Sociology Of Science Research Articles

NON-COGNITIVE COMPONENTS CONCEPT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MODERN ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE

Recognizing the importance of personality traits since the middle of the last century, economic and sociological science was forced to leave them “outside the brackets”, due to the lack of effective methods of measurement. In the modern economy, the role of “soft forms” of capital is becoming so obvious that research in this area is actualized. Technological development is transforming the labor market, and the number of jobs associated with monotonous and uncreative activities is decreasing. There is a growing need for workers with advanced cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics: able to combine professional expertise and the ability to effectively communicate with colleagues and clients. The purpose of the article is to analyze the theories prevailing in world science on individual non-cognitive characteristics in order to determine the possibilities of expanding the interpretation of human capital accepted in Russian science. The methodological approach of this study includes a systematic review of the scientific literature. Special attention is paid to the search for empirical indicators. The review shows that in the economic and sociological literature the concept of “non-cognitive” is associated with non-objective and non-specific human activity, that is, with his universal and transferable competence. Non-cognitive characteristics are associated with skills, abilities, personality traits, attitudes, preferences that affect individual performance and interpersonal interaction. At the same time, the border between the non-cognitive various components of human capital in the Russian literature is not drawn accurately. The authors contribute to solving this problem.

СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА КАК ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОБЩЕСТВА С ПОЗИЦИИ ТЕОРИИ СИСТЕМ. (АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР)

The review raises the traditional social science problem of sociological science, which consists in the impossibility of a smooth transition from empirical knowledge to theoretical knowledge. To solve this problem, a project of sociological science, which would rely on systems theory as its theoretical and methodological framework, is suggested. It is substantiated that such a theoretical and methodological basis will allow sociological research to bridge the gap between empirical and theoretical sociology and thereby embed sociological science together with natural sciences into a single system of sciences.

ФЕНОМЕН ПОДКАСТА В СИСТЕМЕ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫХ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ЯВЛЕНИЙ

This article analyzes the podcast as a research subject of modern political and sociological science. The purpose of the work is to consider podcasting through the prism of the thematic nature and groups of texts (mainly socio-cultural and political), their narrative structure, functions in public communication of the digital media environment, and other significant aspects. The methodology of the research is focused on the typological analysis of the functional and content characteristics of the podcast as a polycode formation in terms of matching the choice of the current format (podcast-monologue, podcast-conversation, podcast-series, etc.), topics, issues, rhetorical techniques, markers of attracting attention. A conclusion is made about the specifics and prospects of podcasting development, and a general algorithm for analyzing the podcast as a cultural and socio-political phenomenon is proposed, taking into account significant “markers”. It was also concluded that the development of the podcast sphere in the world indicates the high socio-cultural significance of this phenomenon of Internet communication and the need for its comprehensive understanding at the levels of political and sociological analysis. The field of application of the results is political theory, sociology, cultural studies, history, and journalism. The analysis of podcasts allows us to identify the features of their functioning as social phenomena. First of all, this is a high level of the author’s response to events, which is reflected directly on the air and can be determined through the topics and issues of the publication’s information policy. There is also a saturation of the podcast content with a variety of opinions. The main “body” of the media product is formed by expert opinions in the formats of conversation, commentary, and interviews, which include so-called “situational elements” in the media texts: letters, quotes, audience comments, questions, and even life hacks. There is a management of the attention of consumers of information with the help of accuracy, relevance in the choice of a particular topic by podcasters (podcasts act “point-by-point”). It is due to this effect that consumer activity is not only retained, but also increases, and audience interests grow in the process of conscious, rather than random, work with certain audience “layers”. We can say that a podcast is a kind of socio-cultural and political strategy, which is based on a situational choice of the subject of discussion with certain accents

