Social Security Protection Research Articles

Kaji Ulang Pelaksanaan JAMSOSTEK Menurut UU No. 3 Tahun 1992 (Studi Kasus di PT TELKOM DIVRE III Bandung)

Labors as one ofthe agents of development makes a huge contribution in establishing of nationai production and sociai welfare. This sector aiso contributes a tremendous foreign income to the state. However, it is normal to grant protection to the labors to achieve better welfare conditions. The protections may consist of protection to gain employment. The right of the employees to health care, safe work environment, protection of wage andguarantee social security.

Saving Social Security: a balanced approach

While everyone agrees that Social Security is a vital and necessary government program, there have been widely divergent plans for reforming it. Peter A. Diamond and Peter R. Orszag, two of the nation's foremost economists, propose a reform plan that would rescue the program both from its projected financial problems and from those who would destroy the program in order to save it. In Saving Social Security 's strategy balances benefit and revenue adjustments, following the precedent set by the last major Social Security reform in the early 1980s. The authors' proposal restores long-term balance and sustainable solvency to the program without imposing additional burdens on the rest of the budget. Further, it protects disability and young survivor benefits and strengthens Social Security's protections for low earners and widows. Most important, the plan preserves the program's core social insurance role by providing a base-level of assured income to American workers and their families in time of need. To better understand the accomplishments and financial problems of Social Security, Diamond and Orszag provide background on the program, as well as on the causes of the long-term deficit. They suggest ways in which various alternative reform plans should be evaluated and explain the shortcomings of proposals to replace part of Social Security with individual accounts. Saving Social Security is essential reading for policymakers involved in reform, analysts, students, and all those interested in the fate of this safeguard of American lives.

Building social security: the challenge of privatization

In recent years, in both the specialist press and the tabloids, the idea of privatization of social security has become a shimmering catch phrase. Politicians base election campaigns on promises of more or less privatization in social security. Many governments introduce private business management methods into their social security systems. Representatives of social security institutions and academics prepare theory papers on the possible outcomes of privatization. And international financial organizations describe doomsday scenarios based on the premise of failure to privatize. What is the role of privatization today in the development of national social security systems? How does privatization concern the developments in different social security programs such as old age, sickness, unemployment, accident insurance and family allowances? What are the visions and effects of privatization in social security? This volume provides an overview of the various positions of supporters and opponents of privatization in the main branches of social security, followed by national experience of privatized or part-privatized social security systems. While the perspective of each of the contributors is markedly different, the overall objective cuts across differences: namely, to develop the most efficient and cost-effective system of social security protection. The authors' views and knowledge are derived from their firsthand experiences with social security in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Representatives of the leading international organizations dealing with social security issues-the International Labour Organization, the OECD, the World Bank and the World Health Organization-further expand the parameters of the viewpoints and experiences expressed. This multifaceted book allows the reader to learn about the challenge of privatization in the various forms of social security by assembling a set of highly up-to-date, technically complex and legal issues based on practical analysis and actual experience. It will be of interest to those concerned with national social policy in a comparative context. This is the sixth volume in an ongoing series that aims to review social security in a comparative, global context. Xenia Scheil-Adlung is program manager, International Social Security Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Income security for older people: An Asian perspective

In Asia and the Pacific, as in other developing regions, the continuing growth of the aged population has a great impact on social security programmes generally and, in particular, on the income security of older persons. In societies where traditional support systems are breaking up, their need for social security protection is increasingly important. A system of social security for the elderly population exists in most countries of the region. Many are provident fund schemes, which are basically saving schemes, and their coverage is low. Where social insurance pension schemes exist, the levels of benefits provided are also low. The focus for future development, therefore, lies in converting the savings schemes into multitiered pension schemes, extending their coverage and raising the level of benefits. In this context the critical question concerns the role of the State and the type of schemes used. The need for public pension schemes is great in Asia and the Pacific, where the level of poverty is comparatively high. Building pension schemes, whether public or private, involves a set of issues that need to be addressed. This article considers the systems currently in place and the challenges and limitations faced when considering the future development of social security in this area.

Fontanka 16: The Tsars’ Secret Police, by Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov

