Socioeconomic Variables Research Articles

Integrating socio-economic variables in urban flood damage assessments: a case study of Bengaluru, India

Integrating socio-economic variables in urban flood damage assessments: a case study of Bengaluru, India

Accuracy of self-reported height, weight, and waist circumference in poor, rural areas of China

Objectives There are differing opinions and findings about the accuracy of self-reported data. This study sought to assess the accuracy of self-reported height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) data among adult residents in poor, rural areas of China. Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to sample rural adult residents in Jinzhai County. Intraclass correlations (ICCs), Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreements (LOAs), and Cohen’s kappa were used to examine the accuracy of self-reported data. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the effect of demographic and socioeconomic variables. Results Height was over-reported by an average of 0.67 cm, weight and WC were both under-reported, by an average of 0.004 kg and 1.09 cm, respectively. The ICC for height was 0.92, the ICC for weight was 0.93, and the ICC for WC was 0.93. Bland-Altman plots showed no trend in variability with increasing height, weight, and WC, but 95% of the LOAs were wide, especially for WC. The percentage agreement (kappa) for BMI was 82.10% (0.71), and the percentage agreement for WC was 83.56% (0.66). Overall, obesity, overweight, and increased WC were underestimated by 0.56%, 2.64%, and 6.89%, respectively. Assessments of which demographic and socioeconomic factors were associated with statistically significant differences between self-reported and measured data showed that education (junior school vs. primary or below: β = −0.56, 95% CI [−1.01 to −0.11]) and occupation (others vs. professionals: β = 2.16, 95% CI [0.62–3.70]) were associated with differences between measured and self-reported height; occupation (industrial and commercial service vs. professionals: β = 1.57, 95% CI [0.52–2.61]) was associated with differences between measured and self-reported weight; and gender (women vs. men: β = −1.74, 95% CI [−2.51 to −0.97]) and age (60– vs. 18–44: β = −1.62, 95% CI [−2.88 to −0.36]) were associated with differences between measured and self-reported WC. Conclusions Self-reported height and weight were shown to be reliable in poor, rural areas of China, but self-reported WC should be used with caution. To improve the accuracy of self-reported data, certain subgroups should be targeted for educational interventions.

Nutritional Status and Anemia among Scheduled Caste Adolescent Girls of District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India

Background: During adolescence, nutrition is crucial for physical and cognitive development, yet socio-economic disparities and nutritional deficiencies, especially in girls, lead to health vulnerabilities, including high anemia rates. Despite recent data from the National Family Health Survey, there is limited information on adolescents aged 11-16 years, requiring targeted research. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the nutritional status, determine the prevalence of anemia, and explore associated factors among adolescent girls of the scheduled caste in District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. Methods: The study sampled 450 scheduled caste girls aged 11-16 years from schools in District Yamunanagar, Haryana. Height and weight were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Data on micro-environmental factors, socio-economic and demographic variables, and dietary habits were collected through interview-based schedule. Hemoglobin levels were measured using Sahli’s Acid Haematin technique, and nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) standards (Z-score method). Results: The study found increases in height, weight, and BMI with age, with notable spurts at 12-13 years for height and 11-12 years for weight and BMI. Significant differences in height, weight, and BMI were observed between age groups. Moreover, 92.2% girls were found to be anemic, with most of them suffering from moderate anemia. Additionally, the prevalence of stunting was 67.33% and wasting was 64.90% among the girls. Household size, number of family members and menarcheal status of the girls showed a significant association with the nutritional status and anemic of the girls. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need of regular screening and timely interventions to improve the nutritional and anemic status of adolescent girls.