Typológie legitimity a verejná politika

The study deals with the contribution of legitimacy typologies from the point of view of public policy theory. From this point of view, it first analyzes the monodisciplinary approaches (such as normative theories of legitimacy) that were created around the world within the legal sciences (C. J. Friedrich, G. Burdeau), or as empirical theories of legitimacy within sociology (M. Weber, G. Ferrero, K. W, Deutsch) and political science (D. Easton, G. Almond and GB Powell) and subsequent the multidisciplinary approaches (N. Luhmann, P. Rosanvallon , D, Beetham). The result of this analysis of different typologies of legitimacy of power and their reflection into the issue of legitimacy of the public interest is a typology of possible procedures for legitimizing public (but also supra-individual) interests, which points out that while the normstive legitimation of public interestsis possible, but not always sufficient - and therefore must be supplemented by empirical (social) legitimation, whereas the social legitimization can be equivalent form of legitimation of pluralistic public interests, which can not be legitimized normatively for several reasons.

“Print Capitalism in the Global Village”: Information and Communication Aspects of Nation-Building

The subject of the article is information and communication aspects of the socio-political processes of our time, which in general can be characterized as related to the phenomenon and concept of the nation. The close relationship between modernization in a broad sense, the development of a more or less unified information space and nation-building processes was noted and analyzed back in the 1980s. in the works of representatives of the constructivist trend in sociology and historical science (E. Gellner, B. Anderson, E. Hobsbawm, etc.). It seems that at present there are many grounds for “rechecking” this theory in relation to the current state of mass communications in multicultural societies, including post-Soviet ones. It is suggested that in the current state of the infosphere, the traditional mechanisms of mass information that contributed to the policy of nation states are currently competing, and not always successfully, with the network communities of “national citizenship”. Conclusions are made about how the specificity of this experience influences the formation of national identity, discourse of the nation, as well as images of historical memory.

The research of social processes at the university using big data

The volume of information in the 21st century is growing at a rapid pace. Big data technologies are used to process modern information. This article discusses the use of big data technologies to implement monitoring of social processes. Big data has its characteristics and principles, which reflect here. In addition, we also discussed big data applications in some areas. Particular attention in this article pays to the interactions of big data and sociology. For this, there consider digital sociology and computational social sciences. One of the main objects of study in sociology is social processes. The article shows the types of social processes and their monitoring. As an example, there is implemented monitoring of social processes at the university. There are used following technologies for the realization of social processes monitoring: products 1010data (1010edge, 1010connect, 1010reveal, 1010equities), products of Apache Software Foundation (Apache Hive, Apache Chukwa, Apache Hadoop, Apache Pig), MapReduce framework, language R, library Pandas, NoSQL, etc. Despite this, this article examines the use of the MapReduce model for social processes monitoring at the university.

Digital competences in the aspect of sociocultural education

The purpose of this paper is to examine different social and academic activities related to the development of a digital culture of bachelors and masters of culture and arts. It analyses the achieved results of the research project aimed at the study of educational and pedagogical opportunities and resources for the more effective development of digital competencies of students and graduates in the life-long system of sociocultural education and realized in the Moscow State University of Culture (Khimki, Moscow region), the Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavods, Republic of Karelia) and in the Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin (Ulyanovsk) in 2010-2019. The authors consider digital competences as a core of a digital culture of graduated in arts and culture is a multi-level, complex, interdisciplinary phenomenon, and therefore it needs a comprehensive analysis from the standpoint of several sciences (philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy, etc.). The results of the implementation of educational technologies orientated to values and competences of a digital culture are discussed. The paper focuses on the importance of the educational process orientated on creation of values of digital culture which are significant for the organization of social and cultural activities in the frame of the state policy on digitalization of education and culture.

