Social Science Monographs Research Articles

Hungarian-Soviet Economic Relations, 1920-1941. By Attila Seres. Trans. Thomas J. and Helen D. DeKornfeld. Hungarian Studies Series, no. 27. Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs; Wayne, N.J.: Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, 2012. Dist. Columbia University Press, ix, 238 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Photographs. Maps. $55.00, hard bound.

Hungarian-Soviet Economic Relations, 1920-1941. By Attila Seres. Trans. Thomas J. and Helen D. DeKornfeld. Hungarian Studies Series, no. 27. Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs; Wayne, N.J.: Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, 2012. Dist. Columbia University Press, ix, 238 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Photographs. Maps. $55.00, hard bound. - Volume 73 Issue 1

Mihály Fülöp. The Unfinished Peace: The Council of Foreign Ministers and the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1947. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series 22, ed. Peter Pastor and Ivan Sanders. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2011. Pp. 419, maps.

Mihály Fülöp. The Unfinished Peace: The Council of Foreign Ministers and the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1947. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series 22, ed. Peter Pastor and Ivan Sanders. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2011. Pp. 419, maps. - Volume 44

Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism (review)

Reviewed by: Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism Stephen R. Porter (bio) Michael Barnett, Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism (Cornell University Press 2011), 296 pages, ISBN 978-0-8014-4713-6. Readers of this journal are undoubtedly aware of the considerable attention given to international human rights by the academy in recent years. Scholarship on the contemporary and historical dimensions of human rights continues to proliferate, as have university human rights centers and programs of studies. These are welcome developments, certainly, not only for the prevalence of human rights discourses and practices in the current international milieu, but for the appealing avenues that human rights offers for exploring the past. For all of this academic interest in human rights, however, it is remarkable how little attention, by comparison, has been paid to a “cousin” of human rights. Humanitarianism has played arguably a similarly important role in contemporary global society as human rights, and perhaps an even richer part in the longer history of the modern world. Michael Barnett’s Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism represents a major attempt at correcting this imbalance, and largely succeeds. A book of ambitious scope, sophisticated analysis, extensive research, and elegant presentation, it is simultaneously a sweeping account of the evolution of Western-based humanitarian aid initiatives over the past two centuries and a clarion call for others to continue the project that this study begins. A political scientist, Barnett’s work will appeal to a wide audience of social scientists in his and related fields, to those in my discipline of history, to humanitarian aid practitioners, and to policymakers. Its clear prose, clean structure, and broad sweep will help it find a way onto the syllabi of important courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Those familiar with the 2008 volume that Barnett co-edited with Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarianism in Question: Power, Ethics, Politics, will find the third and final section of Empire of Humanity to be a welcome extension of that earlier endeavor’s examination of contemporary humanitarianism. But the sustained chronological scope of Empire of Humanity takes this newer title considerably beyond its predecessor. The two-century history of humanitarianism explored in the book’s first two sections offers much more than the type of historical background to recent phenomena sometimes found in social science monographs that give a mere nod to the past. In the best traditions of the Political Development schools of political science, Barnett approaches the past on its own terms rather than simply mining it for echoes of the present. The result is something more than, as Barnett too modestly claims, “one of the first accounts of modern humanitarianism.”1 It is the first broadly researched and historically nuanced study of humanitarianism that connects its modern, Western origins in the age of trans-Atlantic abolitionism with the post-Cold War era, and much in between. “[R]eading humanitarianism from its origins,” Barnett compellingly asserts, “gives a very different perspective on its [End Page 914] present, and reading its present gives a very different perspective on its past.”2 Marshalling evidence from existing literature, interviews with contemporary humanitarian aid personnel, organizational archives, and published primary sources, Barnett offers a framework—not a theory, he insists—for understanding the past and present dimensions of humanitarianism that is at once synchronic and diachronic. As for the former, Barnett argues that the history of humanitarianism must be understood as having operated over time in an ever-changing global environment shaped by geopolitics (“destruction”), capitalism (“production”), and ethics (“compassion”). He contemplates multiple sets of ever-present tensions that have consistently produced the defining “zigs and zags” of humanitarianism over the past two centuries. These include claims that: humanitarianism simultaneously aspires to improve society while also being a product of that society’s prejudices; different versions of humanitarianism compete with one another—most prominently, emergency-based versus longer term, root-cause, “alchemical” approaches; humanitarian claims to universally applicable ethics are necessarily circumscribed by the imaginative limitations of particular times, places, and perspectives; humanitarianism requires the paradox of “emancipation and domination” (or “paternalism”); and humanitarian acts tend to be simultaneously self-less and self-serving, spuriously claiming a sacrosanct...

