Sociological Factors Research Articles

The Sustainability Coefficient of Urban Open Space Illumination Compliance as a Subjective Indicator of Environmental Comfort

Smart lighting of public open spaces plays a crucial role in creating sustainable cities. Investing in optimal methods for improving the energy efficiency of urban lighting systems has become strategic for the economic, technological, and social development of cities. In addition to technical considerations such as energy efficiency and photometric measurements, lighting design should also take into account the subjective aspect of visual safety. However, measuring lighting efficiency in terms of human perception can be challenging because people’s perceptions vary and depend on the urban and architectural context. To address this issue, a sustainability coefficient of outdoor lighting ambiences (Sn) is presented to quantify the compliance of urban open spaces with sustainable lighting design. This coefficient combines two subjective factors: illumination likability and perceived illuminance intensity. The study uses the SEC methodology (suitable for everyone, environmentally accepted, cost-effective), which provides insight into the factors that influence the Sn value. The results showed significant correlations between psychological and aesthetic-functional factors and the Sn, while sociological factors had little influence. The validity of the Sn in a realistic environment can be confirmed. The main reasons for certain Sn levels were identified and possible solutions were proposed, ranging from changes in lighting intensity to architectural redesigns, to improve environmental comfort in urban environments. This study paves the way for a deeper understanding of the role of urban lighting in shaping environmental comfort and human behavior.

LINGUISTIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SPOKEN, WRITTEN, AND COMMUNICATIVE USE OF HUNGARIAN IN VOJVODINA

By reviewing the background factors behind the functionality of Hungarian language use in Vojvodina, the study points out the sociological and linguistic factors that determine language use in everyday life. Among the sociological factors, we considered the relationship between language and identity, language and education, language and social communication, as well as the use of economic and legal language, the media, cultural aspects, and the role of the church and national political organizations. Among the linguistic background factors, we discussed the influence of Serbian on Hungarian and the role of the Hungarian regional dialect in the functionality of the language, as well as its community function. As a conclusion of the study, we can say that Hungarians in Vojvodina use Hungarian depending on the given communication situation and the social and linguistic context, that is along the lines of functional and situational language use in the given communication situation.

Sex-Specific Trends in the Prevalence of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis From 2005 to 2021 in South Korea: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prevalent chronic joint disorders, with prevalence rates varying by sex. However, few studies have comprehensively documented the factors contributing to the sex-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA, including sociological factors and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify long-term trends in the sex-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA from 2005 to 2021 while examining the factors that serve as vulnerabilities specific to each sex within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 110,225 individuals through the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2021. The study included patients aged 19 years and older diagnosed with osteoarthritis or RA in South Korea. Data were analyzed using weighted trends to accurately represent the sample population, with a 95% CI. Weighted logistic and regression models were used to identify vulnerable groups at risk of osteoarthritis or RA during the pandemic to assess sex-specific trends. In total, 110,225 individuals (n=48,410, 43.92% male participants) were analyzed from 2005 to 2021, with prevalence rates remaining stable over time and higher in female than in male participants. Notably, during the pandemic, female participants aged 60 years and older exhibited a prevalence of osteoarthritis that was 4.92 times greater than male participants and a prevalence of RA that was 6.44 times greater (osteoarthritis: prevalence ratio [PR] 69.78, 95% CI 41.66-116.88; RA: PR 17.27, 95% CI 8.75-34.07). In terms of osteoarthritis, male participants did not show a significant association with BMI (PR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21-1.61; P=.47), whereas female participants exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability within the obese group (PR 1.68, 95% CI 1.55-1.83; P<.001). Regarding RA, lower education levels were associated with increased vulnerability, with male participants showing a greater risk than female participants (male participants: PR 2.29, 95% CI 1.61-3.27 and female participants: PR 1.50, 95% CI 1.23-1.84). This study reveals that women in South Korea have a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA than men. Understanding these sex-specific trends and identifying vulnerability factors can enhance preventive efforts and patient care.

