Societal Constraints Research Articles

A Process of Change

The GLBT individual experiences familial and societal constraints that can impede and disrupt personal and relational health. This article explores those constraints and the impact within the family of origin. It also addresses issues surrounding the GLBT individual's awareness and discovery of sexual orientation and gender identity and the decision-making process surrounding disclosure. The family process of change, through adaptation, transition, and sometimes transformation, also is outlined. Clinical implications and future trends in research are included.

Internet Social Support for Parents: The State of Science

Parents of emotionally disturbed young children have expressed the need for more social support but societal constraints limit their ability to obtain adequate social support. This paper discusses what is currently known about coping, social support and Internet social support. It proposes the use of electronic social support to meet the needs of parents of emotionally disturbed children. Review of literature. Electronic forms of social support have the potential to meet the identified needs of parents for more social support.

Fate-Bound Mandarin Ducks: Newspaper Coverage of the "Fashion" for Suicide in 1931 Suzhou

PETER J. CARROLL 2006 70 FATE-BOUND MANDARIN DUCKS: NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF THE “FASHION” FOR SUICIDE IN 1931 SUZHOU PETER J. CARROLL, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY On 4 August 1931, the lead headline of the Suzhou mingbao (蘇州明報 Suzhou clarity journal) daily newspaper thundered, “How Disgusting! Keeping Up With Social Fashions Has Gone From Bad To Worse: At the Central Hotel (中央飯店 Zhongyang fandian) Yet Another ‘Couple Achieves Solace’ [from the worries of life].”1 In the accompanying article and a subsequent report the following day, the paper regaled its readers with the emerging details of the city’s third incident of double-suicide in four months—and the second in less than a week. A twenty-five sui retired prostitute named Mao Fengying (毛鳳英 d. 1931) and her longtime lover Duan Zhiliang (段志良 d. 1931) a twenty-six sui machinist, had tried unsuccessfully to imitate the scandalous early April deaths of Wang Wenjuan (王文娟 d. 1931), an upper-class Wuxi widow, and Feng Yifu (馮一甫 d. 1931), a former Guomindang official.2 According to the newspaper, Wang and Feng’s deaths and the media attention they had garnered had been imprinted upon the public consciousness to the extent that other couples had been encouraged to transcend societal constraints against their marriage by seeking death. The paper further claimed that the overall routine of Wang and Feng’s final days—from their visits to Jiangnan tourist sites and lodging at fine hotels, to their fatal ingestion of opium and barbiturates in a Suzhou luxury hotel room while entwined in a mutual embrace—had quickly become a pattern favored by copycat suicides. As such, Mao and Duan had not merely followed Wang and Feng’s toxic prescription for death. Like their predecessors the week before, Mao and Duan had reenacted Wang and Feng’s itinerary from the last days before their suicide, their simulation seeming to have been motivated by a selfannihilating desire to appropriate the earlier couple’s posthumous fame throughout Jiangsu and Zhejiang as “fate-bound mandarin ducks (同命鴛鴦 tongming yuanyang, i.e., paragons of romantic devotion and fidelity).”3 1 “Rouma! Xue shimao meikuang yuxia” (How Disgusting! Keeping Up With Social Fashions Has Gone From Bad To Worse), Suzhou mingbao [hereafter SMB], 4 August 1931, 2. 2 Ages are given in the traditional Chinese rendering “sui,” according to which a person is one sui at birth, and the number of sui increases by one at each lunar New Year, not the anniversary of one’s birth. The word sui is now often used to denote one’s age according to the Western convention “years of age.” This latter practice spread during the Republican period, so it is possible that the ages given in news reports are figured in “years of age.” One’s age in sui is one to two years more than the corresponding “years of age” figure. E.g., a child born in early January, before the lunar New Year, would be two sui after the New Year, while still just a month old. Given the lack of clarity in the sources, the ages are listed as sui. 3 The term derived from the traditional but erroneous belief that mandarin ducks mate for life and that their attachment was so complete that they shared the same fate: together they practiced constant fidelity, but separated they would die of loneliness. The ducks are actually serially monogamous: they mate with one partner per breeding season. The same pair may mate for another season. http://www.centralpark.com/pages/central-park-zoo/mandarin-duck.html (accessed 23 February 2006). TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHINA 71 Circumstance and the Suzhou mingbao conspired to thwart both ambitions. In what the newspaper portrayed as the current local suicide ritual, Mao and Duan had disported for several days in Shanghai and Wuxi before arriving in Suzhou, where they took a room in the outer Chang Gate (閶門外 Changmen wai) district at one of the city’s opulent Western-style hotels on 2 August. Realizing that their limited funds were already running low, they had visited a photography studio while still in Wuxi and posed for four photos, which they then had inscribed with the signature “Fate-Bound Mandarin Ducks.” Such foresight attested to their determination...