László Katus. Hungary in the Dual Monarchy, 1867–1914. Translated by Paul Bődy and Andrew T. Gane. East European Monographs 738. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2008. Pp. 549, tables, charts, maps.

László Katus. Hungary in the Dual Monarchy, 1867–1914. Translated by Paul Bődy and Andrew T. Gane. East European Monographs 738. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2008. Pp. 549, tables, charts, maps. - Volume 43

Ruling Elites and Decision‐Making in Fascist‐Era Dictatorships. Edited by António Costa Pinto Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2009; distributed by Columbia University Press, New York. Pp. xx+266. $50.00.Franco and the Axis Stigma. By David Wingeate Pike. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, in collaboration with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies, 2008. Pp. xviii+220. $75.00.The Francoist Military Trials: Terror and Complicity,

Ruling Elites and Decision‐Making in Fascist‐Era Dictatorships. Edited by António Costa Pinto Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2009; distributed by Columbia University Press, New York. Pp. xx+266. $50.00.Franco and the Axis Stigma. By David Wingeate Pike. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, in collaboration with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies, 2008. Pp. xviii+220. $75.00.The Francoist Military Trials: Terror and Complicity,

Ignác Romsics. From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Birth of the Third Hungarian Republic, 1988–2001. Translated by Matthew Caples. East European Monographs 722. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2007. Pp 471, illus.

Ignác Romsics. From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Birth of the Third Hungarian Republic, 1988–2001. Translated by Matthew Caples. East European Monographs 722. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2007. Pp 471, illus.

Géza Pálffy. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century. Translated by J. Thomas and Helen D. DeKornfeld. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series 18. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2009. 410 pp.

Géza Pálffy. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century. Translated by J. Thomas and Helen D. DeKornfeld. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series 18. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2009. 410 pp.

Balázs Ablonczy. Pál Teleki (1874–1941): The Life of a Controversial Hungarian Politician. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Hungarian Studies Series 10. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2006. Pp. 338.

Balázs Ablonczy. Pál Teleki (1874–1941): The Life of a Controversial Hungarian Politician. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Hungarian Studies Series 10. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 2006. Pp. 338. - Volume 42

Public Space in Budapest: The History of Kossuth Square. By András Gerõ Trans. from the Hungarian by Thomas J. and Helen DeKornfeld. East European Monographs, no. 750. Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs, 2009. Dist. Columbia University Press, ix, 375 pp. Notes. Index. Photographs. ․40.00, hard bound.

Public Space in Budapest: The History of Kossuth Square. By András Gerõ Trans. from the Hungarian by Thomas J. and Helen DeKornfeld. East European Monographs, no. 750. Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs, 2009. Dist. Columbia University Press, ix, 375 pp. Notes. Index. Photographs. ․40.00, hard bound.

Open Access and Humanities and Social Science Monograph Publishing

EBooks are already a significant force in academic publishing. As with each previous wave of change in digital media, one of the first and most important tasks is to find a sustainable business mod...

From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Birth of the Third Hungarian Republic 1988-2001. Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, 135. East European Monographs, 722 by Ignác Romsics (review)

