancies, financial difficulties and permanent closure of many businesses were the fall out of this crisis. The world adapted and moved from physical to digital. Financial systems, education, industry and entertainment were restructured and decentralized. The pandemic also had significant effect on the sociopolitical trends including sense of human solidarity, rebuilding of national pride, work-home balance, reducing human impact on climate and the selfless dedication of health professionals.
 The pandemic’s chaos presented an opportunity to reevaluate priorities and develop new strategic solutions to the disruptions caused by tactical difficulties consequent to this plague. The interdependencies of our society, use of information technology and exceptional computational sciences, are the so-called new normal, the most appropriate way to do governance in an era of hyper connectedness. The pandemic has shown that economic and social determinants of ill-health are strong predictors of health outcome. There is a need to work for universal health coverage as it is in everyone’s interest that people who feel unwell should not check their pocket before they seek help. It is also imperative to integrate community-led services into public systems so as to enable universal access, Free healthcare is not only vital for tackling pandemics but it also prevents millions of people from falling into extreme poverty by the cost of healthcare every year. One also needs to strengthen social safety nets to enhance resilience, given the interrelation between health and livelihoods. Lastly, developing a common culture that emphasizes personal responsibility in the public interest, is essential. It is important to underscore that the biggest steps forward in health have usually happened in response to a major crisis as raising of post-Second World War health systems across Europe or establishment of NHS in United Kingdom.
 Thus, coronavirus crisis, first and foremost a health crisis, has complex and long-term consequences. Policy preparedness, financing our health, and business leadership are key to resilience against such large systemic shocks. It can therefore be seen as an important opportunity for largescale, deep-seated structural change, far beyond the obvious, in scale and scope.
 Editor-in-Chief
 
 How to cite this: Alamgir W, Gilani RA. Normalization after Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward Towards Healthy Recovery. Life and Science. 2022; 3(2): 64-64 . doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.250
 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Social Portrait of the Family in the Light of New Socio-Political Trends

The issue regarding formation of a values-based attitude towards creating a family among modern youth is acquiring special relevance, since changes in moral guidelines have led to the intensification of negative phenomena such as: liberalisation of sexual morality, an increased number of divorces, illegitimate births, single-parent families, and the spread of social orphanhood. Due to the fact that the family is currently perceived as a structural component of the development of individual socio-economic trends, the purpose of the paper is to assess the levels of values-based attitudes towards family creation among students. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: diagnostic (questionnaires, the method of sentence completion, testing), that made it possible to identify the levels of formation of the attitude towards family creation among students; a theoretical method of analysis that allows a comprehensive study of the reasons that complicate the process of forming a values-based attitude regarding family creation. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that a student family is understood as a family in which both spouses are full-time students of a higher education institution, that is, homogeneous in social status of a man and a woman. This is a young family in which the spouses are no more than 28 years old, and the length of family life does not exceed 5 years. The paper indicates that student families are the most progressive, since spouses are ready to accept everything new - in the organisation of life, in the arrangement of the family structure, and the like. Material motives in choosing a spouse in such families play a secondary role, especially in relation to the requirements from a woman to a man. The materials of the paper are of practical value for experimental verification of pedagogical conditions for the family creation among students in extracurricular activities.

Women and Anarchism: The Anarcha-Feminism Movement in Europe and the United States

As an ideology, anarchism has many currents formed through its symbiosis with various socio-political philosophies, including feminism. In the modern world, due to the growing support for feminism in Western countries, the study of anarcha-feminism as one of the most active anarchist movements seems to be useful for understanding the socio-political situation in Europe and the United States. The article examines the position of women in the anarchism ideology upon the development of the anarcha-feminist movement from the 19th century to the present day. Based on the works of the classics of anarcha-feminism (E. Goldman, W. De Claire) and modern research (D. Koval, M. Rachmaninova), the author conducted a comparative retrospective analysis of the relationship between anarchism and feminism within a single socio-political trend. The study revealed that despite the ideological similarity of anarchism and feminism in matters of equality and attitude to power, in classical anarchism women were assigned a rather insignificant, and even deprived, role. The fusion of feminism and anarchism, which came as a response to the unfair position of women in society, led to a change in the status of women in the understanding of anarchists, and also gave impetus to the development of modern anarcha-feminism (La Rivolta!, Eskalera Karakola, Wemoons Army, Radical cheerleading) including more and more men in the movement.

Operationalizing agency in livelihoods research: smallholder farming livelihoods in southwest Ethiopia

Livelihoods are activities and practices in which social and environmental factors interlink, and they play a key role in achieving human well-being and environmental conservation. Livelihood analyses are therefore important to social-ecological systems research. With a few exceptions, however, the concept of agency has been largely missing in research applying the social-ecological systems approach. This is an important gap to address, because humans are not passive victims of broader sociopolitical trends and environmental changes, but rather play causative roles that shape history. This paper presents a conceptual framework that enables the explicit integration of agency into livelihood analyses, and is useful for examining the extent to which livelihoods enable people to be agents of their own well-being, and stewards of their environment. The framework has four pillars of agency: preconditions (referring to capital assets and resources, or CARs); processes (feedbacks and dynamics); power (the social and political fabrics, and relations in which livelihoods are embedded); and possibilities (the extent to which a present livelihood expands into future options, and builds the ability to act on options). The framework is then applied to a case study analyzing smallholder farming livelihoods and food security in southwest Ethiopia. The case study is based on empirical work involving quantitative survey, in-depth interviews, and focus-group discussions. This paper demonstrates the applicability of the framework to identifying agency constraints in smallholder farming, and helps determine areas where agency can be further strengthened. Beyond the case study, the framework may also be applied in other contexts and to other livelihood types. Its application can strengthen the contribution of livelihood analysis to social-ecological systems research by providing a way to operationalize and foreground agency.

