Social Security Work Research Articles

The Understanding America Study (UAS)

PurposeThe Understanding America Study (UAS) is a probability-based Internet panel housed at the Center for Economic and Social Research at the University of Southern California (USC). The UAS serves as...

Implementing Social Security Policy in Vietnam: Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City

Social security is one of the important guidelines and policies of our Party and State that has been thoroughly grasped and guaranteed to be implemented during the country's development periods. In recent years, despite facing many difficulties and challenges, social security work in Vietnam has continued to achieve many positive results, policies have continuously improved, the material and spiritual life of people has improved. People are cared for better and better with the goal of "leaving no one behind".

Association between Treatment Adherence and Depression in Patients with HIV/AIDS

Background: Depression represents a significant issue among individuals diagnosed with HIV. A study conducted in Africa revealed that the prevalence of depression in this patient population may reach 63.1%. In Mexico, however, there is no existing literature on this matter. Antiretroviral therapy (ARV) is a vital component of treatment for individuals with HIV/AIDS. However, the efficacy of ARV may be compromised by poor adherence to treatment. The lack of adherence may be attributed to psychological factors, such as depression. Objective: To determine the presence and severity of depression and its relationship with adherence to treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and non-interventional study was conducted at the High-Specialty Regional Hospital ISSSTE (Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers) in Veracruz, Mexico. Unit of analysis: 977 individuals, selected according to the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a confidence level of 99% and a confidence limit of 3.8%. Discussion: The lack of adherence to treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS was found to be directly proportional to the presence and severity of depression. Depression was identified in 81.17% of the total sample. 62.79% exhibited mild depression, 16.27% demonstrated moderate depression, and 20.93% displayed severe depression. In patients with poor adherence to treatment, severe depression was found in 91.37%. Additionally, comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension were observed with a higher frequency than reported in literature. Conclusion: We recommend establishing a systematic and individual psychological evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients and initiating measures for the early detection of depression. This approach will help to prevent a possible interruption or abandonment of antiretroviral treatment, and therefore therapeutic failure.

ENHANCING SOCIAL SECURITY AMID ARMED CONFLICT: TOWARD LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR WORKERS FACING EMPLOYMENT LOSS

The significant impact of armed conflict on social conditions can be mitigated through the establishment of certain preventive measures to protect social security in cases of employment loss resulting from armed conflict. This study focuses on the social conditions arising from armed conflict and the national laws pertaining to worker social security in cases of employment loss, with a specific focus on Ukraine, Israel, Palestine, and Libya. Utilizing a doctrinal and socio-legal methodology, this article aims to provide insights for the development of preventive legal protections for workers facing employment loss in the aftermath of armed conflicts. The study reveals that social conditions are disrupted, leading to many workers losing their jobs without clear access to employment loss benefits due to the lack of legal certainty within national laws during armed conflict situations. Prior to the occurrence of armed conflict, national employment laws should clearly outline the conditions under which benefits can be accessed and how these benefits can be provided to affected workers, either within the conflict zone or in neighboring unaffected countries through institutional cooperation.

Endoscopic Characterization of Giant Choledocholithiasis and Its Correlation With Primary Choledocholithiasis.

Gallstone disease is extremely prevalent in Western society, and the prevalence of common bile duct (CBD) stones with concomitant cholelithiasis increases significantly in the elderly. Different variants influence the treatment of this pathological entity, suchas the origin of the stones, their location and quantity, comorbidities of the patient, impaction, andsize of the lithos, the latter being an independent predictive factor. In most situations, choledocholithiasis can be resolved with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); however, in complex cases, such as giant choledocholithiasis (GC), advanced surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous techniques are required to remove gallstones. The main objective was to determine if there is a correlation between GC andprimary choledocholithiasis (PC). The secondary objective consisted of describingthe endoscopic characterization of GC. The present study is a cross-sectional and single-center study. The study population consisted of patients of the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE by its acronym in Spanish) Regional Hospital, León, Guanajuato, belonging directly to this center or referred, who required medical attention by the General Surgery/Endoscopy Service with the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, during the period between January 2017 and December 2022. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used as the normality test. Quantitative variables were reported as mean and standard deviation if the data distribution was normal, in contrast withthe expression of data in the median and interquartile range if an abnormal distribution was found. Moreover, the qualitative variables are reported in frequencies or percentages. The Chi-squaretest was performed as the independence test. The significance level was a 95% confidence interval (p-value 0.05). The effect size was calculated with the odds ratio (OR). Out of a total of 177 patients, 33 corresponded to PC (18.6%), and 144 belonged to the secondary choledocholithiasis (SC) group (81.4%).Likewise, regarding the dimensions of the lithos, 59 patients (33.3%) presented GC and 118 (66.7%) presented non-GC. Among the 59 patients with GC, 36 were female (61%) and 23 were male (39%). Regarding age, the distribution was as follows: mean 62 ± 12 years, with a minimum value of 29 and a maximum of 88 years. The non-parametric test used to determine the existence or not of a correlation between the variables was Pearson's Chi-square, whose value was 60.509, with a p < 0.001, demonstrating the presence of a correlation between PC and GC.The effect size was corroborated and defined with the OR, whose value was 39.6 (confidence interval (CI) 11.308-139.069). There is a significant correlation between GC and PC, and it was found that mechanical lithotripsy was the most performed initial extraction method for GC; furthermore, a higher rate of complete endoscopic resolutionwas found, as well as no complications related to the procedure,which contrasts with the literature.It would be interesting to use the information revealed in the present study as a landmark in future research in this regard.