REVIEWS 577 English language, he deserves to be lavished with praise for persuading such a distinguished line-up of authors to contribute. Indeed, themerit of the book lies as much inwho has written the chapters as in any of the actual contents. Amongst the best contributions are those written by Poul Skytte Christoffersen who was Denmark's Ambassador to theEU from 1995 to 2003. In a series of chapters, he charts the process of accession, through all of its twistsand turns from the Copenhagen European Council in 1993when the eponymous criteria were promulgated to the summit in the same city nine years laterwhere negotiations were concluded and the ten stateswere almost home and dry (the accession treaties stillhad to be signed and ratified).He highlights how the process was affected not just by the preferences, strategies and tactics of the EU and accession states' negotiating teams, but also some of the internal differences between theMember States. Many of the challenges were common to all the accession states, but some of the thorniest issues were specific to each case, often related to sensitive sectors of their respective economies such as steel and shipyards. In the case of Lithuania, for example, Petras Austrevicius examines two of the issues which dominated the accession of his country: Kaliningrad and the Ignalia nuclear power plant. The solution to the latter enshrined in theAccession Treaty involved an acceptance of the need to decommission in return for the EU providing a generous compensation package worth 285 million in the first two years alone. Although the country chapters are full of the less than exhilarating detail associated with the acquis,most are brightened up by the occasional vignette. Telicka and Bartak, for example, remind us that even in the late 1990s laws had to be flown from Prague to Brussels and back on paper. Moreover, Streimann's chapter recounts how a solution to the thorny issue of the incompatibility of the Estonian corporate tax regime with EU rules was resolved over lunch between Prime Minister Kallas and EU Commissioner Verheugen. Vassiliou's edited volume provides valuable insights into the storyof acces sion. Although not offering any theoretical innovations, the impressive team of contributors have served up a rich set of ingredients and hence provide an abundance of raw material for future conceptualization. Scholars not just of EU enlargement, but of theEuropean Union more broadly, not only need to find space on their crowded shelves forThe Accession Story,they need to read it. Centre for Russian andEast European Studies European Research Institute, Universityof Birmingham T. Haughton Romsics, Ign?c. FromDictatorship to Democracy: The Birth of the ThirdHungarian Republic 1988-2001. Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, 135. East European Monographs, 722. Social Science Monographs and Adantic Research and Publications, Boulder, CO and Highland Lakes, NJ, 2007. 462 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Appendices. Selected bibliography. Indexes. $60.00. 578 SEER, 88, 3, JULY 2010 The sudden collapse of the Communist utopia in 1989 was the thirdmajor turning point in the twentieth century when the events in the zone between Western Europe and the Russian heardand had very wide repercussions. Two nations, the Poles and theHungarians, were the pioneers in overturning the Communist dominoes, but while the march of Solidarity to victory is well-documented, very little isavailable inEnglish on thepeaceful and smooth 'system change' inHungary. The Lawful Revolution in Hungary, 1989?94, edited by B?la . Kir?ly and Andr?s Boz?ki (Boulder, CO, 1995), also in the present series,was a collection of essays by many authors, most ofwhom stood close to the then governing coalition, and the resultwas a rather one-sided picture. Ign?c Romsics, one of the leading Hungarian historians, and a prolific one, was the first to produce a comprehensive account in Hungarian: Volt egyszeregyrendszerv?lt?s (Budapest, 2003). The book reviewed is its unrevised translation. The tide is somewhat misleading about the period covered: Romsics gives a succinct and balanced account of the external and internal antecedents going back to the 1960s, but the story ends rather arbitrarily in 1991. The epilogue, which summarizes the following ten years, provides little more than an item in Wikipedia. Admittedly it is difficult for a historian towrite...

Ideas on Territorial Revision in Hungary, 1920-1945. East European Monographs, 717 by Mikl�s Zeidler , Thomas J. DeKornfeld , Helen DeKornfeld (review)