Factors Influencing Depression in People with Disabilities:Individual and Interpersonal Levels

Abstract Depression is an increasingly important social problem, and this also applies to the disabled, a health-vulnerable group. Although the distribution and influencing factors of depression may be different among the disabled population (young adults vs. the elderly, older adults with disabilities vs. disabilities due to old age), only the high prevalence of depression among the disabled is generally reported. This study seeks to determine the distribution and influencing factors of depression in disabled people according to sociodemographic standards. This study employed data from the 2021 Panel Survey on People with Disabilities (National Unit Survey) to investigate the influence of individual-level factors (health behaviors, health level, environment) and interpersonal-level factors (social network) on depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed while controlling for demographic sociological factors and disability characteristic factors. The experience of depression was among elderly disabled individuals (age 50+: 40.9%) than younger ones (age 19-49: 36.1%), and in disability with aging (49.3%) versus aging with disabilities (39.2%) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Chronic diseases, daily living assistance, living environment, and emotional support from family and neighbors affected both young and elderly disabled individuals. Specifically, among the elderly disabled, exercise frequency (aOR=0.78; [CI]0.63-0.97), social network size (aOR=0.87; [CI]0.82-0.93), and social interaction frequency (aOR=0.68; [CI]0.51-0.91) were significant. Disability with aging was influenced by exercise frequency (aOR=0.29; [CI]0.09-0.95) and emotional support (aOR=0.37; [CI]0.17-0.77) from peers. older adults with disabilities were affected by not only individual-level factors (exercise frequency) but also both functional (emotional support) and structural (size of social network, frequency of meetings) aspects of their interpersonal social networks. Key messages • Depression experiences among older adults with disabilities are influenced by both functional and structural social networks. • Developing depression prevention strategies for people with disabilities requires a customized approach that takes into account age-specific characteristics.

"Virtual Parallel Societies"—A Study on the Differences in Mobile Application Usage Between Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese Adolescents

Objective: This study explores the differences in mobile application usage between adolescents in Hong Kong and Mainland China, highlighting how these variances contribute to the formation of virtual parallel societies. Methods: The theoretical framework incorporates Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion and Eli Pariser's Filter Bubbles to explain how algorithm-driven platforms foster informational silos. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, primarily using secondary data from the QuestMobile 2023 China Mobile Internet Annual Report and data from the Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, along with qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews and content analysis of social media interactions. Results: The findings suggest significant disparities in app usage between adolescents in Hong Kong and Mainland China, influenced by technological, sociological, and political factors. Adolescents in Hong Kong preferred global platforms like Instagram and Facebook, while Mainland Chinese adolescents used local platforms like WeChat and Weibo. These differences were influenced by sociological factors, including class, education, and access to technology, and contributed to the formation of distinct informational silos. Conclusion: The differences in mobile application usage have led to the development of virtual parallel societies, with implications for national identity and socio-political cohesion. Policy recommendations include enhancing media literacy, promoting Chinese perspectives globally, and encouraging social media platforms that foster a shared national identity.

The WEIRD Trio: The Cultural Gap between Physicians, Learners, and Patients in Pluralistic Societies.

Physicians are shaped by sociological and philosophical factors that often differ from those of their patients. This is of particular concern in pluralistic societies when navigating ethical disagreements because physicians often misunderstand or even dismiss patient perspectives as being irrational. This paper examines these factors and why many physicians approach ethics as they do while elucidating various patient perspectives and demonstrating how they make sense when considered from a different cultural worldview. Many physicians are trained in contexts that are WEIRD: Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. These sociological characteristics tend to go hand in hand with the trio of individualism, secularism, and existentialism. These then shape an approach to ethics that focuses on the individual patient, makes no reference to the divine, and focuses on a patient's personal desires. This contrasts significantly with many patients who are collectivistic or religious, and then make rational decisions based on other values. The social fact of pluralism implores physicians to temper confidence in their own cultures while considering others to promote mutual understanding and improved care. This paper concludes with a discussion of how bridges can be built across cultures without sliding into relativism, beginning with recognizing and communicating our shared moral intuitions.