Reconstruction of The Social Security System Policy in National Development of Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the policy of the national social security system in Indonesia, which refers to the 1945 Basic Law stating that every citizen has the right to employment and a decent living. However, in its implementation, it has not yet fully reached all layers of society and citizens. Data collection was performed through literature review and policy analysis on the applicable legal regulations concerning the national social security system. The findings identified that since the enactment of Law No. 14/1969 concerning Basic Provisions Regarding Manpower, followed by Law No. 3/1992 concerning Social Security for Workers in Indonesia, and up to Law No. 13/2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 40 of 2004 on the National Social Security System, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, and Law No. 24 of 2011 on the Social Security Administering Body, the national social security system in Indonesia has not reached all citizens, still focusing on providing protection for workers/laborers. The correlation analysis between economic growth and poverty rates from 1998 to 2019 shows a negative relationship, where economic growth can significantly reduce poverty levels. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute 61.41% to Indonesia's GDP and provide employment for 96.71% of the labor force, playing a crucial role in the country's economic growth, yet many are still not protected by the national social security system, especially those not working in the formal sector. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the government's role in providing national social security and health assurances for all citizens has proven the government's capability to provide health security and national assurances to all Indonesian citizens, and has managed to sustain the Indonesian economy which continues to grow robustly.

Preventing Electoral Fraud in Indonesia: Protecting the Social Security of Election Management Personnel

Indonesia’s Election Management Bodies (EMBs), constitutionally mandated to manage legislative and presidential elections, face substantial risks, including accidents and fatalities. However, their social security rights are often overshadowed by the focus on civil servants and private-sector workers. This study, employing normative legal research, urges the need for state protection of EMBs’ social security rights, drawing on secondary data sources. EMBs should receive comprehensive work-related accident benefits, death benefit programs, and old-age protection schemes from the Workers Social Security Agency (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan). The legal basis for these social security rights can be found in several legislative provisions, including the Indonesian 1945 Constitution, the National Social Security System Law, and other related regulations. Recognizing EMBs as state-serving workers is a crucial step in safeguarding their social security rights. This recognition is not merely a matter of legal interpretation; it is a necessity to ensure a fair and secure electoral environment. By ensuring that EMBs are accorded the same rights and protections as other workers, the state can create a more equitable electoral process and reinforce the integrity of its democratic institutions.

Hospital care direct costs due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions related to diabetes mellitus in the Mexican public healthcare system

BackgroundHospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) incur substantial costs on the health system that could be partially avoided with adequate outpatient care. Complications of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are considered ACSC. Previous studies have shown that hospitalizations due to diabetes have a significant financial burden. In Mexico, DM is a major health concern and a leading cause of death, but there is limited evidence available. This study aimed to estimate the direct costs of hospitalizations by DM-related ACSC in the Mexican public health system.MethodsWe selected three hospitals from each of Mexico’s main public institutions: the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), the Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE). We employed a bottom-up microcosting approach from the healthcare provider perspective to estimate the total direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC. Input data regarding length of stay (LoS), consultations, medications, colloid/crystalloid solutions, procedures, and laboratory/medical imaging studies were obtained from clinical records of a random sample of 532 hospitalizations out of a total of 1,803 DM-related ACSC (ICD-10 codes) discharges during 2016.ResultsThe average cost per DM-related ACSC hospitalization varies among institutions, ranging from $1,427 in the MoH to $1,677 in the IMSS and $1,754 in the ISSSTE. The three institutions’ largest expenses are LoS and procedures. Peripheral circulatory and renal complications were the major drivers of hospitalization costs for patients with DM-related ACSC. Direct costs due to hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC in these three institutions represent 1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) dedicated to health and social services and 2% of total hospital care expenses.ConclusionsThe direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC vary considerably across institutions. Disparities in such costs for the same ACSC among different institutions suggest potential disparities in care quality across primary and hospital settings (processes and resource utilization), which should be further investigated to ensure optimal supply utilization. Prioritizing preventive measures for peripheral circulatory and renal complications in DM patients could be highly beneficial.

