Reform Of Social Security System Research Articles

Impact of the Global Food Crisis on Germany’s Food Aid Measures: In the Context of COVID-19, Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, and Extreme Weather

This study examines the results of an online survey on the impact of the global food crisis on Germany’s food aid measures. The global food crisis has left Germans food insecure, leading them to seek additional financial support to increase food production, including lower sales tax and aid for vulnerable groups. Perception of the causes of the food crisis differ across socio-economic groups, such as age, education, and income. Older participants were dissatisfied with the measures taken by the government and European Union to secure the functioning of the food security system. This group was also supportive of reduced consumption tax on food and increased charitable assistance for vulnerable groups. In Germany, where the birthrate is steadily declining and the population is aging, social security system reform is underway, with hope for stable and sustainable food assistance supported by older generations.

The Evolving Role of the State in the 15th Year of Türkiye Social Security System Reform

The Evolving Role of the State in the 15th Year of Türkiye Social Security System Reform

Japan: health cuts and outsourced supply chains left a health system under-prepared

36 | International Union Rights | 27/1-27/2 FOCUS | UNIONS, WORKERS’ RIGHTS, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Japan: health cuts and outsourced supply chains left a health system under-prepared The Japan Federation of Medical Workers’ Unions (JFMWU) represents 7 national unions and 47 prefectural unions in health and care sector in Japan. Since our formation in 1957, we have promoted campaigns and struggles for enough staffing and better working condition of medical doctors, nurses and care workers as well as for providing decent and better health care. Japanese health systems have been suffering from chronic understaffing, then we are working under the pandemic of COVID-19. Long working hours JFMWU has conducted a survey in every five years on working condition of nurses. The most recent one from 33,402 corresponded found that 71.7 percent says they have chronic fatigue, 67.5 percent says they have health concerns, 74.9 percent thinks to quite their job. These reasons are; 47.7 percent responded they have hard working condition due to understaffing, 30.0 percent responded their wage is low and difficult to take enough holidays. We also conducted nightshift work survey every year, and we found 39.3 percent nurses are working in 2-shift. And at 2-shift workplaces, 39.3 percent experience more than 16-hour work. Japanese nurses generally have more night-work than other countries, and 46.0 percent experiences less than 8-hour interval between shifts. To achieve safe and decent health and care, we have committed to promote strong campaign for better working condition and sufficient staffing. We demand ‘8-hour work day’, ‘more than 12-hour interval’ and ‘32-hour work week’, as well as more medical staff and better social security system. Reduction in designated medical institutions and community health offices Since the 1980s, the Japanese government has maintained its policy to reduce medical expenditure from the public budget, under the name of ‘administrative reform’ or ‘structural reform’. In recent years, Prime Minister Abe promoted so-called ‘Social Security System Reform’ in order to restore a balanced budget and to reduce social security expenditure. The number of beds for special infectious disease in 1998 was 9060 beds at 409 hospitals across Japan, but it is now only 1869 beds at 407 hospitals. It is important to note that 94 percent of these beds belong to public or government hospitals. The number of the public health offices was more than 850 in 1990s and now we have only 472 offices in 2019. Working conditions of medical workers under the pandemic When the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued a notice to request medical institutions to be ready for the COVID-19, JFMWU conducted an emergency survey for mostly public hospitals in March where we represent those workers. Even rather big and supposedly wellequipped institutions reported their concern and anxiety to respond to the outbreak, since they do not have sufficient medical staff and specialised facilities for dealing with infectious diseases. They have been forced to close loss-making sections such as TB sections, and do not have enough Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and technical skills to treat infectious disease. Some hospitals say they accept COVID-19 patients while they stop certain surgery or outpatient department. In April, we experienced shortages of PPE at hospitals. According to the survey from 152 hospitals in 35 prefectures, we found some serious cases, both for safety and health of patients and health workers and sustainability of the hospitals. Some workers have only 1 mask per week. Another PPE and N95 mask are used repeatedly. Raincoat or garbage plastic bag are used for PPE. Sharp decrease of inpatients has huge impact for financial situation of hospitals and clinic, and there is a threat to cut wage and lump-sum payments in the coming months. Hospital workers have experienced discrimination and prejudice in community. JFMWU issued statements on these serious problems and demanded the governments to take immediate action. The Ministry reported 428 thousand COVID-19 inpatients, of which 222 thousand were hospitalised, The global supply chain system for PPE - based on neoliberal ideology - is clearly not working Shinobu Morita is President of the Japan...