The Impact of IQ on Marriage Likelihood: Gender Differences in the UK

This paper explores the relationship between intelligence (IQ) and marriage likelihood, with a focus on gender disparities, particularly in the UK and China. Previous studies have shown that higher intelligence increases the likelihood of marriage for men, while it decreases for women. Through an interdisciplinary analysis of evolutionary, sociological, and biological factors, this paper seeks to explain why such disparities exist. The research highlights that evolutionary pressures traditionally associate intelligence in men with resource acquisition, making them desirable partners, whereas highly intelligent women often face societal resistance due to gender norms that devalue their career achievements in favor of caregiving roles. In the context of China, Confucianism and traditional gender roles further accentuate these disparities, particularly through the persistent practice of hypergamy. The paper concludes with a discussion of how evolving gender roles, media representation, and policy changes can influence future marriage patterns for intelligent women in both the UK and China.

Saving Behavior Factors among Working Students in Kathmandu Valley Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

In recent times, the financial landscape of Kathmandu Valley has witnessed a surge in the number of working students who balance their educational pursuits with employment commitments. In parallel, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced unprecedented economic and sociological disruptions, potentially altering the financial habits of individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the saving behavior of working students in Kathmandu Valley, while also investigating whether the pandemic plays a mediating role in this context. To achieve these objectives, explanatory research design is used to analyze the connections and causal effects between the factors of saving behavior among working students in Kathmandu valley. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Square (PLS) version 4.0 is adopted for data analysis. The findings reveal significant support for all the hypotheses proposed in the study. The analysis indicated that the economic factor, sociological factor, psychological factor and Covid 19 have a positive impact on saving behavior among working students. The results also suggest that the utilization of SEM and SMART PLS provides valuable insight into understanding the relationship between various factors. The study has revealed important new information about the complex dynamics of saving behavior in the context of both personal and societal factors. An in-depth analysis of the impact of economic, sociological, and psychological factors on the financial decisions made by working students in the Kathmandu Valley was conducted in this study, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic's mediating role.

Different Forms of Violence in Farībā Vafī’s Writing: The Case of The Secret in the Alleys and The Grimace

Abstract Readers frequently come across signs—both hidden and manifest—of violence perpetrated against women in Farībā Vafī’s novels. Vafī’s work is characterized by narrative heterogeneity as well as a multivarious vocabulary that is both ironic and sardonic. Her writing is situated within the volatile domesticity of “normal” Iranian families. In this setting, she describes the encounter, contrast, and melding between tradition and modernity in the broadest sense and different generations of women. This article examines how the author portrays violence against women in her writing, analyzing both the psychological and sociological factors that contribute to this depiction.

Reasons and root causes: Conventional characterizations of doctoral engineering attrition obscure underlying structural issues

AbstractBackgroundAlthough most engineering graduate students are funded and usually complete their degrees faster than other disciplines, attrition remains a problem in engineering. Existing research has explored the psychological and sociological factors contributing to attrition but not the structural factors impacting attrition.Purpose/HypothesisUsing systems theory, this study seeks to understand nuance in how underlying structural causes affect engineering graduate students' attrition experiences in ways that may differ from their official reasons for departure.Design/MethodsData were collected through semi‐structured interviews with seven departing or already departed engineering doctoral students from R1 graduate programs across the United States. Using thematic analysis, root cause analyses were conducted to understand participants' attrition experiences to explore how structures influence causes of departure.ResultsThe ways participants discuss root causes of their departure indicate differences in formal reasons for departure and underlying causes of departure. We highlight the role of informal and formal policy as root causes of a different attrition rationale often passed off as interpersonal issues. When interpreted as evidence of structural issues, the causes of departure show ways in which action–inaction, policy–“null” policy serve as structural features governing student attrition decision processes. We also highlight a form of benign neglect toward struggling graduate students.ConclusionThis study reveals important nuances underlying face‐value reasons of attrition indicating foundational structural issues contributing to engineering graduate student attrition. Coaching faculty in team management and encouraging close revision of departmental policies could help mitigate students' negative graduate experiences and decrease unnecessary attrition.

