Idea Of Society Research Articles

Crowd Control and Mobilization with Nature in the China–Hong Kong Context

Abstract This essay examines how crowd empowerment and its control inscribe the agency of nonhuman nature in the social movement and the governmental strategy within the context of China–Hong Kong connections. Concerning the 2019 Hong Kong protest movement, it examines how the agency is dispersed among the interactions of human crowds and nonhuman forces in particular environments. Humans look to nature as a source of inspiration for their conduct, even if nature is never one thing. As the notions of nature are mediated by culturally specific prejudices, people only talk about their society's ideas about nature when they talk about “nature” and any appeals to nature are highly ideological. In the first part, the essay discusses the excessive use of tear gas to weaponize the atmosphere functions as a medium and message that articulates a communicative politics connecting the protesters and the larger community for interaffective attunement. The atmospheric change unravels an attunement to possibilities opening to some people who throw themselves to be affected and push a situation into an event. In the second part, the essay analyzes how the collective climbing of Lion Rock, a mountain symbolizing the ethos and values of the Hong Kong community, during the protest movement transcends the physical limitation of the protesters’ perception to an expanded view and a higher status beyond human to confront a changing and incommensurable world below.

Social messages toward women living with spouses who have alcohol use disorder

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored the perceptions, lived experiences, and coping approaches of women who live with spouses who have alcohol use disorder (AUD) in response to implicit and explicit messages from professionals and others in their environment.BackgroundWomen who live with a spouse with AUD are affected by their spouses' behavior and experience high levels of mental stress. These women are viewed as problem‐solvers and rescuers, on the one hand, or as enablers and “codependents” on the other. These attitudes may reflect society's ideas of women's gender‐related caretaking role.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted with 12 women whose spouses had a diagnosis of lifetime AUD.ResultsContent analysis yielded three themes regarding the kinds of messages the women received: responsible and guilty, distanced and silenced, and reinforced and supported. The women indicated internalization of these messages and expressed they felt guilty, ashamed, and excluded, but in some cases, strengthened.ConclusionSociety and the people around these women bear responsibility for the negative images they internalize.ImplicationsAwareness of the implicit and explicit messages conveyed to these women is needed. Specific interventions should be designed to validate their difficulties and support them.

Особливості діяльності громадських організацій в контексті формування правової ідеології у транзитивних суспільствах

The article defines the peculiarities of the activities of public organizations in the context of the formation of legal ideology in transitive societies. It is noted that as a social phenomenon, legal ideology needs to be considered in at least two aspects: ontological and epistemological. In the ontological aspect, ideology appears as one of the basic socio-legal institutions, and in the epistemological aspect, the study of ideology involves the study of ideological and legal components of Ukrainian society. It was found that legal ideology is a structured and embodied at the theoretical and practical level, a scientifically based system of society's ideas about legal validity, which, thanks to the formation of legal values and goals, can influence people's legal awareness and the development of social and state life. It is concluded that the transition to the purposeful formation of democratic ideology and legal awareness, and accordingly to the legal and democratic state, depends on many factors. One of them, in our opinion, is the formation of a national idea. Among other factors, it should be noted the stabilization of the political and economic situation in the country, the increase in the level of legal education of the population, which is repeatedly updated by legal scholars.

Peculiarities of normative formation of the idea of the publicity of the judicial process in the territory of Ukraine as a constitutional principle