Dataset to Quantify Spillover Effects Among Concurrent Green Initiatives

Green initiatives are popular mechanisms globally to enhance environmental and human wellbeing. However, multiple green initiatives, when overlapping geographically and targeting the same participants, may interact with each other, giving rise to what is termed “spillover effects”, where one initiative and its outcomes influence another. This study examines the spillover effects among four major concurrent initiatives in the United States (U.S.) and China using a comprehensive dataset. In the U.S., we analysed county-level data in 2018 for the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), both operational for over 25 years. In China, data from Fanjingshan and Tianma National Nature Reserves (2014–2015) were used to evaluate the Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP) and the Forest Ecological Benefit Compensation (FEBC) program. The dataset comprises 3106 records for the U.S. and 711 plots for China, including several socio-economic variables. The results of multivariate linear regression indicate that there exist significant spillover effects between CRP & EQIP and GTGP & FEBC, with one initiative potentially enhancing or offsetting another’s impacts by 22% to 100%. This dataset provides valuable insights for researchers and policymakers to optimize the effectiveness and resilience of concurrent green initiatives.

Convergence of Alcohol Consumption and Dietary Quality in US Adults Who Currently Drink Alcohol: An Analysis of Two Core Risk Factors of Liver Disease

Background/Objectives: Alcohol consumption and poor dietary habits are on the rise in the United States, posing significant challenges to public health due to their contribution to chronic diseases such as liver failure. While associations between alcohol consumption patterns and diet quality have been explored, the relationship between specific alcoholic beverage types and diet quality remains underexamined. This study aims to compare diet quality among consumers of different alcoholic beverage types. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1917 current alcohol drinkers from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who completed a 24 h dietary recall survey. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), with higher scores indicating superior diet quality. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess differences in HEI between consumers of various alcoholic beverage types, using wine-only drinkers as the reference group and controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and metabolic syndrome variables. Results: Beer-only drinkers were more likely to have lower income, higher rates of cigarette smoking, and insufficient physical activity compared to other alcohol consumers. In the fully adjusted multivariable model, beer-only drinkers had an HEI score that was 3.12 points lower than wine-only drinkers. In contrast, liquor/cocktail-only and multiple-type drinkers had similar HEI scores to wine-only drinkers. Conclusions: Beer-only consumption is associated with poorer diet quality among alcohol drinkers. Targeted patient education and public health campaigns may be effective in addressing the combined impact of alcohol consumption and poor diet quality on chronic disease risk.

Climate change dynamics in Tunisian agriculture: A rigorous examination of impact, adaptation, and resilience

This study systemically examines the numerous impacts of climate change on agriculture in Tunisia. In this study, we establish an empirical and comprehensive methodology to assess the effects of climate changes on Tunisian agriculture by investigating current climatic patterns using crop yields and socioeconomic variables. The study also assesses the types of adaptation strategies agriculture uses in Tunisia and explores their effectiveness in coping with climate-related adversities. We also consider some resilience factors, namely the ecological aspect and economic and social camouflage pursued by the (very) men in Tunisian agriculture. We also extensively discuss the complex interconnected relationship between policy interventions and community-based adaptations, a crucial part of the ongoing debate on climate change adaptation and resilience in agriculture. The findings of this study contribute to this important conversation, particularly for areas facing similar challenges.

Examination of factors impacting spitting or vomiting among children under 5years of age during seasonal malaria chemoprevention: a quantitative study in Burkina Faso, Chad, Nigeria and Togo.

Since 2012, the World Health Organization has recommended seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SPAQ) for children aged 3-⁠59months in regions where malaria transmission is seasonal. Full ingestion of SMC medicines without spitting or vomiting during a complete 3-day course is critical to ensure effectiveness of SMC medicines and to avoid development of antimalarial resistance. Although evidence suggests that spitting or vomiting is not rare, there is limited analytical evidence on potential factors associated with spitting or vomiting in SMC campaigns. We utilized data from SMC coverage surveys conducted in Burkina Faso, Chad, Togo and Nigeria between 2020 and 2022. Episodes of spitting or vomiting were defined as SMC-eligible children spitting out most of the dose or vomiting the entire dose within 30minof SPAQ administration as reported by primary caregivers. We conducted a cross-sectional study using mixed-effects logistic regression with variables including household socioeconomic variables and caregiver knowledge of SMC, to identify factors associated with spitting or vomiting. The proportion of SMC-eligible children spitting or vomiting SPAQ doses ranged from 1.81% in Nigeria to 4.36% in Chad. The odds of spitting or vomiting were lower among children administered medicines under community distributor (CD) supervision, and whose primary caregivers had a high degree of knowledge of SMC. Spitting or vomiting were negatively associated with caregiver adherence to AQ administration and caregiver reporting of children's adverse reactions to SMC medicines. Over half of the children experiencing a spitting or vomiting episode did not receive a replacement dose from CDs. Redosing was positively associated with caregiver educational attainment, caregiver knowledge of SMC, and directly supervised medicine administration. CD-supervised administration of SPAQ can strengthen community engagement strategies to enhance appropriate administration and full ingestion of SMC medicines according to the SMC delivery protocol.