Sociological barriers to equitable digital learning: A data-driven approach

This review paper examines the sociological barriers to equitable digital learning through a data-driven approach. By analyzing key sociological factors such as socioeconomic status, race, gender, and geographic location, the study identifies significant disparities in access to and outcomes of digital learning. Theoretical frameworks, including social and cultural capital and the digital divide, are used to contextualize these barriers. The paper synthesizes existing research, revealing how low-income, minority, and rural students face compounded challenges that hinder their educational progress in digital environments. Key findings highlight the urgent need for targeted policy interventions to bridge these gaps. Recommendations include increased funding for under-resourced schools, subsidized internet access, digital literacy training, and improved rural broadband infrastructure. Future research should focus on the intersectionality of these barriers and the long-term impact of digital learning disparities. The study underscores the importance of equitable digital learning in fostering an inclusive educational environment that prepares all students for the digital age.

Interpretation of legal duty in the American legal tradition

Human rights, as enshrined in current international legal instruments, are the result of long-term historical development and the gradual formation of standards that have become the norm in modern democratic society. The formation of such unified standards for regulating social life has led to the modern doctrine of human rights being based on universal principles and values, including freedom, equality, justice, and the inalienability of fundamental human rights. However, despite the commonality of these values and principles on which the modern idea of human rights is founded, its formation and gradual development occurred under the influence of cultural, historical, political, and sociological factors of individual states or entire regions. These factors led to the emergence of distinct legal traditions. A legal tradition is understood as a deeply rooted and historically conditioned attitude of people towards the role of law in society, the nature of law, as well as the organization and functioning of the legal system as a whole. The legal tradition, in turn, leads to certain differences or authenticity in the interpretation of various legal categories, as their formation occurred through the prism of unique circumstances characteristic of a particular legal tradition. Studying approaches to interpreting certain legal phenomena in specific legal traditions allows for a broader understanding of a given legal concept, revealing its peculiarities in the legal systems of individual states, and conducting a comparative analysis of its interpretation alongside other legal traditions. Today, when discussing human rights and obligations, we often refer to sources of the European legal tradition, which undoubtedly play an important role in the modern understanding of human rights. However, it would be incorrect to overlook the contributions of other legal traditions, particularly the American one. The emergence of the modern system of human rights and obligations on the American continent is associated with the activities of the Organization of American States, as well as the adoption of such acts as the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man of 1948 and the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969. It should be noted that the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man preceded the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 by six months, which underscores the significance of this act in the process of establishing an international system of human rights and their protection. A characteristic feature of this Declaration, which distinguishes it from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and a number of other European human rights acts, is its extensive list of duties impos ed on individuals. Thus, to identify the peculiarities of interpreting the category of legal duty, it would be appropriate to study this fundamental normative legal act of the American legal tradition in the field of human rights and duties. Furthermore, studying normative legal acts that regulate both human rights and duties will allow us to outline the mechanism of establishing and normatively formulating key human duties in the American legal tradition.

Reconstruction of the Termination of Prosecution of Corruption Offences Public Prosecutor's Discretion

Corruption cases that result in small state financial losses continue to end up in the Corruption Court without alternative solutions that are faster, simpler and cheaper, even though the Corruption Court is located in the provincial capital and the corruption trial process requires a lot of money. So that it is not commensurate between the costs of law enforcement incurred with the state financial losses incurred due to corruption. The method of this research approach is juridical sociological because the problems studied concern the relationship between juridical factors and sociological factors. The urgency of discontinuing the prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses is that the prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses is inefficient and the Discontinuation of Prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses does not have a legal umbrella This is because there are weaknesses in legal substance, legal structure and legal culture. The reconstruction model for the termination of prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses based on Prosecutorial Discretion by the Public Prosecutor in a Progressive Legal Perspective is the Reconstruction of Legal Substance, namely adding Prosecutorial Discretion by the Public Prosecutor as a manifestation of the Dominus Litis Principle can stop the prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses where this has not been regulated in Article 140 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code, Reconstruction of legal structure, namely the delegation of authority from the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia to the Head of the High Prosecutor's Office as the controller of the termination of prosecution of corruption crimes with small state financial losses, Reconstruction of legal culture, namely changing the patterns of thought of public prosecutors from positivistic to progressive in exercising their authority. The recommendations in this study encourage the reform of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) related to the authority to discontinue prosecution by the Public Prosecutor and the need to make a regulation of the Attorney General related to the Discontinuation of Prosecution based on the Discretion of the Public Prosecutor.

