Society In Iran Research Articles

Introduction: propagandas, cultural production, and negotiating ideology in Iran

ABSTRACT This special issue focuses on the vast field of propagandas in Iran resulting from the dynamic between state-sponsored cultural production and its audiences. Propagandas emerge when motifs of classical regime propaganda diffuse into the arts, film, and literature to develop an independent existence detached from the strategies of regime messaging, thereby shaping ideological negotiations and contestations across society. Since its founding in 1979, the Islamic Republic has relied on propaganda to (semi-) systematically advance and establish a political and ideological agenda in order to build a coherent grand narrative of what the ‘essence’ of life in Iran should be. However, the constant urge to maintain ideological uniformity in the face of domestic and international crises, as well as evolving technology, such as smartphones and social media, has required regime actors to rethink, redeploy, and rearrange the content and methods of their propaganda. This rebirthing and upgrading of state propaganda into new forms and meanings has been met with resistance, subversion, and assimilation. The articles in this special issue highlight how state propaganda–and its afterlives–is a key venue for the struggle over identity and ideology between state and society in Iran.

The effect of economic and social factors on the suicidal behavior of society in Iran (with emphasis on risk and economic instability)

The effect of economic and social factors on the suicidal behavior of society in Iran (with emphasis on risk and economic instability)

English Language Teaching Problems in the Nomadic Society in Iran

Education occupies the center stage in human life. Therefore, the importance of education has been adequately documented in the literature. In spite of the important role played by nomadic society in Iran, this society seems to be a neglected part of this Islamic country. When it comes to teaching English the problem becomes severe. Therefore, this study was carried out to highlight the burning issues ahead of English language teaching in the nomadic society in Iran. In order to go to the roots of problems in teaching and learning English in nomadic schools, researchers interviewed some English teachers and stakeholders in the nomadic educational center in Lorestan. Moreover, to find the possible differences between nomadic and non-nomadic students in terms of learning English as a foreign language, a total number of 75 nomadic students and 80 non-nomadic students participated in this study. Independent sample t-test was used to find the differences between the mean scores of two groups of students. The results of the study showed that the main obstacles in the way of English language learning in nomads are: formal school, Curriculum, student related problems, teachers-related problems, learning facilities and technological equipment, under norm problem and multimethod-multilevel classes.

Examination of Cultural Components of Spouse Selection Based on Iranian Culture: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Among the ways to improve the culture and values of Islamic society in Iran is identifying and introducing important components of spouse selection. Understanding these components can lead to the selection of a suitable spouse and prevent common mistakes in this area. Therefore, the present study aims to examine educational components of spouse selection in Iranian society.
 Methods: This qualitative study had an exploratory-descriptive nature and used the grounded theory and systematic Strauss and Corbin methods simultaneously to collect, execute, and analyze data. The research population included all family counselors, faculty members, and managers of counseling centers involved in marriage education and counseling in Yazd in 2022. Therefore, 32 participants were selected using purposive sampling as the research sample. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews which were recorded.
 Results: The results of open coding showed that out of 254 extracted propositions, 27 concepts were obtained in the form of 11 categories. Through axial coding, 5 main components (awareness of the philosophy of marriage, smart selection, literacy about marriage, rational-emotional strategies, and valuable style of marriage) were identified by integrating and connecting the categories. Selective coding also presented its final theory by designing a paradigmatic framework in a diagrammatic form.
 Conclusion: Identifying dimensions and components of spouse selection can facilitate the assessment and evaluation of young individuals on the brink of marriage by pre-marital counselors and couple therapists. This will help the young people make vital and important decisions in choosing a life partner.

A Research on Effective Factors, Strategies and Consequences on the Link between School and Society in Iran

A Research on Effective Factors, Strategies and Consequences on the Link between School and Society in Iran

The national health program for vitamin D supplementation in a developing country