EPID-12. NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS PREDICTS SURVIVAL IN GLIOBLASTOMA: A SINGLE CENTER COHORT STUDY

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain malignancy. Despite recent progress in treatments, prognosis for patients remain poor. Recent literature has suggested the association of GBM outcomes and socioeconomic status. However, there is limited evidence regarding the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on GBM outcomes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on GBM outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all adult GBM patients at a single institution from 2008 to 2023. Patient addresses underwent geospatial analysis and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was extracted. Univariable and multivariable survival analyses were performed. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of ADI and other socioeconomic variables while controlling for a priori selected clinical variables with known relevance to survival. RESULTS In total, 1492 patients met inclusion criteria. The average age at diagnosis was 62±14.2 years with a median overall survival of 12.1 [Interquartile Range (IQR) 5-22] months. The median ADI was 66 (IQR 46-84). Patients with high socioeconomic deprivation (ADI>75) were less likely to receive chemotherapy (92% vs 96%, p=.03), and had worse overall survival compared to patients with low socioeconomic deprivation (10 vs 13 months, p=.001). In the multivariable model, patients with high ADI had worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.73, p<.001). To account for changes in WHO guidelines, we implemented the model on patients diagnosed between 2017-2023 and findings were consistent (HR 1.34, 95%CI 1.07-1.68, p=.011). CONCLUSIONS We present the largest study reporting the effect of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on overall survival of GBM patients. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic status provides the most accurate capture of the patient-level socioeconomic determinants of health. Patients with higher ADI have worse overall survival after controlling for other socioeconomic and clinical variables. These results suggest significant association between neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and overall survival in GBM patients.

DISP-05. SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTION OF THERAPEUTIC CLINICAL TRIAL ENROLLMENT FOR MINORITY PATIENTS AND WOMEN IN NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Abstract BACKGROUND Despite changes in national policy, women and minority patients remain under-accrued in glioma clinical trials. Supervised machine learning may serve as a novel approach to understanding which variables and their complex interplay most influence enrollment for underrepresented patients. We aimed to design and externally validate machine learning models to predict therapeutic clinical trial enrollment for a) all patients, b) women, and c) NIH-designated minority patients with low- and high-grade glioma. METHODS In a 20-year retrospective cohort of 1042 adult patients with low- and high-grade glioma, boosted neural network (BNN) models for the whole, women, and minority cohorts were used to analyze the combined effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and oncologic variables on clinical trial enrollment. These models were validated using an external cohort (n=103). RESULTS In the development cohort (445 [42.7%] women; 151 [14.5%] minorities; median age, 51.5 [interquartile range: 39.4-62.5] years), 350 patients (33.6%) enrolled in a therapeutic clinical trial. The whole cohort BNN (AUC: 0.827, misclassification rate (MR): 0.175), the women cohort BNN (AUC: 0.895, MR: 0.125), and the minority cohort BNN (AUC: 0.983, MR: 0.053) models accurately predicted trial enrollment on external validation. For the whole cohort and women models, several demographic (race, ethnicity, minority status, sex), socioeconomic (insurance, employment status), and oncologic variables (seizure, chemotherapy, KPS, WHO grade, tumor lobe) were equally influential (Main effect (ME): 1.000, Total effect (TE): 1.000) on enrollment. For the minority model, socioeconomic variables including insurance status (ME: 0.089, TE: 0.417) and occupation classification (ME: 0.087, TE: 0.381) drove enrollment. CONCLUSION We designed and externally validated the first machine learning model for predicting therapeutic clinical trial enrollment for patients with diffuse glioma. Model features driving trial enrollment varied for underrepresented patients. These results may help prioritize personalized patient-specific initiatives to address barriers to equitable patient accrual.