In the article, the author examines the peculiarities of the normative consolidation of the principle of glasnost in the legal monuments of various historical stages of the formation of the Ukrainian state, attention is drawn to the approaches to society's perception of norms regarding certain elements of glasnost judicial proceedings in different periods in the history of the development of Ukrainian law. It was established that the reflection of the idea of the publicity as a value and need of society dates back to ancient times and through certain aspects can be traced in legal sources from Kyivan Rus. Attention is drawn to the fact that the legal sources that extended their influence to Ukrainian lands established the requirements of "publicity", "publicness", "openness", orality of judicial proceedings, the implementation of which influenced the formation and further development of society's ideas about the court and the judiciary, contributed to the strengthening of the request society for a fair trial, and therefore the development of the idea of transparency of the judicial process.
 At the level of constitutional and legal regulation, the publicity of the judicial process for a long time did not find its full and comprehensive recognition, legal consolidation precisely as one of the main principles of the judiciary, because the principle of "openness" of the consideration of cases was consistently proclaimed in the studied constitutional acts, which cannot be considered a complete reflection of all aspects of the principle of judicial transparency. Instead, the category of "glasnost" of the judicial process is studied at the level of legal doctrine, mostly actively researched in scientific works devoted to issues of procedural law, the judicial system and the judiciary. Although the constitutional norms did not contain a reference to the concept of "openness", in many scientific works, researchers defined the openness of judicial proceedings as a fundamental constitutional principle, relying on the constitutional norms on the openness of court hearings.
 With the adoption of the Constitution of Independent Ukraine, the publicity of the judicial process as a broader constitutional and legal requirement for the administration of justice was enshrined in the system of the basic principles of the judiciary.

A Critical Discourse Analysis for Advertisements in Instagram: Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger and H&M

Online Advertising has a significant influence in this modern century; because of this, famous companies effectively use online advertisements to introduce their products. Such as Calvin Klein, H&M, and Tommy Hilfiger are some famous brand companies that use advertisements on social media for their marketing strategies. Those companies have influential followers on Instagram, and they reach many people around the world. Thus, they use online media to sell their products and deliver their cultural values to reach the target audiences. Namely, famous brand companies want to be part of the social changes. Because of this, they use visual and verbal discursive strategies for their advertisements to influence and change socio-cultural values and stereotypes of people. In other words, advertisers use discursive language to persuade people to buy beliefs, values, and ideas besides commercial products. The visual and verbal language in online advertisements reveals the hidden meanings of stereotypes: body image, racism, and LGBT rights. Therefore, the qualitative analysis method uses to analyze the brands' advertisements. As a qualitative method, the writer applies the Critical Discourse Analysis to reveal the hidden meanings of Tommy Hilfiger, H&M, Calvin Klein’s Instagram Advertisement Photos. The analysis and interpretation reveal that advertisers use different people to show that those companies think about everyone and want to reach everyone. The body type is not essential, and consumers can find different sizes of clothes. In addition, advertisers promote different body images to shape society's ideas to purchase their products and show like celebrities, who are confident, happy with their color, body size, sexual orientation, and ethnic minorities. Even visual and verbal languages show that differences are beautiful and make you forget/remove your boundaries to be free.

Transformation of Canadian society's ideas about the geopolitical situation in the world (1945–1949)

Transformation of Canadian society's ideas about the geopolitical situation in the world (1945–1949)

“Boys Will Be Boys” or Budding Criminal: Differentiating Youthful Offenders

The issue of serious juvenile crime often challenges Western society's ideas about both the nature of human development and the nature of justice. This article examines the criteria legal decision-makers use to differentiate youthful offenders for the purpose of placement in rehabilitative or crime-control-focussed systems, in particular highlighting Victoria's unique dual-track system in Australia. The underlying factors considered to be relevant in these cases are identified as the age of the offender and subsequent maturity/impressionability, treatability of the offender, character, and characteristics of the offence that elevates its perceived seriousness – particularly vicious or uncommon features. The Risk-Sophistication-Treatment-Inventory (RST-I), an instrument designed in the United States, is identified as a potential tool for meeting the specific needs of mental health professionals who provide advice to courts on matters of youthful offender placements. However, cross-cultural limitations of the RST-I are highlighted.

Masculinities, Plural

Masculinity cannot be regarded as a single entity. Both within Western culture and across cultures, a wide variety of masculinities are easily observable. Yet masculinity is so often contrasted with femininity that the many differences among men are at times obscured. To in part correct this deficiency, various "psychologies" of men are explored, as well as the cultural components that shape a society's ideas of what constitutes masculinity. Male heterosexuality and homosexuality are also examined, as are a number of the fantasies and fears that men typically experience. What cannot be left out of any exploration of male psychology are those sources of strength that permit so many men to fiercely protect their families and, when called upon, to fight their country's wars. Nonetheless, the differences between individual men are significant and can even be said to be vast.