Междисциплинарный подход к выбору методов исследования в теории воспитания

he article presents an interdisciplinary view of research methods in the theory of education. The development of issues in the theory of education presupposes a clear organization of research activities, in which a key role is played by rethinking and adequate using of research methods from related sciences (psychology, sociology, physiology, cultural studies, and others). Modern theory and practice of education are changing as a result of the integration of knowledge of related humanities. More and more complex and complex problems arise. All in all it necessitates rethinking the methodology of the theory of education. Currently, it is necessary to conduct research activities at the intersection of sciences, which improves the quality of research and allows more holistic use of the results obtained in practice. The article reveals significant principles that determine the methodology of the modern theory of upbringing - the principle of humanitarianism and social expediency of the upbringing process, the principle of the unity of the theory and practice of upbringing, the principle of development, the principle of consistency and determination. Authors highlight the significant interdisciplinary scientific approaches that are relevant to substantiate research methods in the modern theory of education. The basis for the selection of methods was grounded by such disciplines that allow us to consider various aspects of the educational activities of a teacher, enrich the researcher with scientific information about a person and the mechanisms of his personal dynamics (existential philosophy), about the creation of a flexible, open dialogue space in which zones of self-organization of children are provided (synergetics), on the art of deciphering verbal and non-verbal signs of a child (semiotics), on the awareness of the child's path as reaching the heights through difficulties and overcoming (acmeology), on understanding the child through comprehending the meanings of children's behavior (hermeneutics), on the interpretation of the personality as an integral open multilevel developing system capable of withstanding external influences (humanistic psychology). In conclusion, the authors note the importance of a new pedagogical direction - semantic pedagogy, which can be considered as the basis for the integration of humanitarian knowledge, which is essential for modern theory.

РЕАБИЛИТАЦИОННАЯ СРЕДА ИНВАЛИДА: КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПОНЯТИЯ В СОЦИОЛОГИИ

The article discusses the research approaches applied in sociology and the ideas of authors from other fields of scientific knowledge with regard to the problem of people with disabilities and understanding of the essence of the rehabilitation environment for them. The humanization of modern society, its orientation towards the development and activation of weakly protected social groups, traditionally considered discriminated, requires, in this regard, a rethinking of scientific approaches to the problem of the disabled and the creation of full-fledged living conditions for their functioning, including the possibility of timely reception of social services and rehabilitation technologies within the framework of rehabilitation environment. The practical absence of the concept of «rehabilitation environment for a disabled person» in modern sociological science enables us to conduct an appropriate analysis and substantiate the essence of this category based on the structural-functional, institutional, systemic, constructivist, phenomenological, and other approaches. Following the results of this analysis, we present the levels and structure of the rehabilitation environment for people with disabilities, formulate its main functions and principles, and also determine the internal and external factors that influence its functioning. We conclude that the rehabilitation environment for a disabled person is the interaction of various forms of social and rehabilitation relations based on the presence of special conditions and resources for the implementation of vital needs and rehabilitation requests focused on the actualization of the rehabilitation potential, on a decent quality of life. The main elements of the rehabilitation environment are rehabilitation institutions at different levels of management (macro-, meso-, microlevel) with clearly expressed functions of subject-object regulation, etc.

The indigenous methodology as a method for studying social processes in the arctic

In 2020, under the guidance of Doctor of Sociological Sciences Ulyana Vinokurova, the textbook “Social Processes in the Arctic” was published. It presents results of the studies on the sociology of the Arctic as a circumpolar macro-region conducted by sociologists of Yakutia. The textbook is the beginning of the series “Sociology in the Arctic” and the scientific and educational project of Arctic research, which forms the basis of Arctic education. This article presents the summary 4 modules containing the results of scientific research introduced into the educational disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle. The first module presents the theoretical part; the second module is “The Arctic as a social phenomenon”; module 3 is “Social dynamics in the Arctic”; module 4 is “Social differentiation”. Special attention is paid to the social processes in the Arctic investigated with the indigenous methodology, factors of stability and risks of geo-eco-socio-systems of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. This manual creates an opportunity for an independent search for information, trends in socio-humanitarian knowledge in Arctic studies.