Toward Hyper-Critical Development Alternatives

The idea of human freedom is essentially rooted in the concept ofhuman development, according to Noble Laureate Amartya Sen's "Development as Freedom" thesis [that outlines an entitlement to capacity-building process]. And the idea of human progress is a construct that is designed around the axis of freedom. What is freedom? Is it only lack of societal constraint, withdrawal of discipline and punish, willing suspension of the panoptic Super Ego that they address as the "mainstream"? Or is freedom a concept much more fundamental, to be read into the texts of Rabindranath Tagore, Roman Rolland or Walden? Sociologists claim that civilization is what we are and culture is merely an arrangement of artifacts that we happen to use during the course of our politics everyday life. Civilization, however, is also a system of values that is handed down generations as a movement of socialization that laymen identify as "progress".

New insights into culture driven disorders.

Rheumatologists frequently encounter patients whose illnesses lack face-value; that is, they lack the typical objective features of pathology that rheumatologists traditionally rely on for diagnosis and developing effective treatment approaches: namely fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War syndrome, chronic whiplash, chronic low back pain, etc. In this article, we examine this group of illnesses as culture-driven disorders to emphasize the central importance of various societal constraints in the ultimate presentation of patients with these illnesses. We will examine them by first understanding the purpose they serve, the underlying factors that compel societal institutions to sanctify these disorders as diseases, and how research is beginning to examine the behaviour that captures and packages these symptoms to produce their clinical presentation. With this research understanding, rheumatologists may be able to offer patients more useful action plans, but likely changes in societal approaches to the expressions of distress and changes in disability and compensation systems will also be required.

Nuclear imaging in the realm of medical imaging

In medical imaging, information concerning the anatomy or biological processes of a patient is detected and presented on film or screen for interpretation by a reader. The information flow from patient to reader optimally implies:•the emission, transmission or reflection of information carriers, typically photons or sound waves, which have to be correctly modulated by patient information through interactions in the patient;•their detection by adequate imaging equipment preserving essential spectral, spatial and/or temporal information;•the presentation of the information in the most perceivable way;•the observation by an unbiased and trained expert.In reality, only an approximation to this optimal situation is achieved. It is the goal of R&D in the medical imaging field to approach the optimum as much as possible within societal constraints such as patient risk and comfort, economics, etc.First, the basic physical concepts underlying the imaging process will be introduced. Different imaging modalities will then be situated in the realm of medical imaging with some emphasis on nuclear imaging.

The Politics of Self–Restraint: FDI Subsidies and Japanese Mercantilism

Home governments seek to enhance the international competitiveness of private enterprises not only through export credit, but also through preferential loans for foreign direct investment (FDI). Indeed, contrary to the common image of nation‐states resenting their loss of jurisdiction over the mobile transnational corporation, some governments have become active financiers of multinational investment to serve their industrial policy goals. The uneven use by industrialized states of preferential credit to further MNC expansion challenges the current characterization of home government policy as both homogenous and ineffective for the task of industrial promotion. The world's most active state in FDI finance, Japan, has enjoyed an inordinate degree of freedom to engage in subsidization of MNC investment since no international regime on FDI credit, similar to the OECD arrangement on government export finance, exists. Moreover, Japanese labor has not challenged the legitimacy of state FDI finance. In the absence of international or societal constraints on soft FDI credit, Japanese self‐restraint in FDI subsidization is better explained by the internal budgetary makeup of government financial institutions with a mandate to finance FDI. Treasury bureaucrats concerned with healthy public finances and politicians eager to reward core support groups, have repeatedly competed for control over the budgetary strings on soft FDI finance. This political contest is far from over. This paper, therefore, highlights the political agency behind rules of financial discipline that have so far inhibited Japanese rent‐seeking international economic behavior.