Previous studies have reported a high frequency of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) among different age groups in Iran. In this study, the current coverage, status of vitamin D supplement taking, and program efficacy have been evaluated by the Office of Nutrition Department Society in Iran since 2014. This study was conducted in collaboration with the International UNESCO center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition and the Office of Nutrition Department Society. Sixty three medical universities were included in the current study to calculate the availability, accessibility and acceptability coverages. Furthermore, 3 medical universities including Mashhad (MUMS), Qom (QUMS) and Zahedan (ZAUMS) University of Medical Sciences were selected based on the results of the National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012 (NIMS-II study), in order to assess the status of vitamin D supplement intake in all age ranges. Quantitative analysis showed that availability coverage was 74.96% and 77.56% and accessibility was 80.70% and 83.26% in elderly and middle-aged subjects, respectively in 2018. The acceptability was approximately 43.7% and 43.9% among elderly and middle-aged participants, respectively. The availability and acceptability coverage was 80.99% and 85.0% among students in high schools. The mean vitamin D supplement uptake frequency was 27.0% (n=387); 20.7% and 29.2% in rural and urban area, respectively (P=0.001). The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum vitamin D levels between urban (20.41±6.43ng/ml) and rural areas, (P=0.887). There was no significant difference in the serum vitamin D concentrations between men and women (P=0.461). The frequency of taking vitamin D supplements was 27.0% in Iran in 2018. The frequency of taking of vitamin D supplements among vitamin D deficient group (serum vitamin D levels <19.99ng/ml) was 43.6%. Lack of knowledge was the most important reason for not taking vitamin D supplement. Moreover, the serum vitamin D levels have increased in subjects aged 18-30 years old after the implementation of the vitamin D supplementary program.

Between the sacred and the profane: conflicts between football and sharia in Iran

The present article illuminates an aspect of relations between religion and society in Iran that has so far received scant scholarly attention. It describes and analyzes the interaction between religious law in Iran and football, to wit, what solutions the regime tries to find for cases in which religious law comes into conflict with the game's huge popularity, for example: how should Iran act when reaching the world finals means playing on the most solemn day of mourning in the Shiite calendar? What should female Iranian athletes do if participation in international tournaments means they would have to remove the hijab? In what way are male players allowed to celebrate a goal? May they adopt Western-style fashions (haircuts, clothes) like their counterparts elsewhere? And are superstitions, witchcraft and magic allowed in connection with the game?

Information society of Iran in comparison to Turkey: progress and achievements

The formation of an information society is the driving factor behind the overall growth of countries. This study is an attempt to draw a comparison between the progress of Iran and Turkey in building an information society based on the International Communication Union Reports from 2012 to 2019. A comparative method was employed to measure the information society in Iran and Turkey. To analyse the progress of Iran and Turkey accurately, the present study was built on the statistics and rankings of Measuring Information Society Reports (MISR) from 2012 to 2017, as well as the 2018 and 2019 Measuring Digital Development Reports, which replaced MISR due to the change the Union's approach. The findings demonstrated that Iran, despite the rapid growth of its IDI index score compared to its regional competitors in 2017, and despite being presented as one of the most active countries in the field of the information society, is ranked 11th among the Southwest Asian countries, trailing Turkey which ranked 8th. Furthermore, according to the 2019 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) report, Iranian users have paid less for internet access than Turkish users, and the internet speed and bandwidth available to Iranians is much less than Turkish users.

Cost analysis of breast cancer: a comparison between private and public hospitals in Iran

BackgroundsBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. Breast cancer imposes a considerable economic burden on the health system. This study aimed to compare the cost of breast cancer among patients who referred to private and public hospitals in Iran (2017).MethodsThis was a prevalence-based cost of illness study. A total of 179 patients were selected from private and public hospitals using the census method. The researcher-constructed checklist was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.ResultsThe estimated total mean (SD) direct cost of patients who referred to the private hospital and the public hospital was $10,050 (19,480) and $3960 (6780), respectively. Further, the total mean indirect cost of patients who referred to the private hospital was lower than those referring to the public hospital at $1870 (15 % of total costs) and $22,350 (85 % of total costs), respectively. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBreast cancer imposes a substantial cost on patients, health insurance organizations and the whole society in Iran. Therefore, the adoption of effective measures for the prevention and early diagnosis of breast cancer is urgently needed.

National innovation system for diabetes and metabolic disorders can promote biomedical research accountability; a literature review and designing a conceptual framework

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and health challenges in most countries and Iran. There is a domestic need to design an innovation system for healthcare through the integration of science and related industries in the country to overcome its specific challenges and complications. The present research aims to review the existing literature and experiences in designing a national innovation system in the field of diabetes and metabolic disorders to improve the research accountability in this field based on society’s real needs. Four steps were carried out as an examination of challenges and costs of diabetes, a thorough review of relevant literature and expert opinion, investigation of the status of research responsiveness to the real needs of society In Iran and the world, examination the types, components and the requirements of innovation systems and designing the National Innovation System for diabetes and metabolic disorders in Iran. We identified ten components for diabetes and metabolic disorders innovation system, which were classified under four categories. The effective communication of 10 components, which are included in this study, is an essential element that can play a vital role in the effectiveness of diabetes and metabolic disorders innovation system in order to meet the community needs. Moreover, these components were categorized by experts in four groups of policymaking, financing, research and development, and education, as the functions of the National Innovation System for diabetes and metabolic disorders in Iran.