Effect of a multicomponent school-based intervention with parental involvement on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking initiation: equity impact analysis of the TOPAS study

BackgroundAs prevalence of tobacco use falls, socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use are increasing in many high-income countries. Evidence is lacking on the effect of preventive interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in...

Racial Disparities in 30 Day Outcomes Following Total Laryngectomy.

Despite the growing literature on racial disparities in the utilization of total laryngectomy (TL), and survival following the treatment of laryngeal cancers, there is a paucity of research in TL cohorts evaluating disparities in the immediate postoperative setting. In a national multi-institutional cohort, TL cases between 2010 and 2021 were identified using relevant Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Logistic regression analyses investigated the association between race/ethnicity and adverse outcomes within 30 days postoperatively. This study consisted of 1493 patients who underwent TL with or without radical neck dissection. Black patients underwent free flap and pedicled flap reconstruction more frequently than their counterparts (P = .023) and exhibited a 1.532 times higher odds of surgical complications (P < .001). There are increased rates of surgical complications in Black patients undergoing TL. Given the limited oncologic and socioeconomic variables available through National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, future study of disparate postoperative outcomes in this population is recommended.

Isotopic heterogeneity in U.S. Urban water supply systems reflects climatic, environmental, and sociodemographic factors: Implications for forensic identification.

The forensic application of stable oxygen isotope data from human tissues depends on naturally occurring isotopic variation in drinking water across geographic areas. One factor which complicates interpretation of forensic data is local variability: if a wide range of drinking water values is in a small geographic region it may be difficult to identify or rule out that region as a location of origin. We examine data from community collection programs documenting tap water isotope variation within 30 cities\developed areas throughout the United States. Isotopic variation within individual developed areas ranged widely, from essentially nil to greater than 9‰ (δ18O interdecile range). Many (14/30) of the study areas exhibited multi-modal isotope distributions, even in cases where the isotopic range was very small (e.g., <2.0‰), suggesting that the use of multiple, isotopically different sources was common. Most variation was attributed to differences in the source-region altitude or degree of evaporation for different water sources, and we observe limited variation in areas where contrasts in these variables are small. Variation tended to be largest in cities across the western USA. We explored correlations between the magnitude of local isotopic variation and climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic variables. We found that higher levels of variation occurred at sites where local water resources were likely to be more isotopically heterogeneous and in lower supply, consistent with the development of supply systems in these areas that access diverse and isotopically heterogeneous water resources. We also found that variation was positively correlated with larger developed areas, suggesting that pressures related to city growth may affect the degree to which infrastructure tapping diverse water resources is developed. Collectively, our results suggest that the influence of local tap water isotope heterogeneity on the precision of forensic geolocation is systematic and somewhat predictable, information to be factored into future applications.

Analysis of Sustainability Variables in Revegetation of Ex-Oil and Gas Mining Operation

Revegetation after petroleum mining operations is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of sustainability factors to ensure long-term success. PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan has taken its environmental responsibilities seriously and has restored ex-mining land through replanting efforts at ex-well sites, ex-production facilities, and ex-borrow pits. This is important for environmental sustainability, especially after mining oil and gas. This study aims to identify important variables in maintaining the sustainability of revegetation activities at PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan by describing the intensity of influence and interdependence between variables and grouping them from the most influential to the least influential. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect data, and the MICMAC approach was used to analyze the relationships between variables. This research has identified 13 ecological, socioeconomic, and conflict mitigation variables that are important in land revegetation activities. Based on the results, the relationships between these variables have been derived by highlighting the key indicators that trigger sustainable revegetation efforts, namely variables such as envreg, amdal, local business development (lbd), and relationship. The lbd variable strongly influences the welfare variable, amdal, and the other variables strongly influence the company's image. Post-mining land revegetation efforts at PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan demonstrate the company's commitment to environmental sustainability. By considering sustainability variables in the revegetation process after petroleum mining operations, PT PHR ensures that its rehabilitation efforts can restore land while promoting sustainable practices and providing benefits to local communities.