REVIEWS 569 evidence of thisdissenting inner realm. The reader has to take iton trust that it existed. To a large extent Kuromiya is aware of these pitfalls and he repeatedly admits that the truth is elusive. At times, though, he perhaps overstates the possibilities provided by these files. Can the Voices of the dead' really be recovered fromNKVD files if the reader can never be fully surewhether the confessions and witness statements recorded were ever actually made? Iwould suggest that Stalinist Terror not only killed itsvictims but that italso silenced them. This should not detract from the importance ofKuromiya's research: even ifhe cannot make the dead speak, he does capture important detail from the diverse lives of Stalin's victims, many ofwhom have to date largely escaped the historical record. HistoryDepartment University of Sheffield Miriam Dobson Zeidler, Mikl?s. Ideas onTerritonalRevision inHungary, 1920?1945. Translated by Thomas J. and Helen DeKornfeld. East European Monographs, 717. Social Science Monographs and Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Boulder, CO and Wayne, NJ, 2007. xvi + 440 pp. Notes. Biographical notes. Illustrations. Maps. Index. $60.00. Trianon, the name of two palaces in the park atVersailles, isperhaps better known toHungarians than to the French, for itwas due to the peace treaty signed by the victors ofWorld War One in theGrand Trianon Palace on 4 June 1920 that the thousand-year-old Kingdom ofHungary was partitioned between itsnewly created or substantially enlarged neighbours, and a chunk given even to itsvanquished partner, Austria. Hungary was left with a quarter of its former territoryand one third of itspopulation, but what made that decision singularly painful forHungarians was the fact that three and a half million people, Hungarian in language and consciousness, essentially a third of the nation, were detached and assigned (without a plebiscite) to hostile neighbours. Zeidler, a younger specialist of twentieth-centuryHungary, who has already compiled a massive, thousand-page-long collection of documents on that treaty, has produced an enlarged version of a book published in Hungarian in 2001 on the impact of theTrianon Peace Treaty on Hungarian policy and thinking. Since 1945 European state borders have been stable, but during the interwar years most Hungarians were confident that the borders which they saw as grossly unjust would inevitably change, even though their neighbours were determined not to allow that to happen. The resultwas, as Hugh Seton Watson observed, that 'in each of the new states there prevailed a narrow officialnationalism', and the repressive policies used against national, religious and political minorities led to perpetual internal and external divisions and conflicts. 'This state of generalized and mutual hostilityprovided opportunities for any great power intenton disturbing thepeace' (H. and C. Seton-Watson, TheMaking ofaNew Europe:R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary, 57? SEER, 88, 3, JULY 2010 London, 1981,p. 435), and it is this consequence of the 1920Hungarian peace treaty thatwarrants further attention to be paid to the subject. Much has been written on the fall of theHabsburg Empire (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy), and on the peace setdement. The story of Trianon and its various aspects was told in English in 1942 by Francis Deak, in 1990 by M?ria Ormos and in 2002 by Ign?c Romsics. Zeidler's masterful and balanced work offers new insights into why Hungary was treated so harshly, how Hungarian policy and society reacted, and what the repercussions were. The author is right to emphasize that 'the Great Powers were not motivated by any particular anti-Hungarian sentiment' (p. 17)but, rather, by their interests (as they saw them then) and not by themerits of the case (p. 27). But that does not alter the fact that even the staunchest advocate of the break-up of theMonarchy, R. W. Seton-Watson, argued that the terms were 'unduly severe' due to economic and strategic considerations and the persistent support of the 'successor States' by France. On pages 28-40 Zeidler provides a very thorough summary and analysis of the treaty and what it meant forHungarians ? both in the short and long term. Itwas the basis of and rationale forHungary's 'irredentism', and themovement for the revision of the Trianon Peace, mainly...

Miklós Zeidler . Ideas on Territorial Revision in Hungary 1920–1945. Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld and Helen DeKornfeld . (CHSP Hungarian Studies Series, number 15.) Wayne, N.J. : Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, with the Institute of Habsburg History , Budapest; distributed by Columbia University Press , New York . Boulder, Colo. : Social Science Monographs . 2007 .

Miklós Zeidler . Ideas on Territorial Revision in Hungary 1920–1945. Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld and Helen DeKornfeld . (CHSP Hungarian Studies Series, number 15.) Wayne, N.J. : Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, with the Institute of Habsburg History , Budapest; distributed by Columbia University Press , New York . Boulder, Colo. : Social Science Monographs . 2007 .