16: The Tsars' Secret Police, by Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov. Montreal, Quebec, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999. ix. 394 pp: $39.95 Cdn (cloth). In late nineteenth-century St. Petersburg, the address Fontanka 16 became a shorthand for From the 1830s until 1917, the tsarist secret political police, the Okhranka, was headquartered there. In co-operation with the military police -- the Corps of Gendarmes -- the Okhranka worked to detect and counteract subversion against the Russian state. By the time of the collapse of the Russian autocracy in February 1917, Okhranka informants kept watch virtually everywhere. This wide-ranging study, a revised version of the authors' 1994 Russian-language work, focuses on the activities of the Okhranka and the Gendarmes from the 1880s to 1917. Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov have mined a rich collection of memoirs and archival materials to explore the psychology and workings of the secret police. They offer an illuminating picture of the Okhranka side in the cat-and-mouse game that the revolutionaries and the tsarist state played from the mid nineteenth century on. Indeed, a central theme of the book is the symbiotic relationship that existed between revolutionaries and police, and the considerable cross-over of personnel and methods between the two categories. Ruud and Stepanov open by reviewing the evolution of the tsarist apparatus from the sixteenth century through the formation of the first comprehensive secret police service under Nicholas I in 1826. The infamous Third Section of His Majesty's Own Chancellery tracked public opinion through censorship, the opening of mail, Gendarme investigations, and denunciations received from the public. However, the rise of revolutionary terrorism in the 1870s forced a reorganization of operations in 1880. The many physical attacks on high officials by radical populists made the system look weak. In response, Alexander II abolished the Third Section and a Department of State Police was founded within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Its Division for the Protection of Order and Social Security, the Okhranka, provided increased surveillance of the public through both detective work and through a great expansion of the use of inside agents infiltrating subversive groups. Policies designed to make the process of collecting and analyzing information more systematic and secretive were also implemented. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, new emergency legislation permitted the use of intensified security against attacks on the state or if the interior minister deemed such attacks to be imminent. Although originally introduced for a three-year period, this law remained in force until 1917 and considerably strengthened the hand of the secret police. After laying out the origins of the Okhranka, Ruud and Stepanov turn to an interesting analysis of secret police techniques for compiling information. …

Consolidating the lessons of 50 years of ‘development’

AbstractThe World Development Report 2000/01 builds a complex picture of poverty, and a comprehensive approach to its reduction, which challenges the still dominant neo‐liberal paradigm. The significance of inequality in determining the outcomes of economic growth, of vulnerability and the need for an agenda of social security or social protection represent advances in the discourse of international agencies. The uniform and simplistic solutions of the past are dismissed with recognition of the fragility of markets and the problems of privatization. The diversity of poverty is met by emphasis on country strategies, which need to address the issues faced by the losers from the process of economic growth. Diversity has been identified — it now needs analysis. The comprehensive approach advocated should help to stabilize development thinking, to move away from the pendulum swings of policy fashion. The constraints to poverty reduction are under‐emphasised — resources to provide safety nets; the problems of preventing or resolving conflict, and the potential political resistance from elites unconvinced that poverty is their problem. Nevertheless, the report provides a basis for building a new international coalition against poverty, with the Bank as one among several agencies, a situation in which it will need to clarify its role. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Security benefits for the family: An issue in social protection

Summary Demographic changes in society have clear implications for the U. S. Social Security system. Changing familial relationships will affect the scope and value of Social Security protection that will require policy changes as well. In reporting the changes in family structure, this analysis also discusses implications for Social Security benefits and the effects on minorities and women, and calls attention to policy proposals.

The social security protection of older women: The hidden issue of the end of the century

The social security protection of older women: The hidden issue of the end of the century

Extending social security protection to the entire population: Problems and issues

Rural, agricultural and informal‐sector workers have often beendenied the social security protection to which other economic sectors of populations have had access, and this is particularly true in the case of developing countries. There are also other important groups which have few or no rights to social security protection, such as family, domestic and casual workers. The lack of coverage is disturbing, as witnessed by the frequency with which this topic appears on social security meeting agendas worldwide, and particularly so since these sectors, as a whole form a very large proportion of the populations of many countries. Certainly there are difficulties of a practical nature which inhibit extension of coverage to these groups. So what can social security systems do? What kind of coverage is best suited to the needs of these groups? This article, based on papers presented at an ISSA Regional Meeting for Asia and the Pacific held in Manila in 1992, analyses the issues and makes some suggestions for a strategy relating to extension of coverage.

National Provident Funds: The Challenge of Harmonizing Their Social Security, Social and Economic Objectives

This paper examines the national provident funds (NPFs) that operate in 23 developing countries which seek to provide their members with basic social security protection by means of compulsory savings (see Appendix). It explores how the juxtaposition of economic, social and social security objectives has made NPFs generally resilient to fundamental change and has, in some instances, resulted in the evolution of a social security hybrid—neither a pure compulsory savings scheme nor a social insurance system.

Social Security Protection of Migrant Workers

Issues related to social security protection are discussed from the point of view of the sending country as well as the receiving country. Common problems include equality of treatment between nationals and non-nationals, inadequacy of coverage, and the status of workers with multiple foreign employment. The social security programs of 36 Asia-Pacific countries are compared and recommendations made to increase the protection available to migrant workers in the region. Ratification of ILO conventions and the establishment of bilateral/multilateral agreements are stressed.

Social security protection of women: Prospects for the 1990’s

Social security protection of women: Prospects for the 1990’s

A Work Career from the Standpoint of the Life Cycle

The multitude of sacrifices made by the people during the course of collectivization and industrialization were justified in terms of a humanistic supreme goal, the formation of the new Economic efficiency, social security, and legal protection were sacrificed to this abstract person. The current endeavor of scholars to bring the economy down to earth and to compel it to serve the needs of concrete human beings is therefore understandable.