Mexican Union Women and the Social Construction of Women's Labor Rights

While much has been written about organized labor's role in strengthening democratic rule and citizenship in Latin America, little research has been done on its role in expanding women's citizenship rights. A society's ideas about citizenship and the rights that reflect these ideas are not simply granted by the state. Rather, they result from civil society's continued discourse and struggle with and against the state. For traditionally marginalized members of a society such as women, this organized social discourse and struggle is an essential means of contributing to social dialogue about what citizenship should be and demanding the creation or enforcement of citizenship rights that reflect that dialogue. Union women in Mexico City have promoted changes in union culture and Mexico's federal labor law so that both more effectively protect the fundamental equality of women workers.

The Practice of Clinical Medicine in a Rural Area Importance and Perspective

1) Japan made a remarkable recovery from ashes in the aftermath of World War II due to the people's effort to rebuild their lives and policy markers strong leadership. Moreover, great progress in medicine improved the quality of life.2) A sweeping change in the living environment brought about a salient change in “disease structure.” There is no major difference between diseases endemic in the rural area and those in urban area.3) Services provided by hospitals affiliated Koseiren (the Agricultural Cooperation for Health and Welfare) include internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, orthopedics and obstetrics and gynecology. Medical services are provided by expert doctors in each department, and their mission is to improve the quality of rural medicine.4) Apart from department-wise treatment, there is an interdisciplinary system making it easier for clinicians in different departments to cooperate. More attention should therefore be given to medical practices by these clinicians. Clinical medicine needs not be considered a particular type of practice in a rural setting. Rural medicine should be included in the category of general medicine.5) Unlike teaching hospitals affiliated with a university, Koseiren hospitals have an extensive range of services including treatment of common diseases (eg, common cold or diarrhea, etc.), primary care, prevention of the three most common causes of death, treatment of lifestyle-related diseases, emergency treatment, a routine health checkup, home-visit nursing care services and home care. Given the present status surrounding a rural hospital which offers extensive services, young clinicians should no longer be equally encouraged to embrace the traditional idea of rural medicine. They should rather make better use of their expertise in the management of community-based medical services.6) Studies on clinical medicine have gradually outnumberd those on rural medicine in the collection of lectures given at the general meeting of the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine (JARM) since its establishment indicating a change in the trend of rural medicine.7) A course in rural medicine is not offered by the faculty of medicine in Japanese universities, which indicates that Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology underestimates the importance of rural medicine.8) Rural medicine dedicated to maintaining and improving the health of the rural populace is not related to the declining tendency of agriculture and rural population as a result of irresponsible Japanese agricultural administration. Rural clinicians are not responsible for that.9) There is no point in discussing a definition of rural medicine usually influeneced by the thought, career and religious idea of those who govern. From my standpoint as a director of a community general hospital, I think clinical medicine should cover a broad range of areas.10) Last but not least, my strongest hope is that an increasing number of young researchers will be interested in rural medicine besides pursuing their interests im their own area of expertise, and will be enrolled a members of the JARM. With a reduced number of members, the society's idea will die. I will follow the way that the JARM changes over time hoping for its further develpoment.

The boundless body: Cultural perspectives on xenotransplantation

Today's technology is able to intervene in biological processes in a highly concrete way. Technology thus shapes and reshapes our world in a very special way, not just biologically but also culturally. This raises questions relevant to the cultural sciences. In this article I discuss biotechnology and cultural transformation by considering xenotransplantation. The focus is on patients who have received animal cells, and on their attempts to make it possible to handle both medical interventions and society's ideas about these technologies. This requires a shift from discourse analysis to a more action‐oriented analysis: to capture how people live the discourse. In this context, I view people's bodies as meeting places for different figures of thought and practices. My initial assumption is that this requires a demystification of the body, that is, interpretations proceeding from diversity and flexibility rather than fixed categories.