Stress and Self-Efficacy in Parents/Caregivers and Oral Health of Individuals with Down Syndrome During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

The family of individuals living with Down Syndrome (DS) often demonstrate high levels of stress associated with the demand for care and difficulties experienced in everyday life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess perceived stress by parents/caregivers of individuals with DS and its association with general perceived self-efficacy and dental outcomes, considering the COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on family’s daily activities and finances. A sample of 257 parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire with socioeconomic, dental, and behavioral variables and the short version of the Perceived Stress Scale and the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. The sample was divided into three groups based on perceived stress levels. Associated variables were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression (level of significance 5%), adjusting for socioeconomic factors. The mean perceived stress score was 17.84 ± 5.75 (0–39). Medium stress (second tertile) was associated with finger/nail biting in individuals with DS (OR = 2.05; 95%CI 1.04–4.03; p = 0.038), difficulty in performing oral hygiene (OR = 2.39; 95%CI 1.23–4.65; p = 0.011) and medium and high self-efficacy (OR = 0.12; 95%CI 0.05–0.31; p &lt; 0.001 and OR = 0.38; 95%CI 0.15–0.98; p = 0.046, respectively); high stress (third tertile) was associated with medium and high self-efficacy (OR = 0.25; 95%CI 0.09–0.67; p = 0.006 and OR = 0.05; 95%CI 0.02–0.15; p &lt; 0.001, respectively) and negative impact of COVID-19 in family finances (OR = 3.00; 95%CI 1.39–6.44; p = 0.005). It was concluded that parents/caregivers’ perceived stress was averaged and associated with self-efficacy, finger/nail biting, oral hygiene demands, and the financial impact of COVID-19.

DISP-02. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCE OVERALL SURVIVAL IN CHEMORADIATION-TREATED NEWLY DIAGNOSED WHO GRADE 4 GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract Social determinants of health are known to influence health outcomes, yet the interactive effects of patient-specific socioeconomic variables on overall survival remain poorly characterized in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). We aimed to assess socioeconomic factors associated with overall survival in a clinically homogenous GBM population. Patients with newly diagnosed isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma, who underwent maximal safe resection of contrast-enhanced (CE) and non-contrast enhanced tissue (NC) tissue with adjuvant chemoradiation from 1997-2017 were selected for inclusion. Socioeconomic factors were collected through retrospective chart review. Variables associated with overall survival on univariate cox proportional hazards models (p&amp;lt;0.05) were selected for multivariate analysis. 272 patients (42.6% female, 14.3% minority) were included. On univariate logistic regression, older age (HR: 1.23, p&amp;lt;0.001), greater residual CE tissue (HR: 3.95, p&amp;lt;0.001), were associated with reduced survival. Greater extent of resection NCE tissue (HR 0.94, p=0.028), higher postoperative KPS (HR 0.89, p=0.034), and unemployment (HR: 0.67, p=0.022), were associated with longer overall survival. On multivariate analysis, age was associated with reduced survival (HR: 1.31, p&amp;lt;0.001), while unemployment (HR:0.69, p=0.049) was associated with longer overall survival. Subgroup multivariate analyses was performed dividing patients into those &amp;lt;65 (n=185, 45% female, 11.9% minority, 48% employed) and those ≥65 (n=87, 37% female, 14% minority, 20% employed). In the &amp;lt;65 cohort, protective factors included retirement (HR: 0.49 p=0.004), and unemployment (HR:.57, p=0.006). Older age (HR: 1.03, p=0.004), and greater residual CE tissue (HR: 1.16, p=0.03) continued to be associated with poorer survival. No variables correlated with outcomes in the ≥65 cohort. Active employment was associated with reduced survival in GBM patients treated with standard care, potentially serving as a proxy for access to subsequent treatment.