Nobuaki Kondo. Islamic Law and Society in Iran (a social history of Qajar Tehran)

Cet ouvrage de Nobuaki Kondo represente une contribution majeure aux champs d’etudes du systeme judiciaire qajar et des fondations pieuses de mainmorte (vaqf) dans le contexte urbain. L’auteur exploite une riche documentation en persan qui contient des documents prives, des rapports administratifs, des inventaires de propriete, des livres fiscaux ainsi que les registres inedits des deux juristes-theologiens (mojtahed) – Shaykh Fazlolllah Nuri (m. 1909) et Sayyed Mohammad Sadeq Sangelaji (m. 1...

Comparing Tuberculosis Incidence in a Prison with the Society, Tehran, Iran

Objectives: We conducted this study to compare the tuberculosis (TB) incidence in an Iranian prison with the society in Iran. Methods: In this present study, we investigated the incidence of TB among prisoners versus the society by an age range of 23 to 49 years. We used an active case finding (ACF) strategy as a screening method to find TB suspected prisoners in the Great Tehran Prison from October 2013 to May 2014. Results: In the total of 5865 prisoners, only nine patients were diagnosed with TB while 2263 out of 4503516 individuals of the society had TB in this period of time. Statistical analyses showed that out of 100,000 people there were 153.5 patients detected in the prison and 5.02 patients in the society. Therefore, the incidence of TB in the prison was significantly more than the society (P < 0.0001). The ratio of TB incidence in the prison to the society was 30.6 (95% CI: 16 - 58). Conclusions: The incidence of TB in prisons is significantly more than society. Thus, TB management needs providing preventive measures such as intensifying case findings in prisons.

Evaluate the Relationship Between Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Sustainable Development (Case Study: Fasa County Rural Areas)

Agriculture has determining and fundamental roles in the fate of the rural society in Iran. Also, it is unlikely that rural development can be achieved without having a logical and established solution for rural agriculture. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sustainable agriculture and sustainable development in rural regions of Fasa County. The research method of the study is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection is based on survey method (completing questionnaire). The study population comprised all heads of households living in Fasa villages. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated as 285 participants who were selected randomly and questionnaires were distributed among them. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach α was used. In the study, the statistical model of SEM and the first order confirmatory factor analysis were used for analyzing data. The results indicate the validity of both models of measurement of rural development and sustainable agriculture as well as the first order two-factor model for the relationship between rural sustainable development and sustainable agriculture as well as their goodness of fit with the collected data. According to this analysis, indicators of sustainable agriculture have generally more significant direct effects on rural sustainable development than the reverse conditions in this relationship.

The Impact of Globalization on Development of Civil Society in Iran with an Emphasis on Political Parties &amp; the Press

&lt;p&gt;Globalization as an emerging and pervasive phenomenon has had a significant impact on various aspects of human life. Development and influence of this phenomenon have been accelerated as a result of the Soviet Union’s collapse, the spread of neo-liberal economics and communications, and information revolution since 1980s. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the effect of globalization on two important institutions of civil society. Another purpose of the recent research is answering a question regarding globalization as a new and inclusive phenomenon. This question can be considered as “How globalization affects the development of Iran’s civil society especially the press and political parties?” This question has been formed because previous studies indicated that globalization has led to the development of political parties and the press in Iran as a result of political culture development. To substantiate this question, dimensions and the process of its impacts in Iran have been studied in this research. Also, the impact of globalization on political culture, parties, and the press has been evaluated in this research.&lt;/p&gt;

A Sociological Reconstruction of Memory, The case of Iranian Exile

It has been 36 years since exiled Iranians who were eliminated from society in Iran settled in Europe and in the world and found safety in exile. How can we assess their memory? How does memory construct and modify over the course of time? How can life trajectories and social processes affect and transform their memory? The response to these questions inevitably leads us towards an analysis of the social dynamics of memory. What we have to contend with is not just a simple recording of memories pulled from oral histories. Our research is mainly centered on a sociological analysis of memory. This paper locates itself at a crossroads between two methodologies: The first has been gleaned from E. Goffman’s concept of “moral career” and the second is heavily inspired by M. Halbwach’s sociology where: New social frameworks shatter memory. For this reason, the supposed “collective” and “homogenous” memory, forged during the Iranian revolution of 1979 and shown to be ultimately subjective, cannot be conserved intact in exile. In point of fact, memory breaks down progressively when the social frameworks for individual resocialization exploit different places of exile. Memory then transforms itself with due respect to the new social environments, and this is a specific feature of the life trajectories of those exiled. This paper is a result of our research on the subjectivity of 200 Iranian political migrants carried out since our thesis in 2003 in seven countries, Turkey (Istanbul), France (Paris, Toulouse, Montpellier), Germany (Cologne), England (London), Hungry (Budapest), Austria (Vienna).