Skillnad mellan ideal och praktik i förälskelsen

In modern society we expect conple relationships to be based on love, preceded by a time of infatnation. This emotion is likely to be percepted as unique, at the same time it is part of our society's idea about love and conple relationship. This artide compares ideas of falling in love with personal experiences of falling in love. What do people mean by "falling in love"? Are there any differences between men and women's ideas of, and experiences from, falling in love? And, in that case, how does that inflnence the constitution of a heterosexnal relation of love? The artide is based on qnalitative interwievs with six women and five men. The analysis of the interwievs shows that the informants share a common ideal abont falling in love, but that their personal experiences are gender-specific. The moment the informants have tried to transform their ideal into everyday-life practice they have failed. The reason for this is that they have tried to transform a gender- neutral ideal in to a gender-divided reality.

Family Therapy in the Postmodern Era

The purpose of this article is to chronicle theoretical developments and clinical trends that have emerged in profession of marriage and family therapy in recent years, an historical period so marked by transition and new ways of seeing world that popular press has dubbed it Postmodern era. On simplest level, transition from recent modern era to postmodern era is marked by a flagging societal belief in one absolute, fixed reality for all people and an increasing acknowledgment that our culture embodies an infinite variety of equally valid ways to view world (Anderson, 1990). Gone for increasing numbers of people are fixed standards that have historically divided right from wrong, decent from indecent, noble from savage. Family values, for increasing numbers of people, are less rooted in sacred principles of church and community than in a very private mix of personal, situational beliefs. The evolution of family therapy has been tremendously influenced by this postmodern environment in two ways. First of all, families are changing, partly due to increased prevalence of divorce and remarriage during last 20 years. Currently, over half of first marriages end in divorce, and projections show a full 67% of all recent first marriages may dissolve (Martin & Bumpass, 1989). Only half of all children living in U.S. will reach 18 having lived continuously with both biological parents (Furstenberg, Nord, Peterson, & Zill, 1983). Family diversity is evident in other ways as well; societal strictures have eased regarding gay and lesbian families, cohabitating families, bi-racial families, and a host of other family definitions. American society's idea of family and what constitutes family is seemingly open to new interpretation, and family therapists must recognize multiple perspectives as a matter of course. Secondly, over last decade, theories explaining how reality is processed, or how we come to know what we know, have seized imagination of family therapists and given field a rich metaphorical context for working with families in postmodern era. The most influential of these theories, second-order cybernetics, constructivism, and finally, social constructionism, have radically influenced current practice of family therapy. We will briefly discuss these theories, their common respect for language as medium of change, and then show how they are represented in four influential approaches to family therapy. POSTMODERN THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT Second-Order Cybernetics In early to mid-1980s, family therapists began to strain against basic cybernetic model (Weiner, 1948, 1961) that had informed work in field since 1960s. The original cybernetic model, sometimes referred to as first cybernetics or Post-order cybernetics, grew out of communication engineering and computer science and offered a coherent explanation of how systems of all kinds are regulated. Defined by Sluzki (1985) as the science of patterns of organization (p. 26), cybernetic model was useful for family therapists as a way to conceptualize how families (as systems) maintain their organization. This was a technical paradigm, and families were assumed to follow a discernible and disruptible pattern of self-correction which therapist, as an outside observer, could adjust through skillful and informed intervention. During 1980s, largely through influence of Chilean biologist Humberto Maturana's work in mechanics of perception, this traditional way of thinking about role of family therapist as a social-science engineer came into serious question. Maturana, writing with cognitive scientist Francisco Varela (1980) and other thinkers such as cybernetician Heinz von Foerster (1981), strongly challenged idea of objective observer. They postulated that we process information internally, and, therefore, reality as we know it is a construction of our own private and idiosyncratic way of organizing information rather than an accurate and universally true representation of what is out there. …

The Kerensky Phenomenon

Into every man's life comes his finest hour. This determines not only his present but also his future. Sometimes, the fate of an individual at his finest hour intertwines with the fate of a society at a turning point in its development. Then this person, one of many, becomes unique. It is as if he came out of the wings and onto the stage of history, to find himself the focus of public attention. An unusual, exceptional phenomenon comes into being, in which the mass consciousness perceives the individual as the embodiment of society's ideas or interests.