Part-Time Work, Social Security Protections and Labour Law: an international comparison

One of the changes in the structure of the labour markets of the industrialised Western countries has been the increase of part-time working. Examining the situation in seven OECD countries the article shows to what extent part-time workers are protected and covered by labour law and social security regulations, the barriers and incentives set by these regulations and the effects these regulations have on the structure of part-time work and the gender-specific segregation of labour markets.

The protection of migrant workers and international labour standards.

International labor standards take the form of Conventions and Recommendations that embody the agreements reached by a 2/3 majority of the representatives of Governments, Employers, and Workers of International Labour Office (ILO) member states. Originally designed to guard against the danger that 1 country or other would keep down wages and working conditions to gain competitive advantage and thereby undermine advances elsewhere, international labor standards have also been inspired by humanitarian concerns--the visible plight of workers and the physical dangers of industrialization and by the notion of social justice, which embraces wellbeing and dignity, security, and equality as well as a measure of participation in economic and social matters. ILO standards apply to workers generally and therefore also to migrant workers, irrespective of the fact that the general standards are complemented by standards especially for migrant workers. The social security protection of migrant workers has been dealt with in ILO instruments primarily from the angle of equality of treatment but also from that of the maintenance of acquired rights and rights in course of acquisition, including the payment of benefits to entitled persons resident abroad. The ILO Conventions on migrant workers and the Recommendations which supplement them deal with practically all aspects of the work and life of non-nationals such as recruitment matters, information to be made available, contract conditions, medical examination and attention, customs, exemption for personal effects, assistance in settling into their new environment, vocational training, promotion at work, job security and alternative employment, liberty of movement, participation in the cultural life of the state as well as maintenance of their own culture, transfer of earnings and savings, family reunification and visits, appeal against unjustified termination of employment or expulsion, and return assistance. ILO's supervisory mechanism consists basically of a dialogue between the ILO and the Government that is responsible for a law, regulation, or practice alleged to be in contravention of principles it voluntarily accepted. The control machinery is often set in motion by workers' organizations. The UN General Assembly is currently elaborating a new instrument designed to cover both regular and irregular migrant workers and their families.

The Social Security System in Singapore: Comment

The social security system in a country may be viewed as being directly related to its level of industrialization (Rimlinger 1971). The process of industrialization and resulting urbanization leads to a gradual breakdown in traditional extended family relationships. This implies that an increasing proportion of the labour force becomes entirely dependent on wages. Workers thus become exposed to the risk of cessation of earnings because of sickness, unemployment, or old age and face the need for social security protection.1 Social security measures are aimed at reduc ing insecurity among workers and their families and provide for the less fortunate, thus contri buting to harmonious social development in a country. Though the objective of social secu rity remains the same in all countries, whether developed or developing, the approach to so cial security differs among nations. In many countries, the state or the government takes full responsibility for providing benefits to the distressed against insecurity. In certain coun tries, the state plays a limited role in directly providing social security benefits, but formu lates various measures which allow the labour

The problem of the elderly statute

In most branches of the law where statute dominates, such as taxation, social security and employment protection, the legislation is nowadays quite frequently revised. Often this is because a new government requires important changes of a political character, although the oportunity can be taken to remove ambiguous, anomalous or antiquated phrasing. But from time to time, perhaps as a result of a Law Commission report, a statute is revised for social, administrative or even juridical reasons. At all events, what may be called the operational art of our statute book dating from before 1945 is comparatively small.

Provident funds in the third world: A cross‐national review

AbstractProvident funds have been introduced in twenty third world countries as a way of meeting a need for social security. This article provides a careful comparative review of these funds, describing who they cover, how contribution rates are specified and on whom they fall, the rights the funds confer and how the funds are managed. The article points out that the provident funds have proved to be important financial institutions, valued by governments as instruments for mobilizing savings, but none has found a way of achieving the goal of providing adequate social security protection on the basis simply of compulsory savings.

Social Reform in Costa Rica: Social Security and the Presidency of Rafael Angel Calderón

B Y 1940, most South American countries had undertaken state-sponsored programs to meet basic problems arising from urbanization and the economic depression of the 1930s. Chile and Uruguay were among the earliest states to adopt social-welfare legislation; other countries, namely Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia, set up social-welfare programs through social security during the years between World War I and World War II. Usually these programs were introduced by elites concerned with often inchoate group demands for state-guaranteed social protection. Social-security protection could be rationalized politically and was regarded as an acceptable, if expensive, price to pay for stability and order among countries' productive sectors. The social-reform orientation in the southern continent contrasted with explicit antireformism in the Central American republics. In the early 1940s, however, Costa Rica attempted to break the traditional pattern and to implement a program of social reform initially based upon the Chilean model. One component of that reform, social security, is now not only the most important state-sponsored social program in Costa Rica, but one of the most successful in Latin America. In total coverage, Costa Rica's social-security program serves more than 90 percent of its eligible population.1 To date, social security and the larger process of social reform in Costa Rica have attracted little scholarly attention. Still, there is enough evidence available to establish that although Jose Figueres and his Social

Changing Family Patterns and Social Security Protection: the Case of the Republic of Korea

Changing Family Patterns and Social Security Protection: the Case of the Republic of Korea