Renal transplantation in developing countries

Healthcare in developing countries less funded than developed nations (0.8 to 4% vs. 10 to 15%, respectively), and must contend against approximately 1/3 of the population living below the poverty line ($1US/day), poor literacy (58% males/29% females), and less access to potable water and basic sanitation. Cultural and societal constraints combine with these economic obstacles to translate into poor transplantation activity. Donor shortage is a universal problem. Paid donation comprises 50% of all transplants in Pakistan. Post-transplant infections are a major problem in developing countries, with 15% developing tuberculosis, 30% cytomegalovirus, and nearly 50% bacterial infections. The solutions to these problems may seem simplistic: alleviate poverty, educate the general population, and expand the transplant programs in public sector hospitals where commerce is less likely to play a major role. The SIUT model of funding in a community-government partnership has increased the number of transplantations and patient and organ survival substantially. Over the last 15 years, it has operated by complete financial transparency, public audit and accountability. The scheme has proven effective and currently 110 transplants/year are performed, with free after care and immunosuppressive drugs. Confidence has been built in the community, with strong donations of money, equipment and medicines. We believe this model could be sustained in other developing nations.

Employer travel plans, cycling and gender: will travel plan measures improve the outlook for cycling to work in the UK?

Cycling is a ‘green’ alternative to commuting by car yet it makes up only a small percentage of journeys in the UK. Here we examine the commuter habits of three companies in Hertfordshire, UK. These provide contrasting case studies allowing examination of travel behaviour in relation to gender and employer travel plans. Women are known to commute shorter distances, yet are less likely to cycle. A variety of cultural and trip characteristics can account for this yet more detailed analysis reveals that some generalisations do not apply. Organisational initiatives to increase cycle commuting were perceived more positively by men than women and this suggests provision of cycling facilities in travel plans will not be effective for organisations employing a large proportion of women. However, this hides a subgroup of women who have access to a cycle and live near enough to cycle who are more positive about cycle facilities. A variety of cultural and societal constraints on cycle use are considered. Measures to encourage cycling in employer travel plans must reflect the gender balance in the organisation as well as recognised geographical and organisational factors.

Quantitative modeling of coupled natural/human systems: simulation of societal constraints on environmental action drawing on Luhmann's social theory

We draw upon Luhmann's social theory to suggest a framework for quantitative modeling of coupled natural/human systems that may be useful in simulating the effect of societal constraints on environmental action. We (1) provide a brief summary of the key aspects of Luhmann's social theory, (2) develop a quantitative model based on this theory and evaluate model sensitivity to changes in parameters representing important aspects of the theory, (3) propose a structural linkage between the social model and biophysical models, and (4) link the social model to a simple ecological model to simulate societal constraints on environmental action. The model consists of six submodels, each representing one of the six subsystems of modern society identified by Luhmann: economy, politics, law, religion, science, and education. State variables within each submodel represent either active entities that randomly exchange units of information daily or repositories of inactive information. The daily probability that inactive information becomes active increases, and the probability that active information becomes inactive decreases, as the strength of the subsystem increases. Strength is determined by the relative distribution of active information units among the state variables, with maximum strength attained with uniform distribution. Communication among the six subsystems depends on the relative strengths of the subsystems and the frequency with which they resonate with other subsystems. Subsystems communicate externally at the following frequencies: politics once yearly, economics and education once every 3 months, legal once a month, and religion and science once daily. We investigated model behavior by running a series of replicate stochastic simulations and monitoring system and subsystem strength and robustness and over a period of 10 years. The simulated society was both stable and robust. Both stability and robustness of subsystems were inversely related to the frequency of communication with other subsystems, and both strength and robustness were more variable for subsystems with higher external communication frequencies. System strength and robustness were most sensitive to changes in factors affecting the resonance among subsystems. Subsystems open to communication with others on a daily basis (religion and science) exhibited more frequent occurrence of extinction than did subsystems open to external communication less frequently. We explored the model's usefulness in simulating societal constraints on environmental action by coupling it to a simple ecological model that simulates use of a common forage resource. We coupled the models by linking the economic, political, and legal subsystems of society to the environment via a community of resource managers composed of six pairs of ranchers, with each pair sharing a common forage resource. We structured the linkages of the economic and political subsystems with the environment to represent the Prisoner's Dilemma; and the linkages between the legal subsystem and the environment to represent the concept of mutual coercion. We ran two series of simulations in which we ‘unlinked’ and then ‘re-linked’ the environment to the legal subsystem. Results from the first series of simulations demonstrated the classic ecological tragedy of the commons. Results from the second series of simulations demonstrated the effect of periodically imposed (by mutual coercion) legal restrictions on stocking rates, which allowed recovery of forage resources and supported sustainable profits for ranchers. We also examined the sensitivity of simulation results to changes in the values of key parameters affecting the dynamics of premises as they are communicated between the environment and society and among the subsystems of society.