THE DESIGNS OF THE DECADE: Quantifying Design Impact Over Ten Years

THE INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS Society of America has built a tradition of honoring the best US‐designed products. To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Society's IDEA program, however, Kristina Goodrich developed a rather special competition. These awards wouldn't be for design excellence—that was a given. Now entrants had to distinguish themselves by the positive effects their products had on the bottom line. This is the story of the process, the winners, the hard numbers, and a few thoughts on what the honorees have in common.

Art Museums, Autonomy, and Canons

Museums influence society's ideas about canons in relation to art and the aesthetic. Such canons, as represented in museum exhibitions and col lections, have sometimes been criticized (often legitimately in my view) for exclusion of artists from some (unjustifiably marginalized) groups. These artists include members of racial minorities, women, and others. It may be objected that there is a danger in some such criticism. Group membership might, it may be said, come to matter too much in choices by museums, rather than what should matter, producing and appreciating work of the highest artistic or aesthetic value (work also satisfying other conditions of canonical status).1 When this objection arises, various fears are at issue. There may be, for example, concern that issues properly artistic and aesthetic are being politicized in such a way that objective value or its absence is being overlooked. There may be the related concern that revised judgments about canonical value are being forced upon us, or that we are being manipulated, perhaps; that such judgments are not freely decided upon. There are other fears, but these two are of special interest in this essay. I argue here, not for the elimination of canons, but for testing, challenging, and supplementing of currently dominant canons in museum contexts by a variety of means. The testing, etc., should include subjecting traditional canons to the competition (in museum contexts) of deviant and alternative canons, and valuable work of currently doubtful canonicity. I do not try to describe all the forms such testing, and so on, should take, but only some. Without testing, challenging, and supplementing, it seems to me, the dominant canons, fortified by the prestige and practices of influen tial museums, contribute to the imposition of illegitimate authority, a viola tion of respect for autonomy in judgments about art and the aesthetic. What autonomy is, and whose autonomy is at issue (including unjustifiably marginalized artists, and the public whose experience is narrowed) will be discussed more as we proceed. It should be said immediately that the unjustifiably marginalized ar tists, and the groups whose sensibility they often express, are definitely among those whose autonomy is damaged. Others, too, however, sometimes ignorant of the process of unjustifiable marginalization, and of the possibilities of alternative approaches to canons, lack appreciation of

Helene Stöcker and the Bund fuer Mutterschutz (The Society for the Protection of Motherhood)

The Society for the Protection of Motherhood (BfM) was the first organization in Germany to concern itself with a reform of sexual ethics and the transformation of the relationship between women and men—not only on a theoretical level but by actually providing support for single mothers and their children and initiating counselling centres to deal with sexual problems. At the same time, the BfM demanded legal equality for illegitimate children, the decriminalization of abortion and the right of women to sue for divorce. In raising these issues, the BfM trod on difficult ground since they were not ‘popular’ topics of discussion within German society around the turn-of-the-century. The chairwoman of the BfM, Helene Stöcker, who was among the first women to study and obtain a doctorate in Germany, put the Society's ideas into practice in her relationship of ‘free love and marriage’ with her partner, the lawyer Bruno Springer. Indeed, it was the policy of the BfM to encourage progressive men to join the organization and work in partnership with the women, while most of the other groups on the radical wing of the bourgeois women's movement chose to work autonomously from men. Over the years, the BfM's priorities changed and its members moved in different directions: while the ‘moderates’ wanted to retain the family as the nucleus of the state, the more radical members went in search of new forms of relationship, attempting thereby to expose society's double standard of morality.