Japan: health cuts and outsourced supply chains left a health system under-prepared

36 | International Union Rights | 27/1-27/2 FOCUS | UNIONS, WORKERS’ RIGHTS, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Japan: health cuts and outsourced supply chains left a health system under-prepared The Japan Federation of Medical Workers’ Unions (JFMWU) represents 7 national unions and 47 prefectural unions in health and care sector in Japan. Since our formation in 1957, we have promoted campaigns and struggles for enough staffing and better working condition of medical doctors, nurses and care workers as well as for providing decent and better health care. Japanese health systems have been suffering from chronic understaffing, then we are working under the pandemic of COVID-19. Long working hours JFMWU has conducted a survey in every five years on working condition of nurses. The most recent one from 33,402 corresponded found that 71.7 percent says they have chronic fatigue, 67.5 percent says they have health concerns, 74.9 percent thinks to quite their job. These reasons are; 47.7 percent responded they have hard working condition due to understaffing, 30.0 percent responded their wage is low and difficult to take enough holidays. We also conducted nightshift work survey every year, and we found 39.3 percent nurses are working in 2-shift. And at 2-shift workplaces, 39.3 percent experience more than 16-hour work. Japanese nurses generally have more night-work than other countries, and 46.0 percent experiences less than 8-hour interval between shifts. To achieve safe and decent health and care, we have committed to promote strong campaign for better working condition and sufficient staffing. We demand ‘8-hour work day’, ‘more than 12-hour interval’ and ‘32-hour work week’, as well as more medical staff and better social security system. Reduction in designated medical institutions and community health offices Since the 1980s, the Japanese government has maintained its policy to reduce medical expenditure from the public budget, under the name of ‘administrative reform’ or ‘structural reform’. In recent years, Prime Minister Abe promoted so-called ‘Social Security System Reform’ in order to restore a balanced budget and to reduce social security expenditure. The number of beds for special infectious disease in 1998 was 9060 beds at 409 hospitals across Japan, but it is now only 1869 beds at 407 hospitals. It is important to note that 94 percent of these beds belong to public or government hospitals. The number of the public health offices was more than 850 in 1990s and now we have only 472 offices in 2019. Working conditions of medical workers under the pandemic When the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued a notice to request medical institutions to be ready for the COVID-19, JFMWU conducted an emergency survey for mostly public hospitals in March where we represent those workers. Even rather big and supposedly wellequipped institutions reported their concern and anxiety to respond to the outbreak, since they do not have sufficient medical staff and specialised facilities for dealing with infectious diseases. They have been forced to close loss-making sections such as TB sections, and do not have enough Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and technical skills to treat infectious disease. Some hospitals say they accept COVID-19 patients while they stop certain surgery or outpatient department. In April, we experienced shortages of PPE at hospitals. According to the survey from 152 hospitals in 35 prefectures, we found some serious cases, both for safety and health of patients and health workers and sustainability of the hospitals. Some workers have only 1 mask per week. Another PPE and N95 mask are used repeatedly. Raincoat or garbage plastic bag are used for PPE. Sharp decrease of inpatients has huge impact for financial situation of hospitals and clinic, and there is a threat to cut wage and lump-sum payments in the coming months. Hospital workers have experienced discrimination and prejudice in community. JFMWU issued statements on these serious problems and demanded the governments to take immediate action. The Ministry reported 428 thousand COVID-19 inpatients, of which 222 thousand were hospitalised, The global supply chain system for PPE - based on neoliberal ideology - is clearly not working Shinobu Morita is President of the Japan...

Zakah management for poverty alleviation in Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam

Abstract. Concern for poverty is not new and has been the focus for centuries by historians, sociologists and economists. The cause has been identified, ranging from shortcomings in the administration of income support, until the injustice of the social and economic system. Various attempts have been proposed, from the reform of social security system for changes in the form of the socio-economic system. Because poverty is a multidimensional problem, solutions to poverty require a set of coordinated action, particularly through charity. Indonesia, which has a population with a large population, of course, the problem of poverty continues to be a problem in economic development. Nevertheless, the potential zakat Indonesia larger community and cooperation among stakeholders and government regulation is a solution to reduce the level of poverty in Indonesia. It is certainly different from the Brunei Darussalam to the level of a small population and large government revenues, management of zakat by MUIB in the form of cash grants, the capital of commerce, and others are implementable can solve the problem of poverty in this country. Keywords. Management of zakat, Poverty alleviation, Zakat recipients. JEL. E60, F52, G28, H27, H71, I30, N30.