The Unfolding of Unreason: Javad Tabatabai's Idea of Political Decline in Iran

Javad Tabatabai, a leading theorist and historian of political thought in Iran, has presented a controversial theory regarding the causes of the decline of political thought and society in Iran over the last few centuries. His ideas on Iranian decline have affected the intellectual debates on modernity and democracy currently underway in Iran. Tabatabai's career-long research has revolved around this question: “What conditions made modernity possible in Europe and led to its abnegation in Iran?” He answers this question by adopting a “Hegelian approach” that privileges a philosophical reading of history on the assumption that philosophical thought is the foundation and essence of any political community and the basis for any critical analysis of it as well. This article critically engages with Tabatabai's ideas of “crisis,” and “decline” by challenging his exposition of the Persian tradition.

Rethinking Digital Technologies in the Middle East

In 2003, while a graduate student working on my dissertation, I wrote an article on the Internet in postrevolutionary Iran that looked at the politics of the emerging technology in a country undergoing major political changes. In the context of political rivalries between reformists and conservatives, the Internet, I argued, “as an advancing means of communication,” played a key role in the struggle for democracy by opening up a virtual space of dissident activism. Euphoric in spirit and utopian in outlook, the article ended with the following quotation from an Iranian dissident: “At night, every light that is on in Tehran shows that somebody is sitting behind a computer, driving through information roads; and that is in fact a storehouse of gunpowder that, if ignited, will start a great firework in the capital of the revolutionary Islam.” These “information roads,” I concluded, could play a significant role in the emergence of a new form of political society in Iran and beyond.

Social Ideas in Poetry of Four Female Contemporary Poet (Parvin Etesami, Forough Farokhzad, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Simin Behbahani)

This artile with social view point is going to study the social thought of Forough’s poem, specially based of female, freedom, tradition and modernity. It focuses on these features of Forough’s poem from a different point of view towards social issues. This article studies the social meanings of Forough’s poem that are specialized for her. It tries to show the feminism poem which is unique in Iran. After these survey, the article tries to assert that Forough Frokhzad is the most social female poet in Iran; Forough with her courage and boldness used a kind of norm breaking through her poems and speak about social issues. So she could omit some of taboos that belongs to feminine society in Iran.

Average Military Service Length and Soldiers’ General Health

: Background: Military service constitutes a stressful phase of an individual’s life, which can have psychological consequences and affect both their mental and physical health. Different variables in this regard have been examined so far, but the role of average length of service has gone unnoticed to a great extent. Objectives: As a result, the present study was an attempt to examine the effect of military service length on soldiers’ mental health assessed by the use of the four subscales present in the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 28). Patients and Methods: Seven-hundred soldiers from three different randomly selected military bases in the North, Center, and South of Iran took part in the present study. Data were collected on the participants’ demographical information as well as their general health condition using GHQ-28. Results: Nearly 11 percent of the participants were diagnosed as having psychological disorders. The average service length for those diagnosed with psychological disorders was found to be 14.36 months (SD = 2.93), while it was only 8.5 months (SD = 1.89) in the case of healthy soldiers. Depressive symptoms were the most common problem among soldiers, with anxiety and social dysfunction standing second and third, respectively. The difference between the two groups’ length of service was found statistically significant in the case of all the three constructs being examined (p depression = 0.00, p anxiety = 0.03, p social dysfunctioning = 0.01). Conclusions: Soldiers represent a major proportion of the male population in the society in Iran, and their health condition can indicate the society’s general health condition. However, it seems that as one’s length of service increases, the risk of suffering from psychological disorders is raised, which threatens the whole society’s psychological health conditions. The results of the present study imply that in order to have healthier individuals in the army and the society as a result, authorities need to take action.

John Curtis, St John Simpson (eds.). The world of Achaemenid Persia

La publication de la conference tenue au British Museum en 2005, a l’occasion de l’exposition « Forgotten Empire, The world of Ancient Persia », a abouti a une splendide publication qui en incluant tous les aspects d’une civilisation et son expansion regionale, reflete bien le titre « the world of Achaemenid Persia ». Les cinquante et un articles, dont six ne sont que des resumes, sont regroupes en huit themes comportant entre trois et dix contributions ; quelques-unes seulement sont signalee...