Issues and Difficulties Encountered by Unorganized Sectors: An Indian Perspective

"The unorganized sector of the economy encompasses household-based production processes as well as modest and minor sectors of industry. An unstructured sector refers to an economic sector characterized by a lack of consistency in terms of profits or gains. The manufacture of this item is restricted and it can only be produced to a specific geographical location. It necessitates a reduced workforce and capital expenditure. In the unorganised sector of the Indian economy, one can see arts and crafts, artisan jobs, khadi and rural sectors, including the handcrafted industry, beehive honey production, incense stick manufacturing, handmade paper creation, and matchbox businesses. The Indian government established the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) to act as a hub for resources for the unorganised sector. The primary goal is to improve the efficiency of small enterprises to provide a substantial amount of sustainable employment opportunities, particularly in rural regions. The Indian government has enacted laws and initiatives to support the growth of informal companies and enhance the welfare of workers in these industries. The Unorganised Workers Social Security Act of 2008 and the Unorganised Workers Social Security Rule of 2008, the Aam Admi Bheema Yojana, and the Rastriya Swasthya Bheema Yojana are the important aspects of this paper."

Technical Efficiency of Mexico's Public Health System in the Delivery of Obstetric Care, during 2012-2018.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical efficiency of Mexico's public health system in the delivery of obstetric care from 2012 to 2018. A multi-stage quantitative study of the public health institutions responsible for 95% of the system's obstetric services was conducted using data envelopment analysis. The efficiency of state-level productive units (decision-making units, or DMUs) was calculated and juxtaposed with the DMUs' maximum (0.82) and minimum (0.22) scores. Using the outcomes of the initial stage, the average technical efficiency of each institution at the national level was estimated and compared. The results were also utilized to estimate and compare the average efficiency of each state-level health system based on economic characteristics (state GDP per capita). Outputs included prenatal visits and deliveries, while inputs comprised gynecologists, exam rooms, and delivery rooms. Institutional efficiency ranged from 0.16 to 0.82, with an average of 0.417. The Ministry of Health (0.82) and the Mexican Social Security Institute (0.747) exhibited the highest efficiency scores, while the remaining institutions (Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers [ISSSTE]; Mexican Petroleum [PEMEX]; the Secretary of National Defense [SEDENA]; and the Navy [SEMAR]) scored below the health system average. Of the 153 DMUs, 20% surpassed the maximum (0.82) and 40.6% fell below the minimum (0.22). These findings indicate that 80% of DMUs have unused operational capacity that could be utilized to enhance technical efficiency. No relationship was found between efficiency and the GDP of Mexico's 32 politico-administrative divisions. The efficiency gap between institutions (0.66) shows that while some DMUs are saturated (exhibiting high efficiency scores), the majority have unused operational capacity. Leveraging this untapped capacity could address the needs of vulnerable populations facing restricted access due to health system fragmentation.

Fulfilment of the Social Security Rights of Indonesian Migrant Workers after the Transition of the Insurance Consortium Becomes a Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS)

This Research aims to analyse fulfillment of social security rights of Indonesian migrant after the transition if the insurance consortium becomes a Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS). This is normative legal research using statutory approach and conceptual approach as research method. The result of this research showed that there are 13 (thirteen) risk borne by migrant worker social security regulated in insurance consortium and after the transition to BPJS, there are only 3 (three) programs offered, those are JKK and JKM Which are mandatory and JHT which is voluntary. The synchronization of the regulation between PPMI Law with the 1945 Constitution as the basic rule has no problems if a vertical synchronization analysis is carried out, then in terms of fulfilling the rights of PMI and their families, it has fulfilled the principles of Human Rights, although there are still unsynchronized with several other rules such as differences in benefits offered in the BPJS Law with the PPMI Law in horizontal synchronization.

Forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation of a personal injury case.

Civil litigation involving the forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation of a personal injury case requires an assessment of damages and causation. The expert witness is obliged to integrate data from three critical sources of information: the review of records; the results of neuropsychological testing; and the findings from the clinical examination. In civil litigation involving a personal injury claim, the expert witness can be expected to address causation and prognosis of any neuropsychiatric damages. We discuss the undertaking of a forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation, psychiatric disorders often encountered in personal injury litigation, provide case vignettes and describe a number of special types of forensic neuropsychiatric evaluations, for example, Workers' Compensation, VA Disability and Social Security Disability.

A Qualitative Research on the Experiences of Dentists Working in the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to analyze the working conditions, income and social security levels, work accident or occupational disease and working motivation of dentists during the Covid-19 Pandemic. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 21 dentists working in Istanbul during the Pandemic, using semi-structured interview technique. 38% of the participants say that they work compulsorily during the pandemic process, and 33.3% say that their motivation to work is to earn income. According to 66.6% of the participants, the most difficult part of working during the pandemic is wearing a mask and visor. 71.5% of the participants have mental problems due to the anxiety of infecting their relatives. 38% of the participants state that they are ostracized by their friends or relatives because of the risk of infecting others. 19% of the participants were exposed to discrimination by their managers because they took unpaid leave during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Abnormal Behavior Recognition for Human Motion Based on Improved Deep Reinforcement Learning

Recognizing abnormal behavior recognition (ABR) is an important part of social security work. To ensure social harmony and stability, it is of great significance to study the identification methods of abnormal human motion behavior. Aiming at the low accuracy of human motion ABR method, ABR method for human motion based on improved deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed. First, the background image is processed in combination with the Gaussian model; second, the background features and human motion trajectory features are extracted, respectively; finally, the improved DRL model is constructed, and the feature information is input into the improvement model to further extract the abnormal behavior features, and the ABR of human motion is realized through the interaction between the agent and the environment. The different methods were examined based on UCF101 data set and HiEve data set. The results show that the accuracy of human motion key point acquisition and posture estimation accuracy is high, the proposed method sensitivity is good, and the recognition accuracy of human motion abnormal behavior is as high as 95.5%. It can realize the ABR for human motion and lay a foundation for the further development of follow-up social security management.

Transition between social protection systems for workers with long term health problems: A controlled retrospective cohort study

Many nations have established workers' compensation systems as a feature of their social protection system. These systems typically provide time-limited entitlements such as wage replacement benefits and funding for medical treatment. Entitlements may end for workers with long-term health conditions before they have returned to employment. We sought to determine the prevalence of transitions to alternative forms of social protection, specifically social security benefits, among injured workers with long-term disability, when workers' compensation benefits end. We linked Australian workers' compensation and social security data to examine receipt of social security payments one year before and after workers' compensation benefit cessation. Study groups included (1) injured workers whose workers' compensation benefits ceased due to reaching a 260-week limit introduced by legislative reform (N = 2761), (2) a control group of injured workers with at least 104 weeks workers compensation income support (N = 3890), and (3) a matched community control group (N = 10,114). Adjusted binary logistic regression examined the odds of transitions to social security in the injured worker groups relative to the community control group. Within 12 months of workers' compensation benefit cessation, 60% (N = 1669) of the exposed group received social security payments, of which 41% (N = 1120) received the unemployment allowance and 19% (N = 516) the disability pension. Among the work injured control group, 42% (N = 1676) received social security payments after workers compensation benefits ceased. Transitions to social security payments were significantly more common than community levels for both exposed (OR 25.0, 95%CI = 20.7, 30.1) and work injured control groups (OR 4.7, 95%CI = 4.2, 5.3). Many injured workers with long-term health problems transition to social security when their workers’ compensation benefits cease. Transitions were more common among workers whose claims ended due to legislative reform which time-limited benefits. Design and implementation of system level policy reform should consider the social and economic impacts of transitions between separate social protection systems.