Individual strategies and job chances--a comparative perspective

One of the prevailing features of the reorganization of the welfare state is a larger emphasis on the role of private actors. Moreover, there is a clear shift away from social rights towards obligations, incentives and sanctions. The empirical evidence of what kind of behaviour or strategy that leads to employment is, however, contradictory and seems largely to be based on data from different countries with different causal configurations. This comparative study seeks to analyse the relationship between different forms of individual strategies and chances of re-employment among young unemployed people in six Northern European countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. It shows that young people experience different contexts and that the influence of individual strategies on re-employment prospects is highly structured by economical and societal constraints. Hence, it is important to look beyond individual performance and acknowledge the structural factors which exclude people from being included in the labour market.

Through the meshes of patriarchy:: The Male/Female Relationship in the Saguenay Peasant Society (1860–1930)

This article offers an analysis of women's life and status within the peasant family of the Saguenay region (Quebec) prior to the completion of the settlement process. After a brief survey of the literature in the field, a variety of sources (including several bodies of oral data) is analyzed, offering the conclusions that: (1) it is useful to carefully distinguish between the macro-social or societal level (State, Church, capital …) and the micro-social sphere of the family and the conjugal couple; (2) the societal scale was made up of unambiguously patriarchal powers, norms, and institutions, whereas at the micro-social level, the reality was much more complex and offered a great deal of diversity; (3) societal constraints heavily influenced the conjugal relationship but not in a deterministic way. The latter remained a social area where the women, somehow, remained able to maneuver, to negotiate and to assert themselves; (4) the same can be said of the thesis that male ownership and control of the means of production necessarily entailed subordination and proletarianization of the married women; and (5) it would be fruitful to explore the idea that male domination was mostly rooted and secured not in the family but in the societal arena.

Human supervisory control of aircraft, rail and highway vehicles

This paper reviews recent trends in control of aircraft, rail and highway vehicles toward supervisory control. Supervisory control means the human operator intermittently specifies goals, constraints and procedural information to a computer, monitors synoptic displays of state information, and tasks the computer to execute the instructions automatically. This trend has been driven by new sensor, communication and computer technology. Full automation of these transport systems is currently unacceptable, not only for reasons of safety, but also because radical departure from present systems is technologically and economically infeasible, in addition to which the public does not like radical change. Commercial and military aircraft are easily the most advanced of the three transportation modes. Rail and highway systems are currently undergoing rapid transformation, nevertheless impeded by economic and other societal constraints. Examples of new technological developments are given for each mode. Common problems are then described. Finally, some methodological elements are mentioned which are essential to resolving these problems.

From DNA sequence to application: possibilities and complications.

The development of sophisticated genetic tools during the past 15 years have facilitated a tremendous increase of fundamental and application-oriented knowledge of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their bacteriophages. This knowledge relates both to the assignments of open reading frames (ORF's) and the function of non-coding DNA sequences. Comparison of the complete nucleotide sequences of several LAB bacteriophages has revealed that their chromosomes have a fixed, modular structure, each module having a set of genes involved in a specific phase of the bacteriophage life cycle. LAB bacteriophage genes and DNA sequences have been used for the construction of temperature-inducible gene expression systems, gene-integration systems, and bacteriophage defence systems. The function of several LAB open reading frames and transcriptional units have been identified and characterized in detail. Many of these could find practical applications, such as induced lysis of LAB to enhance cheese ripening and re-routing of carbon fluxes for the production of a specific amino acid enantiomer. More knowledge has also become available concerning the function and structure of non-coding DNA positioned at or in the vicinity of promoters. In several cases the mRNA produced from this DNA contains a transcriptional terminator-antiterminator pair, in which the antiterminator can be stabilized either by uncharged tRNA or by interaction with a regulatory protein, thus preventing formation of the terminator so that mRNA elongation can proceed. Evidence has accumulated showing that also in LAB carbon catabolite repression in LAB is mediated by specific DNA elements in the vicinity of promoters governing the transcription of catabolic operons. Although some biological barriers have yet to be solved, the vast body of scientific information presently available allows the construction of tailor-made genetically modified LAB. Today, it appears that societal constraints rather than biological hurdles impede the use of genetically modified LAB.