Историография изучения протестных настроений в советский период

The scientific substantiation of the topic “the history of domestic protest sentiments” became possible after the publication of the famous resolution in 1988 of the Central Committee of the CPSU “On… measures to restore justice to victims of repression”. This resolution became the key to the study of protest moods in the USSR. The article is devoted to the historiography of this topic. In 1970, protest became a topic related to many aspects of society: protest as a reflection of socio-political trends; protest is a mirror of the nation's economic development. Тhis made it possible to classify protest moods: 1) appeal to the authorities; 2) dissent direct disobedience; 3) resistance to the authorities. Тhe most common forms of expression of the protest mood are: rumors, gossip, jokes, discussions (jokes - a complaint, a letter of petition addressed to a well-known leader and figure, a letter to a newspaper, an appeal to the court). In Soviet science, there was a tradition to explain the role of protests on public opinion by the influence of the views of individual social groups that are active for a given period of time. For example, workers and collective farmers. Therefore, the notes of “political fairy tales” prevailed in the Soviet protest moods

Medicalization and Securitization of the Administrative-Public Sphere in the Conditions of the Pandemic in Russia and Germany

Against the background of the widespread introduction of a wide range of social and medical measures to protect the health of citizens in order to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, attention is drawn to the growing socio-political trend of medicalization of the entire administrative and public sphere. It is reflected in the increasingly clear "securitization" of many parts of public power, which is reflected in the ongoing redistribution and transformation of police powers. A number of world governments are taking actions to combat the pandemic, from imposing responsibility for poor compliance with the introduced antiepidemiological restrictions to developing a vaccine and conducting mass vaccinations, as a result of which lawmaking is actively pursued. In the extraordinary conditions in Russia, as in other countries of the world, the most effective measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection and overcome its consequences were in demand - measures of administrative coercion. The state actively uses the entire arsenal of legal means, including measures of administrative prevention, administrative procedural support and administrative punishment. In the article, the authors analyzed the administrative and legal norms of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany, aimed at preventing the import and spread of a new corona virus infection (COVID-19). The trends in the expansion of the scale of administrative and police control, the influence of the state on changing the standards of behavior of citizens and the lifestyle of the population, and the movement of significant segments of crime into cyberspace are illustrated. Comprehension of the latest domestic and foreign experience, forms and methods of police-legal influence in order to reflect the danger, confirms the high relevance and important theoretical significance of the study. The authors conclude that at present both for Russia and for Germany the issues of redistribution and transformation of police powers in the administrative-public sphere of any state, reflecting the processes of medicalization and securitization of various links and sectors of public power in response to existential threats, are relevant and promising. directions of scientific research.

Principles of Natural Justice: Revisiting History During the Time of Corona

The Principles of Natural Justice is a term widely in use in the legal field and in recent years even in popular dialogue. A phrase heard by every law student, academician, professional and ay other wit some legal acumen. It was popularized by the English Legal System which during the colonial times dispersed it throughout nearly all the commonwealth Nations. The two basic rules, that is, nemo iudex in causa sua (for the adjudging authority to be unbiased) and audi alteram partem (the right to ensure a fair hearing to each party) have come to be universally accepted as the basic requirements to be followed for ensuring that every accused person gets a fair trial and effectively ensures the practice of another widely accepted legal tenet – Innocent until proven Guilty. However, how exactly did these two famous rules come to be of such widespread use and acceptance in an environment where legal tenets are frequently muddled due to contrasting philosophical/jurisprudential opinions and socio-political trends. This paper attempts to trace a brief timeline of certain ancient and certain prominent statesmen, legal luminaries and their works which time and time again embellished the necessity of these Principles throughout human History.

The Role of Political Elites in Eliciting Mass-Level Political Anger

Abstract Contemporary American politics is notable for its high levels of anger and partisan antipathy. While these developments are attributable in large part to societal-level sociopolitical trends, I argue that they are also the result of politicians’ deliberate and strategic attempts to elicit mass-level anger. In this paper, I analyze over one million tweets sent by members of the 116th Congress to demonstrate that political elites do appeal to anger and that the angriest of these appeals are most likely to come from the most ideologically extreme Members of Congress – that is, the most liberal Democrats and the most conservative Republicans. I further show that this relationship is stronger for Democratic politicians, and that authoring tweets with a greater amount of anger generates more engagement. The results suggest that as long as politicians have an incentive to appeal to mass-level anger, the divisions characterizing American politics are likely to persist.