Να ξανασκεφτούμε τις αξίες της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης

<p>Lately, the economy seems cut off from society. Instead of satisfying needs, it is devoted to an endless race for profit increase. Every attempt to recalibrate social insurance is subordinated to this «unified thought». In the absence of a social perspective, reform attempts view social insurance predominantly as a burden for the economy. The present article puts forward a social-centered approach for the reform of social security systems. In order to do so, it is important to focus once<br />again on the values that brought about and strengthened social insurance.</p>

Να ξανασκεφτούμε τις αξίες της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης

<p>Lately, the economy seems cut off from society.<br />Instead of satisfying needs, it is devoted<br />to an endless race for profit increase. Every<br />attempt to recalibrate social insurance is subordinated<br />to this «unified thought». In the<br />absence of a social perspective, reform attempts<br />view social insurance predominantly<br />as a burden for the economy. The present article<br />puts forward a social-centered approach<br />for the reform of social security systems. In<br />order to do so, it is important to focus once<br />again on the values that brought about and<br />strengthened social insurance.</p>

Verification of the Social Security System which Gazed at 2015 : Receive a Social Security System Reform National Assembly.

Verification of the Social Security System which Gazed at 2015 : Receive a Social Security System Reform National Assembly.

Wpływ modyfikacji systemu emerytalnego na finanse Funduszu Ubezpieczeń Społecznych

The paper analyzes the revenue and expenditure of the Social Insurance Fund (SIF) from 1999 to 2010. This period covers the first years of the reformed social security system and the time at which a number of regulatory change was introduced. In the analyzed period both revenue and expenditure of social insurance increased, while revenues grew faster than expenses. The higher revenue growth marked by subsidies from the state budget than revenues from social security premiums. Among the largest share of expenditure accounted for transfers to the population, which were paid primarily in the form of pensions. The analysis shows that the reform of social security system, despite the delays in the implementation of certain objectives, contributed to many positive changes. It affected the growth of insured persons, a drop in payments of inability to work, and the increase in the average age of persons who have been granted pension benefits.

SOVIETINIO SOCIALINĖS APSAUGOS MODELIO FUNKCIJOS BEI RAIDA IR LIETUVA

This article is unique in that, for the first time, Russian and Soviet social security development in Lithuania is studied comprehensively and systematically including all major types of social insurance, tracking changes over time and identify their causes.The article broadly analyzes the social security legislation, the publications of Soviet Union’s and Lithuanian SSR’s official statistics, presents national and interna­tional analysis and the archival materials, revealing how the Lithuanian social secu­rity system evolved during Russian and Soviet rule.The article reveals the structure and ideology of the Soviet social insurance sys­tem. In the whole territory of the USSR, the same principles and laws of social insur­ance were applied. The foundations for Soviet social security and social insurance systems were layed rather early – already 8–10 years before the II world war began. But Soviet Union, especially after 1940, was not totally homogeneous. In several Soviet republics, for example Lithuania, some specific elements were observed which influenced the administrative methods in social security, social insurance and social support. The article explains the nature of social insurance expenditure. We define and explain the branches of social insurance in the USSR: old age and disability pensions, illness, maternity, funeral and unemployment benefits (the latter were paid in the early Soviet period only). The article deals with official USSR and Lithuanian SSR statistics, mainly from the last Soviet period (beginning 1975), when Soviet social insurance reached its limits and showed its potential. Although Soviet social insurance was related to the principles of the Bismarckian work record and former earnings, it was however financed from Moscow’s centrally organised budget and was not related to meaningful contributions of employers and employees. The one-party communist system had a big role in the functioning of social insurance in the USSR and the Lithuanian SSR. The article shows that the Lithuanian social protec­tion system because of the occupation of Russia (1795–1914) and the Soviet Union (1940–1990) was closely related to the system of pre-revolution Russian and Soviet Union’s, with some insignificant regional differences. The social security programs were used as instruments to strengthen workers’ control. No other country in the world but USSR has used its social security system as a tool for propaganda. Despite that, the Soviet Union and the Lithuanian SSR did not stay aloof from social security system reforms in the world. When Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, it had to comply with the formed system of social insurance and social care. The main role in Lithuanian SSR was given to the social insurance scheme, which did not involve contributions of the residents (instead, it was done by work organizations, and administered by the state and trade unions). In comparison with other soviet re­publics, Lithuania featured a higher level of independence in the social care field than in the field of social insurance, and the Lithuanian authorities used it wisely to build nursing homes for elderly and improving their administration, supporting children of poor families, etc. However, certain economic-social conditions in Lithuania also had an effect on the social insurance, e.g. there were more working old-age pensioners in Lithuania, and social insurance was administered more effectively than in the rest of the USSR republics. Notably, social security specialists from other USSR republics were coming to Lithuania to gather good practice.