Correlates of Exercise Behavior Based on Socio-Ecological Theoretical Model among Chinese Urban Adults: An Empirical Study.

Identifying the correlates of exercise behavior is essential to combating physical inactivity as a public health concern. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlates of physical activity among urban Chinese adults under the social-ecological theoretical model in order to facilitate targeted interventions to promote physical activity. Using the socio-ecological model, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 1459 urban residents in Zhejiang and Shaanxi provinces of China, collecting data on individual demographic factors, sociological factors, environmental perception, and exercise behavior. Binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationships between exercise behavior and socio-ecological factors. Male gender (p < 0.01), advanced age (p < 0.001), higher education level (p < 0.05), living independently from parents (p < 0.05), absence of childcare responsibilities (p < 0.01), residence in a county/prefecture-level city (p < 0.001), favorable neighborhood esthetics (p < 0.001), available greenways/parks (p < 0.001), and family support for exercise participation (p < 0.05) were significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of participating in physical activity. Male gender (p < 0.001), advanced age (p < 0.001), absence of childcare responsibilities (p < 0.05), good neighborhood vegetation (p < 0.01), availability of free neighborhood exercise facilities (p < 0.05), and support from friends for exercise participation (p < 0.01) were significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of engaging in physical activity for more than 150 min per week. BMI, community air quality, traffic safety, public safety, and level of social development were not major correlates. To promote exercise behavior, more attention should be paid to individuals who are female, young, have lower levels of education, bear childcare responsibilities, or reside in provincial capitals in China. Improving the habitat environment and providing convenient and affordable facilities should also be considered. Furthermore, support from family and friends can positively reinforce exercise behavior.

The Use of AI in Predicting Disease Outbreaks

The rapid and unpredictable emergence of infectious diseases continues to pose a significant threat to global health, necessitating more advanced prediction and prevention strategies. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in predicting disease outbreaks has emerged as a powerful tool to navigate the complex biological, environmental, and sociological factors contributing to these outbreaks. AI models, particularly those leveraging machine learning, can analyze vast datasets, detect patterns, and predict the spread of diseases with improved accuracy compared to traditional methods. This paper examines the role of AI in early disease outbreak prediction, current prediction methodologies, and the applications of AI in outbreak forecasting, while also discussing the challenges and limitations associated with AI-driven models. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, disease outbreaks, machine learning, epidemic prediction, big data analytics.

Female Victims of Firearm Intimate Partner Violence: Characterization and Lethality Predictors.

Objective: To characterize the sociological risk factors for firearm intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Texas, with a focus on lethal predictors to aid in screening and intervention guidelines. Methods: A retrospective medical and forensic chart review was conducted and supplemented by news sources, public police reports, and court records on firearm cases in Houston, TX, from 2018 to 2020. IPV was defined as a cis-gendered female victim of firearm violence from a current or ex-intimate partner. Non-IPV was defined as cis-gendered female victims of firearm violence from strangers, friends/acquaintances, gang, client, or similar relationships. Numeric variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and reported as median [Q1, Q3]. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test and reported as count (%). Results: A total of 102 cases of IPV were identified. Nonspousal IPV was more prevalent than spousal (65.7% versus 34.3%). Lethal injuries, older age, home location, and head injuries were more prevalent in the IPV cohort. Older age, spousal perpetrator, home shooting location, and history of prior domestic abuse were associated with lethal IPV. There were 31 cases of murder-suicide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, IPV cases increased by 91.3%, with lethal cases increasing by 57.6%. Conclusion: Risk factors for overall IPV and lethal IPV are not the same; therefore, it is imperative that all women, irrespective of race, age, or relationship status, be screened for IPV and prior domestic violence to allow intervention and prevention of lethal IPV. Patients should also be screened for personal or partner access to firearms as firearm IPV is a highly lethal form of violence.