Социальная философия, обществознание или генералистика: к проблеме кризиса социологии

In recent decades, the crisis of sociology has been increasingly discussed in the social science discourse. Many well-known Russian and foreign socio­logists have already spoken out on this issue. Discussions about the theoreti­cal decline, the decline in the social status of sociological science, its transforma­tion from fundamental to applied knowledge are reproduced at congresses and conferences, in numerous publications. The bibliography devoted to the cri­sis of sociology has dozens of sources, and this stream does not decrease. In line with this popular topic, the author substantiates his approach to the analysis of the crisis problem in sociology, which is based on epistemologi­cal contradictions laid down in the creation of the specialized science of so­ciety in the middle of the 19th century – during the rise of positivism, which denies classical philosophy and focuses on an empirical approach, demon­strated high efficiency in the natural sciences, yielding positive results. The article substantiates that the rejection of abstract thinking, the narrowing of the boundaries of knowledge to the framework of empirical knowledge, the reduction of cognitive activity to practical experience, the primacy of methodology over theory are the birth traumas of sociology that brought it to its current position.

Timely thoughts upon the 20th anniversary of the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On the Development of Sociological Science in Ukraine"

The essay presents the author's subjective perception of a number of state institutions’ activities regarding their implementation of the directives of the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On the Development of Sociological Science» dated 25.04.2001 for twenty years from the date of its publication. The author's subjective point of view, in particular, is a consequence of the fact that he was a member of the working group on the development of this decree, and the beginning of the 21st century was a time when the Ukrainian society, state, political, public figures, scientists were expecting the decisive development of various spheres of life. However, in fact, these expectations met with latent resistance from shadow structures, the essence of which was to avoid publicly disclosing their intentions through science and education. So, because of the Ministry of Education and Science order No. 642 of July 9, 2009 «On the organization of the study of humanitarian disciplines at the free choice of the student», the active part of youth, namely students was given a very narrowed way of social development understanding; primarily it have happened in technical universities, where the members of executive branch of the power will have been taught en masse. It is when the financial interests are embodied through the implementation of large-scale technical and economic projects, for example, the construction of highways, and not the protection of public health. However, in the leading universities, where sociologists have been taught, the initiative of teachers to show their will to improve the quality of the students’ preparing and evaluation does not subside.

ЧАС І ПРОСТІР У МІСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ТЕОРІЇ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ. СПРОБА ПОРІВНЯЛЬНОГО АНАЛІЗУ

The author considers the process of modernization of life in the twentieth century in industrial developed countries and Ukraine also. The methodological base of this scientific research is the theory of modernization, which was founded worldwide sociology science in the second half of twentieth century. The theory of modernization considers changes in society as an inevitable, continuous process that has strong direction from the archaic to modernity. The article substantiates the connection between modernity and the radical changes in everyday life that took place in the last century. The author argues that home economics got significant progress in the development of household in the interwar countries of America and Western Europe, which received many features inherent modern time. However, such opportunities ware impossible in the Ukrainian society due to the rule of the totalitarian regime. The author determinates the prioritization of the process of modernization of everyday life, dwelling and household in industrial developed countries.

Sociology on the Way to New Social Analytics: The Crisis in Sociology and the Problem of Artificial Intelligence

At the turn of the 21st century, sociology as a science has become an object of criticism both from inside and outside the discipline. At the same time, the late-20th and early 21st centuries endorse an unprecedented splash of technological development, specifically the advancement of artificial intelligence technologies. The paper tries to show a relation between these two tendencies. For the authors, two questions are in the spotlight: (1) how have evaluations of the professional sociologists on what is happening to the discipline changed over the last 20 years? and (2) how could these evaluations be related to the research questions that the development of AI technologies brings to social sciences? In the first part of the paper, the authors examine and compare the participants' positions in the discussion about the future of sociology organized by the journal Contemporary Sociology in 2000. The second part of the paper examines two articles published in 2019 where it was proclaimed “the end of sociology.” The paper discusses why the debates about the crisis of sociology have shifted towards radical criticism during these years and how new arguments refine and supplement the previous discussions. In conclusion, the authors propose one way out of the crisis in sociology. They suggest the radical renewal of sociological science into a-typical and anti-disciplinary social analytics with the central orientation into “artificial sociality” inquiries.