Situating Clio's Influence in Humanities and Social Science Monographs: Disciplinary Affiliations and Historical Scholarship

Historical scholarship is found in various humanities and social science disciplines. Beyond the traditional historically oriented research and scholarship, as vetted by historians trained and educated in the profession, historical scholarship is situated within other disciplinary configurations as well. This essay offers a larger intellectual discussion of historical research and scholarship published in disciplinary venues outside history proper. Using AHCI and SSCI databases, data were collected for book reviews appearing between 1977 and 2006 to ascertain disciplinary and journal affiliations. Historical scholarship is situated in many fields in which a historical perspective or historiographically grounded scholarship is pursued. Indeed, the historical enterprise is much more intellectually pervasive vis-à-vis other disciplines than may be commonly supposed.

Situating Clio's Influence in Humanities and Social Science Monographs

Historical scholarship is found in various humanities and social science disciplines. Beyond the traditional historically oriented research and scholarship, as vetted by historians trained and educated in the profession, historical scholarship is situated within other disciplinary configurations as well. This essay offers a larger intellectual discussion of historical research and scholarship published in disciplinary venues outside history proper. Using AHCI and SSCI databases, data were collected for book reviews appearing between 1977 and 2006 to ascertain disciplinary and journal affiliations. Historical scholarship is situated in many fields in which a historical perspective or historiographically grounded scholarship is pursued. Indeed, the historical enterprise is much more intellectually pervasive vis-à-vis other disciplines than may be commonly supposed.

Pál Teleki (1874-1941): The Life of a Controversial Hungarian Politician. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series, 10. East European Monographs, 697 by Balázs Ablonczy (review)