Twelve Years Experiences of the Japanese Long Term Care Insurance

In 2000, the Japanese government implemented the Long Term Care Insurance (LTCI) as a new scheme for the frail elderly in order to socialize the ADL care services for the dependent elderly. After 12 years of implementation, LTCI has become an important infrastructure to support the QOL of frail elderly. This situation has caused, naturally, a large increase in users and expenditures. LTCI expenditures have increased from 3,953.5 billion JPY in 2000 to 7,930.8 billion JPY in 2010. The average monthly premium has increased from 2,911 JPY to 4,972 JPY in 2012. This rapid increase of LTCI expenditures are one of the most important political issue for today’s Japanese society. In 2012, the Japanese government has 10 trillion of debt. As the expenditure of social security is the largest among national budget, the reform of social security system becomes an urgent political issue for the Japanese society. In order to maintain the universal coverage of LTCI scheme, policies are needed to reconcile projected demand for (and cost of) LTC, with financial sustainability. A toolkit of policies to strike this delicate balance between fairness and fiscal sustainability is now to be prepared. We have to overhaul our LTCI scheme from the following four viewpoints; reducing the demand for care, cost-sharing on LTC benefits, an appropriate mix of formal and informal service and reconfirmation of principle of LTCI scheme among the citizens.

The Beveridge Report and Its Impact on China’s Social Security System

When it was published on December1st 1942, Social Insurance and Allied Services, or as it was universally called, the Beveridge Report, was an instant and phenomenal success. It gives the criticism to the England resent social security system. The report pointed that each problem has been dealt with separately, with little or no reference to allied problem. And it causes each kind of social security measure isolation, which sometimes creates repeat, sometimes appears the blank spot.Thus has affected the social security system actual effection. The England social security system reform persists three principles. The first principle is that any proposals for future, while they should use to the full the experience gathered in the past, should not be restricted by consideration of sectional interests established in the obtaining of that experience. The second principle is that ognanization of social insurance should be treated as one part only of a comprehensive policy of social progress. The third principle is that social security must be achieved by co-opration between the state and the individual.The Bverridge Report is one of the most important work which influence the social security system of England and other counties in the world.

Health decentralization policy and social answer. The Colombian region case

During the last twenty years, social participation in Latin America, especially in Colombia has been oriented by a policy of administrative and political decentralization, with consequences in the field of health where both the state and the communities have assumed new spaces and types of relation that impact social organization and justice. Through this framework the project analyses in the Colombian region of the antioqueño southwest, some of the effects health decentralization has had taking into consideration the historic characteristics of the participation process of the population, some central aspects of the legal context of the health and social security system reforms during the last two decades, the perceptions of local actors as regards the process of the implementation of decentralized health, and the actions undertaken by the local state agents and the people in comunitary participation processes for the improvement of life and health conditions.Key Words: Health decentralization, community participation in health, social health participation, health policies, community health committees

Να ξανασκεφτούμε τις αξίες της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης

<p>Lately, the economy seems cut off from society. Instead of satisfying needs, it is devoted to an endless race for profit increase. Every attempt to recalibrate social insurance is subordinated to this ≪unified thought≫. In the absence of a social perspective, reform attempts view social insurance predominantly as a burden for the economy. The present article puts forward a social-centered approach for the reform of social security systems. In order to do so, it is important to focus once again on the values that brought about and strengthened social insurance.</p>

Ocena reformy ubezpieczeń społecznych

Ocena reformy ubezpieczeń społecznych

Retirement in an overlapping generations model

SummaryWith an overlapping generations model, Williamson and Jones [1983] demonstrated that the long-run savings ratio in the U.S. was not affected by the introduction and the reform of the unfunded social security system. This paper extends their model by including a production sector, endogenous labor supply and a wage profile. Simulations show that incorporating general equilibrium and (exogenous) leisure is sufficient to generate a declining savings ratio in the steady state. Reforms of the social security system are evaluated in welfare terms. The new features of the model may significantly change the sign and the magnitude of the welfare gains for steady state generations.

A Study on the Reform of Social Security System for "Quality of Life"

Recently, after the President's initiative action for "globalization of quality of life" by promulgating the ideal goal for coming 21th century, the Korean Government has established the 'National Welfare Planning Board' which has a historical duty to work out a long & medium-term blueprint for social security system in Korea. The matter of the promotion of national welfare is viewed as a difficult task to deal with, since it is very hard to tackle the matter by only a single government department, Ministry of Health & Welfare. Last year, with renaming the government department by Ministry of Health & Welfare, which was, in the past, named Ministry of Health & Social Affairs, the Government declared that the year of 1995 should be a launching year for advancing national health & welfare, in this respect, it has significant implications that 'National Welfare Planning Board' has been established, not in a sole department level but in the government inter-department level, and that the Board is co-headed by both the minister of Health & Welfare and the president of Korea Development Institute(KDI).