Max Weber and Modernity: modernization, rationalization, legitimation

The paper reveals the features of sociological theorizing offered by classical sociology, including M. Weber's concept. The thematic directions that became central to the German scholar's sociology are identified: modernization, rationalization, legitimization, etc.; their genesis is analyzed from the point of view of the philosophical (Baden School of Neo-Kantianism) and sociological (G. Simmel's concept of cultural forms) studios. It is emphasized that rationalization, which was first considered by M. Weber, becomes a cross-cutting theme in sociology up to the end of the twentieth century. Further development of the concept of rationalization takes place within the communicative turn, associated with the name of J. Habermas. The concept of constructing the social, taking into account the meaning that the author puts into his actions, becomes the first attempt of theoretical synthesis in the process of overcoming the methodological crisis in sociological science. M. Weber's sociology offers a departure from the "container approach" in the analysis of society, which was later realized within the world-systemic (A. G. Frank, I. Wallerstein, J. Arrighi, etc.) and synthetic (M. Archer, P. Bourdieu, E. Giddens, P. Sztompka, etc.) concepts. The problematic of a bureaucratization, formulated by M. Weber in the early twentieth century to describe the processes of formation of the modern state, acquires new relevance today in connection with the expansion of the "bureaucratic spirit" to commercial enterprises, built according to the network logic. The tendencies of (self-)management on the part of employees, which are accelerating due to the transition to the remote form of work. The author shows how processes of legitimation, which are necessary for the perception of changes in professional activity, simultaneously contribute to the fragmentation and disintegration of local social spaces.

Russia’s hybrid invasion in Belarus during the presidential election campaign 2020

There are various instruments for Russia to have influence on its neighbours, such as using opinion leaders (authorities), intellectuals, and journalists to create a favourable informational context or to place the ordered materials in the media so as to have an impact on public opinion. These are the types of information attacks that can lead to the loss of statehood or the substantial limitation of sovereignty. This hybrid aggression strives to precisely this result. The main questions are: how the Russian information space, mud-slinging and troll farms functioned in Belarus during the presidential election? How the fake news which is produced in Russia impacts societies? Which political scenarios appeared in Belarus following Russia’s informational influence? It is a fact that today the Russian authorities use tools of fake news and propaganda; combined with the extra possibilities of social media. The appearance of fake news is connected with national safety because they jeopardize democratic institutions, lead to the radicalization of society, and change the balance of authority. In the research, the methodologies were used from the sociology of communication, political science and content analysis.

Соціологічні аспекти вивчення взаємозв’язків між глобалізацією та пандемією COVID-19

The article is based on the author’s speech at the 14th International Sociological Readings of memory of N. V. Panina in Kyiv on December 10, 2020 and is an extended version of this speech. Paper presents reflections on the specifics of the relationship between globalization and the pandemic, and the possible configurations of this relationship in different types of societies. The author suggests that the interaction between globalization and COVID-19 is a separate case of glocalization in current conditions and identifies the coronavirus features that pose a direct threat to humanity. It is emphasized that there are no unambiguous forecasts for future developments. There are several scenarios for the possible development of a pandemic of this virus, the probability of realization of which largely depends on such a feature as the wave-like development of the exponent. These features and characteristics of coronavirus infection outline several new challenges for sociological science, among which the main is to understand the sharp narrowing of the traditional subject of its research – social relations and human interactions in objective reality, transferring their growing part to the Internet and explosive growth of virtual reality. This radically intensifies sociologists’ scientific research in the virtualization field and the multiplicity and hybridity of its forms and the cycle of realities in general. In the pandemic conditions, such spheres and directions of research appear as tertiary socialization on the Internet, forming virtual identities, forming a network person, etc. The priority trends of modern societies development in coronavirus pandemic conditions, such as radical renewal of economy and other spheres based on revolutionary technologies and introduction of artificial intelligence, are considered individually. It is emphasized that the coronavirus’s global spread has led to a reassessment of values, forcing people to reconsider existing constructs (e.g. D. Rodrick’s trilemma), in search of compromises. The article concludes with an appeal to Ukrainian sociologists to multiply efforts to understand new realities, considering new global, regional and local trends.