REVIEWS 371 Britain. Secondly, in terms oftheindividual universities, ElizabethFordham dealswiththeUniversity ofParis,AndreiAndreevwithMoscow'suniversity staff, EvgeniiRostovtsev withSt Petersburg University, IskanderGilyazov withtheUniversity ofKazan' and itsstudents, SirjeTamul writes aboutthe University of Dorpat,ArkadiuszStempindeals withthe reopeningof the University ofWarsawundertheGermanrulein 1915, FrancoisCondette with theUniversity ofLilleunderGermanoccupationand Susan Morrissey with thestudents in Petrograd, whileDetlefBussedescribes research workdirectly linkedto the Germanwar effort in the University of Göttingen. Finally, several contributors survey theimportant forms oflinks between warpressures and the different kindsof facultiesor concentratetheirattentionupon individual thinkers and scholarsor theprevailing viewsof themembersof academiccommunities ingeneralinRussiaand Germany. The editor, Trude Maurer,in additiontotheintroductory chapteron theuniversities at timeof war,analyses theconceptofuniversitas militans withparticular reference to the lateGermanKaiserreich. In each case thespecialcircumstances applying to a particular university are wellbrought to thefore. In thelightoftheevidencepresented here,thequestions ofhow theuniversities inall thecountries underscrutiny responded tothecalltoarms,how speedily, solidly and willingly theygavetheirfullsupport to thewarand the efforts todefeat theenemy and exactly bywhatmeasures they tried toachieve itare fully and convincingly answered. All thosewho carefully read thedifferent paperswilleasilydiscover towhatextent and inwhatrespect thiswas truein each case. Thisleavesthequestion whythiswasthecase,butitisa very different kind of question,dealingwithnationalpsychewhich,nonetheless, affected all thebilligerents. In a way,mostcontributors havekeptitwellin theirminds butrefer toitimplicitly. This question, and all relatedissuesare,however, of enormous consequence.Was nationalprideinevitably so easilydegenerating intofanaticalchauvinism and boundlesshatredof the enemya forcethat nothingcould contain?Is it a permanent featureof the nationalpsyche, demonstrably present intheeighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a cursenothing couldeliminate? Has thebeginning ofthis century really brought new raysof hope? In termsof the role of highereducationin societyin timesofcrisis and openconflict thecontents ofthisvolumecontainthoughtprovoking conclusions whichfarexceedthecourseofthetragic yearsof1914 to 1918. London J.J. Tomiak Ablonczy, Balázs. Pal Teleki(1874-1941): The Lifeofa Controversial Hungarian Politician. CHSP HungarianStudiesSeries,10. East European Monographs , 697. Social ScienceMonographs, CenterforHungarianStudies andPublications andInstitute ofHabsburgHistory, Boulder, CO, Wayne, NJand Budapest, 2006.ix + 338pp. Notes.Bibliography. Map. Indexes. $40.00. Count Pal Teleki was one of inter-war Hungary'sforemost politicians. He servedtwenty-five yearsas an MP and was twicePrimeMinister from 372 SEER, 87, 2, APRIL 200g 1920-21and again from1939-41.Both spellsas PrimeMinister moreover came at crucialperiodsin hiscountry's history. In 1920-21he oversawthe ongoing consolidation ofthecounter-revolutionary regime thatwouldgovern Hungaryuntil1944and helpedfleshout aspectsof thisregime'sideology, whilehissecondspellas PrimeMinister culminated inhisdecisiontocommit Hungariantroopsto theAxisinvasionofYugoslavia,and thereby formally entered hiscountry intotheSecondWorldWar. His publicpersonawas,however, thatofa professor first and a politician second. Indeed the enduringcaricatureof Teleki is as a tragicfigure, persuadedtoleavethelecture halltoguidehiscountry inperilous times, and succumbing, duringhisfirst spellas PrimeMinister, to nervousexhaustion, and duringhis second spell to a despairthatcould onlybe relievedby suicide. Adopting a chronological approach,thisbiography, by one oftherising starsofthenewgeneration ofpost-Communist Hungarianhistorians, doesan excellent job ofunravelling thedifferent facets ofTeleki'scharacter. Bornin 1897intoone of thegreatnoble families of Transylvania, his membership ofthesocialelite, provincialism, devoutCatholicism and eliteeducation combinedtogivehima decidedly conservative outlook and determined hischoice ofcareer.He chosepolitical geography and developeda particular speciality incartography thatmanifested itself ina series ofimpressive publications, and earnedhimmembership ofHungary's elitescientific and socialorganizations, prestigious teaching appointments and theleadership ofvariousgovernment quangos.Abroad,hisinternational reputation culminated, in 1924,withhis appointment to thecommittee thatdrewup thenorthern borders ofthenew Iraq. Less flatteringly, he also developedan interest in racialquestionsand becamean ardent proponent ofthebizarretheory ofturanism whichposited thattheHungarians wereone branchofa pan-AsianTuranianpeople(with thepoliticalimplication thatHungaryshouldlook 'East' towardsitsethnic kin,rather than'West'towards liberal/ cosmopolitan Europe). In parallel withhisresearch andwriting healsosatinparliament from 1904 onwards.Althoughinitially finding the experienceunsatisfying, Hungary's (botched) experiment withleftist revolutions in 1918-19rekindled hispolitical energies and he servedseveralstints as foreign minister in thefirst counterrevolutionary governments beforebeingentrusted withthepremiership by theRegentMiklósHorthy inJuly1920.AsPrimeMinister heushered through parliament thefirst right-radical programme oftheinter-war period,which gave the Regentextensive powers,introduced the NumerusClausus (that limited thenumberofJewsin highereducation), approvedtheprinciple of Land Reform and sought(unsuccessfully) to bringthepublicfinances under control. Struggling, however, withthepressures ofhighoffice and suspected of involvement in a failedcoup d'étatengineered by CharlesIV, the last HabsburgMonarch,he resigned and made wayfora genuinemaster ofthe political game,hisfellow Transylvanian Count,IstvánBethlen. On theback benchesTeleki put to use his nationalreputation, foreign contactsand cartographic skillsto become, what the authorterms(with understandable hyperbole), the'organizer andideologueoftherevision' ofthe Trianonpeace treaty whichhad formally dismembered historic Hungary. He oversawthe productionof a huge amountof propaganda,includingthe reviews 373 launching ofvariousjournals,engagedin frequent foreign tripsto drumup supportforrevisionand got himself caughtup in a hare-brained attempt to undermine the Frenchcurrency by mass producingforgedfrancs;the exposureof which,in 1925was excuse enoughforTeleki to temporarily withdraw from politics. BythispointTelekiwas alreadyimmersed inanother ofhispetprojects...