Approaches to Understanding the Position of Women Workers in the Informal Sector

Although many studies of the informal economy tend to be gender-blind, being male or female affects one's movements, possibilities, and career trajectories in the informal sector. Partly because of societal, cultural, and familial patriarchal constraints, women often constitute an especially vulnerable, superexploitable labor force (Safa, 1995). Women in the informal sector may be married or single heads of household. As women married to male heads of household, they may take part in informal-sector activities either as part of the family labor force involved in the same informal-sector activity or as workers in their own right pursuing incomes complementary or supplementary to those of their spouses. Women heads of household, abandoned, separated, or widowed, more often depend on their informal-sector work for the majority of household income. (This of course depends on the stage in the domestic cycle and how many working-age children there are in the household.) The number of female-headed households is increasing throughout Latin America, and these women are disproportionately found in the informal sector (Berger, 1988: 16-17; Buvinc, Youssef, and Von Elm, 1978; Folbre, 1991; International Center for Research on Women, 1988; Lycette and White, 1988: 38-39). Women who work independently of their husbands are disadvantaged in setting up microenterprises such as sewing workshops or street vending stalls by their lesser access to capital and to the skills needed for buying and marketing (Rakowski, 1987; Lycette and White, 1988). Because of the limitations on their mobility associated with gender ideologies in Latin America, women have fewer opportunities to establish the contacts required for developing successful businesses (Cartaya, 1987; Lycette and White, 1988; Espinal and Grasmuck, n.d.; Ypeij, n.d.). Women working as unremunerated labor in their husbands' microenterprises may make the difference between success and failure of those enterprises.

Liberating Intimacy: Enlightenment and Social Virtuosity in Ch'an Buddhism (review)

Reviews 433 Peter D. Hershock. LiberatingIntimacy: Enlightenment and Social Virtuosity in Ch'an Buddhism. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 1996. vii, 236 pp. Hardcover $62.50, isbn 0-7914-2981-4. Paperback $20.95, isbn 0-7914-2982-2. Peter Hershock's book is a serious scholarly work about the fundamentals of Ch'an Buddhism; in particular, his reference point is the great Ch'an masters of the T'ang dynasty.1 It is a careful, detailed study of their teachings, especially the fundamentals ofpractice and its relation to enlightenment. Those already familiar with the basics of Ch'an thought through the writings of Dogen, Hakuin, Heinrich Dumoulin, Philip Kapleau, Shunryu Suzuki, and others will find a familiar ring to what Hershock says. He is certainly in agreement with the insights of the great Ch'an masters and scholars of the tradition. However, the significant thing about Hershock's book is his very thorough exposition ofhow indebted the Chinese masters ofthe T'ang dynasty were to the Chinese view of "self and "personhood ." For example, he looks very carefully at pre-Buddhist meditation in China to show its profound influence on Ch'an meditation (pp. 156 ff). He examines closely the classic Chinese graphs used by the T'ang masters. Terms such as the Tao jË, ch'i M·, wu wei MM, and even jen \ZL appear frequendy in their writings. Ma-tzu says, "A buddha is capable oíjen" (p. 162). All agree that Ch'an is a unique indigenous Chinese expression of Indian Buddhism. At times Hershock's interpretation of the data drawn from the T'ang masters is refreshingly novel and downright brilliant. His imaginative way of covering familiar territory invites us to enter into further conversation with him. He sees his work as "an unapologetically improvisational endeavor" (p. xv). In what follows, I will highlight how Hershock states and defends his thesis, and at the end I will briefly discuss three items that helped to clarify my own understanding. This book makes an important contribution not only to our understanding of the T'ang masters, but more importantly to the enduring fundamentals ofthe tradition, essentials that are at the core ofpractice and are as relevant today as they were in T'ang times. Hershock faces all the serious questions raised about Ch'an practice and straightforwardly answers them, often in an unusual way. For example, he takes up at length the question ofwhy, ifthe daily life ofa Ch'an monastery is highly organized and formal, Ch'an espouses a doctrine ofradical spontaneity and freedom from all forms of societal constraint (pp. 149 ff). Or,© 1997 by University mere ¡s rjögen's searching question aboutwhyit is necessaryto practice ifwe alofHawai 'i Press, ,. , t . . . , ready possess enlightenment in our original nature. Hershock begins by reminding us that Ch'an enlightenment should not be seen as something private and experiential in nature, but as irreducibly and inti- 434 China Review International: Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall 1997 mately social (p. x). In his characteristic manner, however, he adds that practice entails "a radical exposure to risk. Practice entails unreservedly endangering one's 'self" (p. 112). Hershock says his conclusion about the irreducibly and intimately social dimension of Ch'an is bound to raise eyebrows (p. x), but perhaps he has overlooked the last of the Ten Oxherding Pictures presented by the Ch'an master K'uo-an Shih-yuan (ca. 1150 ce.) to express the stages of a person's spiritual journey . In the eighth picture, both ox and self are forgotten. The ninth is titled "Returning to the Source," but the tenth is called "Entering the Market Place with Helping Hands." After enlightenment, according to an already prominent tradition , it's back to the world to help others. To demonstrate the profoundly social and relational dimension of Ch'an enlightenment , Hershock takes up the theme of suffering in the teachings of the Buddha. Given the Western and Indian predilections to universalize, we end up focusing on the universal abstract truth of suffering. Hershock's contention is that the suffering that the Buddha sought to resolve was not an abstract or theoretical construct, but rather the actually...