Experts, Idiots, and Liars: The Gender Politics of Knowledge and Expertise in Turbulent Times

This special issue advances feminist inquiry and theorizing of the politics of knowledge within our current, highly paradoxical societal landscape. It draws together feminist analyses of “expertise” with feminist epistemologies of situated knowledge, Black feminist thought, theory of affect and emotions, sociology of knowledge, and science and technology studies (STS). As such, it enables a timely interdisciplinary engagement with current paradigmatic shifts in knowledge production and claims to expertise as well as an examination of the gendered and racialized epistemic authority. For several decades, the study of “knowledge,” changing modes of knowledge production, and the dynamics shaping the recognition of expertise were largely confided to the specialized subfields of sociology of knowledge and STS. In the last ten to fifteen years, however, these themes have become a common research focus in a wide array of social studies, including gender studies. There are diverse reasons for the increasing popularity of this research focus, and each has profound implications for gender equality claims. The epochal transformations from industrial to knowledge-based economies and the increasing complexity of policy problems is one of the most important factors driving this increased analytical focus on knowledge. These epochal shifts have amplified the relevance of knowledge-intensive policy areas and profoundly reshaped political processes and public communication into a novel style of governing through knowledge, resulting in both the scientification of politics and heightened politicization of expertise. Feminists’ mobilization of “gender experts” and the dilemmas and restrictions associated with such a position are emblematic of this style of governing through knowledge.

The main causes of social anxiety in the context of social action

The article deals with the problems of social anxiety in the context of social activity. Social action is one of the phenomena of everyday life, so the study of anxiety that suddenly occurs in familiar conditions for a person, and its manifestations in social relations occupies an important place in sociological science today. Attempts to explain this were made using the works of T. Parsons, Y. Habermas, and G. Garfinkel. Various manifestations and forms of social anxiety affect the social actions of society.

O Regresso da natureza nas ciências humanas e sociais?

Este paper busca investigar qual a relação entre a abordagem sobre os fenômenos da natureza na Sociologia clássica de Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim e Max Weber e os seus principais conceitos sociológicos. Mediante o cenário do Antropoceno, surgido no início do século XXI, no qual a ação humana sobre a Terra foi evidenciada, as questões geosociais passaram a fundamentar uma nova ontologia em contraposição à ontologia que deu base à “questão social” dos autores clássicos da ciência sociológica, fato que influenciou vários cientistas, sobretudo das humanas e sociais, a uma reavaliação dos seus campos de estudo, destacando a partir de então os entrecruzamentos entre homem e natureza. Neste sentido, objetiva-se avaliar até que ponto a chamada “questão social” dos autores clássicos da Sociologia científica estava de fato restrita apenas aos aspectos humanos e se ela possuía algo de “geo” em sua construção teórica e conceitual. Por meio de uma história dos conceitos, no qual iremos proceder pela articulação entre conceitos diferentes com vistas a buscar identificar as proximidades e os distanciamentos, iremos articular a análise dos principais conceitos sociológicos aos conceitos sobre a relação homem-natureza. O perscrutar da pesquisa evidencia que os autores da Sociologia clássica não só atribuíram ação a objetos e fenômenos naturais quanto também apontaram determinadas “intervenções” destes no social, ainda que este seja por eles definido como algo estritamente humano. Observa-se, neste sentido, uma ambiguidade caracterizada pelo fato de que a natureza nunca foi por eles expulsa da (co)existência humana, ainda que tenha sido expulsa (do conceito de social) a partir da ontologia que deu base às suas obras.