Factors that facilitate or limit the development of bivalve mollusk aquaculture in BCS, Mexico: The small-scale producers’ perspective

Aquaculture is the activity with the highest economic growth in the fishing sector worldwide. This activity in Baja California Sur (BCS) Mexico is at a key moment due recent upturn in production and the number of operating organizations; regarding bivalve mollusks culture (the livelihood of hundreds of families), but they are unable to stabilize their production. The purpose of this research was to determine the factors that limit/favor the development of the activity, in order to propose strategic actions to improve the situation. For this, through a survey, a political, economic, social and technological, ecological, and legal analysis (PESTEL) were integrated. Among the results stands out that 88% of the companies started activity less than a decade ago, with a higher rate of company creation in the last four years. The producer’s profile shows that they come mainly from fishing and agricultural activities, and two-thirds only have primary or secondary education. As a relevant weakness, only 22% of companies have social security for workers and their families. Environmental conditions, climate, water quality, and high product consumption stand out as favorable aspects. Among the limitations are the shortage of seeds, deficient infrastructure, marketing problems, and lack of financing programs. Within the political factors, producers demand the ordering of the sector. We conclude the need to improve government support programs, seed production, innovation process, productive and commercial articulation, crop diversification, and strengthening of the BCS oyster product network.

Legal Protection for Workers Who Do Not Receive Safety and Health Guarantees at Work

The purpose of this writing is to find out how legal protection is for workers who do not get safety and health guarantees at work. This type of written research method is qualitative depending on the type of document. Qualitative research is a type of research whose results are not based on statistics or other calculations. The government and legal entities that employ workers must guarantee workers' rights in accordance with their dignity as workers, especially as human beings whose human rights are protected under Article 28 (D) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and protect their interests. It establishes the right to legal protection for the welfare of workers and their health and safety. In fact, there are still many workers who have not received job security and BPJS Employment. Employment security and Employment BPJS are mandatory for workers if they work for the company or legal entity where they work. The government, especially companies and legal entities that employ workers, must consider the need to legally protect workers' rights in order to obtain workers' safety and social security.

Digitalization of the Social Sphere of Ukraine: Use of Specialized Software Based on Systems Thinking

Information directly acts as a resource that has a special economic value in the conditions of the market economy and the globalization of economic relations. Moreover, the digitalization of the social sphere is impossible without applying the principles of systems thinking. The goal of the article is to determine how the use of special software and the transition from a district orientation to an extraterritorial principle enables digitalization of the social sphere and transfer the majority of services to the online environment, thereby increasing the speed of providing services related to personal appeals of citizens by social security workers.

Legal Protection of Educators in Non-Formal Education Institutions Given Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment

This study aims to provide legal protection for educators in non-formal educational institutions. Protection of work agreements, rights and obligations, and social security for workers. Research method with survey approach. Data collection techniques were obtained from (1). Direct survey on research objects in the field (2). In-depth interviews with key sources (3). Documentation studies in the form of literature related to research. Data analysis and concluding by making descriptions in the form of sentences which can then be concluded. Result in that; (1) Legal protection for the parties to work agreements in non-formal institutions: it can be said that in employment relations the parties in non-formal educational institutions have not received legal protection and the parties should have agreed in writing so that they have legal force in carrying out their work. employment process following law no 13 of 2003 and the Civil Code. (2). Legal remedies that can be taken so that the parties in non-formal educational institutions receive legal protection is by means that the parties are aware of the work agreement contained in the articles of the work agreement starting from all employment mechanisms so that in the event of default in the future, each will have permanent legal force.

Legal aspects of remote work in modern realities

The article defines the features of remote work in modern realities. The mechanism for the implementation of remote work is a new challenge of the time, so the study of this form of employment is quite relevant in relation to the context of regulating labor relations in the context of the emergence of crisis conditions in the state and society, as well as taking into account the rapid development of innovative technologies and digitalization. One of the main advantages is the opportunity to continue to work and maintain the economic balance and competitiveness of our country. Attention is drawn to the fact that remote work requires not only the improvement of digital experience in the labor industry, but also additional protection of the labor rights of each person - this leads to problems and forms vectors for further research. It is characterized that remote work creates risks of reducing the social protection and social security of workers, which is unacceptable, because the features of modern labor demonstrate a change in the traditional limits of labor, the role of the individual qualities and competencies of the employee is increasing. The international experience of remote work in such countries as Great Britain, Belgium, Italy has been studied. Remote work at the legislative level has somewhat eased the situation, but in some cases has led to additional questions for both employees and employers. Workers need to receive special training for the transition to remote work, as there is a need to make sure that such a person can effectively carry out his work in this format. It is considered that remote work during martial law reflects the dual aspects of the subjects of labor law. Problems are identified: protection of confidential information, safety of the employee and his family members and the equipment entrusted to him, accounting of working time and rest time of the employee; application of disciplinary measures for absenteeism.