Market Society and Meaning in Locke's Political Philosophy

Market Society and Meaning in Locke's Political Philosophy* E. J. HUNDERT LOCKE HAS TENDED TO LEAD separate, if not completely distinct lives in the history of political philosophy. According to one set of accounts, 1he expounded the liberal doctrine of constitutional guarantees for the maintenance of individual liberties , and defined the role of "government by consent" in contriving a legitimate polity. This was the view of Locke's adherents in the English-speaking world after the American Revolution, of some of the French philosophes and their continental associates after about 1750 and, in part, of his most subtle early opponents, Viscount Bolingbroke and Charles Leslie? Another set of accounts maintains that liberalism's most distinctive feature is its assertion of individual, pre-political property rights, and views this claim as part of a comprehensive social philosophy of the individual's place in society. Nineteenth-century radicals and reactionaries both often shared these opinions. They saw Locke providing in The Second Treatise philosophical foundations for the bourgeois, and hence liberal theory of society. Marx said that it was "the classical expression of bourgeois society's ideas of right against Feudal society, ''3 while George Fitzhugh, the most articulate defender of American slavery, thought that virtually all "modern social reformers.., proceding upon the theory of Locke... propose to dissolve and disintegrate society. TM Each of these readings has ample textual support, but the "constitutionalist" interpretation seems the least convincing historically. Its narrow focus of concern almost precludes a way to comprehend how Locke, the defender of natural liberties against intrusions by government, the man who claimed that all men were born free, in "a State of Equality," could at the same time argue for strict governmental regulation of economic life, and propose a policy of hard labor, whipping and even torture for that large segment of the population which he thought led an animal existence and were *A slightlydifferent version of this paper was presented to The Society For the Study of the History of Philosophy at Northwestern University,Evanston, Illinois,on April 26, 1975.I wishto thank members of The Society, and particularly Paul J. Johnson, California State College, San Bernardino, for their comments and criticisms. For example, J. W. Gough,John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1956);and M. Seliger, The Liberal Politics of John Locke (London, 1968). 2See LouisHartz, The Liberal Tradition inAmerica (NewYork, 1955);Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (London, 1970),passim; Viscount Bolingbroke, The Philosophical Essays, Fragment XIII, in Works (Philadelphia, 1841),vol. IV; and Charles Leslie, The Finishing Stroke (1711), the first systematic criticism of The Second Treatise. 3Karl Marx, Theories of SurlHus Value (Moscow, n.d.), p. 356; see also, pp. 354-355. 4 Cannibals All, ed. C. Van Woodward (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), p. 71, cited in John Dunn, "The Politics of Locke in England and America in the Eighteenth Century," in John Yolton, ed.,John Locke: Problems and Perspectives (Cambridge, 1969),pp. 78-79,n. 5, [331 34 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY prone to idleness, irrational outburst and riot s Moreover, Locke's views about the poor were, if anything, conventional at the time he expressed them. No one, to my knowledge, thought these ideas contradicted his politics until the very end of the eighteenth century when the terms "liberal," "liberalism," and "liberalist" acquired their modern meanings6and Locke was appropriated as the philosophical instructor of the "school" to which Mill, for example, said he belonged in the essay on "Coleridge" (1840). Before about 1790, English government publicists, and even Burke, gave Locke's name the official stamp of the distinctly illiberal Whig oligarchy ,7while Opposition ideologues wrote in the political language of Cicero, Machiavelli , Harrington and Montesquieu rather than Locke's? In America this same constellation of "republican" ideas which championed "virtue" over and against "acquisitiveness" and "commerce" had an even greater force. It set the terms of political debate well into the Revolutionary period. Madison's argument in Federalist Paper no. 10 then took on the status of official doctrine, enlarged into the nineteenthcentury mythology of a liberal American political tradition whose sources were almost completely Lockean. Government, in this view, could not control acquisitiveness -the source of faction--but was obliged...

Man's Tools and Man's Choices: The Confrontation of Technology and Political Science

Technology is such a pervasive element of contemporary human life that we usually are no more conscious of it than of air we breathe. Technology is nothing new. From time first proto-man started using sharp rocks for weapons or tools, technology has reflected and shaped society's ideas and institutions. What is new is dominant role of technology in modern society. If one accepts definition of technology as the institutionalization of utilitarian norms, centering on the application of rational principles to control and reordering of space, matter and human beings,' one recognizes that rise of technology is virtually synonymous with what is often termed development or modernization. Technology is application of principles of science-knowledge for its own sake-to human concerns. Because of ubiquity of technology in modern society and its long history as a force in human life most social scientists have tended to take technology for granted, dealing with it as one of many variables which affect or are affected by human behavior, but not as