Human values behind intensive parenting

Abstract Intensive parenting (IP) is a contemporary parenting norm that emphasizes investing in children for their optimal growth and often strains parental resources. It demands centering family life around children and providing them with stimulating environments. Previous studies predominantly link IP to socioeconomic factors, overlooking its psychological determinants. Our research explores how support for IP is tied to individuals’ value systems. We use data from CRONOS online survey, conducted as a part of the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2016–2018. It covered over 1,500 people aged 18 and older. The survey included items that allowed the measurement of two central dimensions of IP: child-centeredness and stimulation (dependent variables in our study). To measure individuals’ values (our explanatory variables), we use ESS Schwartz’s value scale. Our analyses also controlled for key socioeconomic variables (country, sex, age, education, parity). Regression analysis reveals that tradition and security values positively correlate with both dimensions of intensive parenting, highlighting motivations to preserve traditions and ensure a secure future for children. Centering family’s life around children is additionally linked to benevolence, while the stimulation dimension – to achievement and (negatively) to universalism. This suggests that different aspects of IP may be motivated to some extent differently. Highlights • Childrearing standard of intensive parenting (IP) is tied to human values. • Importance of tradition and security is a shared core for different aspects of IP. • Child-centeredness ties additionally to caring for family wellbeing. • Providing children with stimulation appears to be additionally fueled by the need of achievement. • Depending on how IP is motivated, it may carry different consequences for children and parents.

EFFECTS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE ON FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed the effect of health expenditure on the food security status of rural households in Ogun State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 120 rural households in the study area. Data was collected from the respondents with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview guide. Descriptive statistics, food security index, cost of illness procedure and binary logit regression model were the analytical techniques used for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that majority (79.2%) of the respondent were male, married (90.8%), with a mean household size of 5 persons. Also, the mean age of the respondents was found to be 54 years with most of them involved in farming as their major occupation. Findings also revealed that majority of the rural households suffered from various illnesses such as malaria, waist/back pain, fever, high blood pressure, rheumatism and other illnesses with an average estimated cost of illness (₦45, 973.68 per month). The results of the food security status of the rural households revealed that a higher percentage (53.3%) of the rural households were food insecure. Factors found to significantly affect the food security status of the rural households were cost of illness (p&lt;0.1) and other socio-economic variables such as education (p&lt;0.1), income (p&lt;0.05) and sex of the household head (p&lt;0.01). Therefore, this study recommends that government should subsidize the cost of drugs and other medical expenses for poor households particularly those in the rural areas in order to reduce their financial burden on health care and increase their economic access to food.

Associations Between Biodiversity, Forest Characteristics, Distance to Blue Space and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity—Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

We studied how the quantity and quality of residential green spaces and distance to different types of blue spaces are associated with the accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) among adults with different levels of total daily PA. The associations of the participants’ socio-demographic and personal characteristics and environmental features with light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were analyzed using linear mixed models (n = 5470). The results indicated that greater residential forest area was associated with higher LPA among those with high level of total daily PA and with less MVPA among those with low level of total daily PA. Environments with high tree stand structure diversity or close to sea were associated with higher MVPA in high PA group. Varied natural environment can encourage leisure time activities in nearby nature, but individuals’ personal and socioeconomic variables seemed to be more strongly associated with LPA and MVPA than environmental characteristics.

Space–Time Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Socioeconomic and Demographic Variables in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

Space–Time Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Socioeconomic and Demographic Variables in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

Value networks, consolidation, and risks of an agricultural territory

Objective: Producer and marketer value networks in an agricultural land in Veracruz, Mexico were identified and characterized, to determine its consolidation level (primary, emergent, potential, or combined), as well as to detect risks and to establish an improvement proposal. Design/Methodology/Approach: An area of the Altas Montañas Veracruz, Mexico was used for the experiment. Surveys were conducted with producers (n=131) and marketers (n=42) of agricultural produce. Socioeconomic, environmental, technical, commercial, and chain link variables were analyzed to detect risks, opportunities, and revaluations. The study was carried out with the RStudio v. 4.3.3 software. Results: Six producer value networks and three marketer value networks were identified. Socioeconomic, environmental, commercial, and technological risks were detected. However, public health risks were different depending on the application of raw manure. Chayote and avocado have displaced other crops. The revaluation proposals for emergent and potential producer and marketer networks were focused on technical support (i.e., commercialization and generational change).