The Bumpy Road to Womanhood

ABSTRACT This paper is based on a qualitative study dealing with societal constraints with regard to womanhood for physically disabled young women in Sweden. The findings show that the young women are subjected to stereotyped views on what having an impairment involves and have to deal with certain normative criteria of what constitutes womanhood. Despite being 'children' of their time and culture, i.e. rejecting the traditional subservient role of 'the disabled' and of women generally, the young women yearn for the pursuing of tasks, such as caring for children and the home, closely linked to the traditional role of (non-disabled) women. It is argued that this can be understood as a means of counterbalancing an early acquired role of passive recipient. Alongside a positive identification with the group of 'the disabled', the interviewees strive towards being seen as something other than disabled, i.e. as women.

Varieties of rudeness

Standard theories of politeness (Lakoff 1975, Leech 1983, Brown and Levinson 1987) face a number of problems. To mention but a few, it can be doubted that these theories have managed to establish truly universal concepts and classifications of (im)polite behavior; they exaggerate the relative importance of indirectness; they do not treat situational and societal constraints sufficiently; finally, they do not deal with rudeness in enough detail. Therefore, it does not seem to be possible to describe rudeness simply as a deviation from or violation of rules and maxims of cooperative/polite communication. Starting from suggestions made by Kasper (1990) and Culpeper (1996), I will try to refine standard definitions of politeness and rudeness. Moreover, examples of rude utterances (mostly taken from spoken and written English and German dialogues) will be used to establish a typology of communicative rudeness. Several subtypes of cooperative (e.g. ritual insults, reactive rudeness, sociable rudeness) and non-cooperative (e.g. strategic rudeness in public institutions) rudeness are distinguished.

Forest Planning in an Oregon Case Study: Defining the Problem and Attempting to Meet Goals with a Spatial-Analysis Technique

Five major management goals were identified for the upper Grande Ronde River Basin on the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest in northeastern Oregon: to produce high-quality fish habitat, to maintain elk habitat, to restore and maintain forest conditions within the natural range of viability, and to contribute to community economic stability. From the broad goals, specific goals for stream temperature, habitat effectiveness index (HEI), habitat corridors, maintenance of land in late or old seral stages, and a nondeclining even flow of timber were selected. A case study was undertaken in a small watershed that is under typical societal constraints to determine whether one decision-support tool, SNAP II+, could evaluate the selected goals in a single planning exercise. Three riparian management strategies and two forest road scenarios were used. The exclusion of harvest and road-building from riparian zones in order to increase habitat protection decreased harvest levels and net present value but maintained preactivity stream temperatures. Other resources were generally maintained within prescribed management levels. Although the technique has limitations (e.g., it does not account for riparian zones in calculations of forage and cover for HEI, and it can use the maximum but not minimum acreage goal for some resources), it shows promise for evaluating management tradeoffs in watershed analysis.

Except in emergencies: AMA ethics and physician autonomy.

In this paper I will argue that in emergency cases, physician autonomy issoci-etallyconstrained under Principle VI of the American Medical Association's (AMA) “Principles of Medical Ethics”1 The issue will be seen to turn on whether the contextual use of “emergency” should be construed narrowly or broadly; I argue for a broadened rendering. Although a societal emergency is not defined here, I recommend that the condition of inner city healthcare presents a paradigm “patient” for such emergency care. I further urge that because societal constraints on physician autonomy are ambiguous and only derived indirectly in the AMA document, further AMA comment on physician autonomy and societal responsibility would advance clarity on the profession's commitment to the public trust.