Cultural Contexts of the Formation of Science in the Social-Historical Context of Islamic Countries

Science has a social nature, which is formed and developed by the interaction of people in a society, and many sociological factors, including culture, are influential in its formation. This article deals with the cultural contexts of the formation of science in the social-historical framework of Islamic countries, which tries to answer the question of what place cultural factors and contexts have in the formation of science in Islamic societies. The research methodology is focused on the common paradigms in the field of the relationship between science and culture with the documentary method and logical reasoning and in the framework of the philosophy of the cultural system and has finally explained the process of how these two influence each other. The results of the study emphasize the to express the issue that science is the result of the systematic knowledge of people in every society. Science is formed and grows in the culture of societies, therefore, when a culture becomes materialistic, material sciences are inevitably formed in it with the same basis, and if it is a divine and religious culture, science is also formed on the same basis. Our definition of culture is “The set of human perceptions has reached a collective agreement ". These findings are the result of knowing the people of that society. Cognition is a tool that includes: the sense to collect information, intellect to categorize, conclude, and summarize, and heart to confirm the result. The solution for understanding science in Islam is to pay attention to the three tools of knowledge, are sense, intellect, and heart.

Unravelling the threads: understanding the interplay of Cultural values, female workforce engagement, human development index and suicide rates.

Suicide is a major public health problem across the world. Extensive research on the field shows that suicide is affected by several sociological, economic, and cultural risk factors. Over the last century, social changes have driven the reshaping of traditional gender roles, often in an uneven fashion, strongly depending on context. This study proposes updated findings on the impact that changes in traditional gender roles could have on suicide rates METHODS: It will do so by examining the correlation between female labor force participation (FLPR) and sex-specific suicide rates. Moreover, it will examine this association depending on human development (HDI) and Hofstede's individualism index. To do so, data from 2010 to 2019 from 47 countries is collected from the WHO, ILOSTAT and UN agencies' websites. Analysis show a significant interaction between FLPR, HDI and individualism index scores on male suicide rates (p = 0.002). There is a negative association between FLPR and male suicide rates in relatively lower HDI countries, while in very high HDI countries an increase in FLPR is correlated with an increase in male suicide rates. Similar trends but no significant interaction is observed for female suicide rates. This study suggests that female participation is beneficial for male population as it reduces male suicide rates. However, this association appears to be context dependent. In countries where institutional adjustment is already established, and human development is very high, other factors might be of interest in examining the trends of suicide rates among men and women.

Sociological factors of women criminality: A systematic review

Sociological factors of women criminality: A systematic review

Criminological Analysis of Violence and Anarchist Demonstration Conducted by the Front Pembela Islam (FPI) Mass Organization (Ormas)

In a nation where the freedom of association, assembly, and expression is protected exclusively by its Constitution, Indonesia isn’t a stranger to mass organizations (Ormas) created by its citizens. With the Ormas Law, Ormas is regulated and supervised, but it doesn’t take forever for an Ormas to rebel and act by their own rules, such as the FPI Ormas. With an extensive history on violence and public disruption, this research is aimed to analyse the sociological and psychological factors behind FPI’s illegal behaviours through the eyes of criminology, and what can be done to prevent similar cases in the future. It has been found that sociology and psychology play a heavy part on influencing the illegal acts and fanatic mindset of FPI members, birthing a series of violations against the Ormas Law and even the Criminal Code. While FPI has been disbanded since 2020, it’s important to learn from the past and improve the supervision of Ormas in Indonesia to prevent the rising of another FPI.