Kollegen — Kommilitonen — Kämpfer. Europäische Universitäten im Ersten Weltkrieg. Pallas Athene, 18 by Trude Maurer (review)

370 SEER, 87, 2, APRIL 2OOg Maurer, Trude (ed.). Kollegen - Kommilitonen K ämpfer. Europäische Universitäten imErsten Weltkrieg. PallasAthene,18.FranzSteiner, Stuttgart, 2006. 376 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes.Glossary. Index.€47.00. This substantial and impressive volumeis a thought-provoking collection of papers,extending to wellover300 pages.All thepaperswerepresented by twenty-one historians ofhigher educationat an international conference held in Göttingen between22 and 24 September 2005.The conference tookplace within theframework ofa majorresearch project financed bytheVolkswagen Foundationand conductedunder the title 'The German and Russian University during theFirst WorldWar: Comparative StudiesConcerning the Relationship between Society, ScienceandPolities'. The authors ofthepapers represent seven countriesand all have producedpapers of high quality, descriptive and analytical and in each case welldocumented. The majority oftheauthorshave producedtheircontributions in German,butsixare in English. The volumeis thusreadily accessibleto thereaderswho speakand read bothlanguagesand are interested in the subject.They shouldmake every effort to study itwithdue careand attention. The contributors are scholarswho,in mostinstances, have alreadybeen exploring thefieldforseveralyears,so thattheycan drawon theresults of theirearlierresearchand are,therefore, wellqualifiedto passjudgmenton thekeyaspectsoftheexperience ofeach country underscrutiny. In thefocusofattention are,first ofall,thehighereducationalestablishmentsin Germanyand Russia,but thereare also paperson Englandand France.In fact, thetitle ofthepublication maycreatetheimpression thatthe universities ofall thecountries involved in theFirstWorldWar are studied. That, however,is not the case. The HabsburgEmpirewithitsnumerous universities, ItalyandBelgium arenotincluded, though thisisunderstandable, as thatwouldhavemade theconference difficult to organizeon sucha scale and thepublication resulting from ittoobulky and muchtoo complex. Clearly, examining theroleoftheuniversities during one ofEurope'smost calamitous tragedies, thefratricidal conflict of1914to 1918,in a comparative perspective iswithout doubtofgreatimportance. The universities werethen, as theyare today,institutions ofgreatrenownand unchallengeable reputation ,centresof researchand learning,profoundly influencing the public opinionand the intellectual climatein the respective countries. They are concentrations ofthemostinfluential thinkers and scholars remaining in the forefront ofthescientific elite.In peacetimetheybase their workupon close international cooperationand collaborationas well as regularscholarly exchanges withothercountries and thereby tendtobecomepowerful positive forces whichhelpto forgeand promotethefundamental unity ofmankind. How drastically thiscan all changein a timeofwaris therealthemeofthis publication. To be precise,thewriters scrutinize in detailexactly whatwas done and howitwas doneinthedifferent countries intheparticular university milieux underthe impactof intensifying ferocity of warfare.The contents of the volumearenotsubdivided intodifferent sections, butthree kindsofconsiderationsare identifiable. Firstofall, theconsequencesofthewar in termsof thenationalsystems ofuniversities takenas a whole.AndreaWettman writes on theGermanReich,Aleksandr Dmitriev on Russiaand ThomasWeberon REVIEWS 371 Britain. Secondly, in terms oftheindividual universities, ElizabethFordham dealswiththeUniversity ofParis,AndreiAndreevwithMoscow'suniversity staff, EvgeniiRostovtsev withSt Petersburg University, IskanderGilyazov withtheUniversity ofKazan' and itsstudents, SirjeTamul writes aboutthe University of Dorpat,ArkadiuszStempindeals withthe reopeningof the University ofWarsawundertheGermanrulein 1915, FrancoisCondette with theUniversity ofLilleunderGermanoccupationand Susan Morrissey with thestudents in Petrograd, whileDetlefBussedescribes research workdirectly linkedto the Germanwar effort in the University of Göttingen. Finally, several contributors survey theimportant forms oflinks between warpressures and the different kindsof facultiesor concentratetheirattentionupon individual thinkers and scholarsor theprevailing viewsof themembersof academiccommunities ingeneralinRussiaand Germany. The editor, Trude Maurer,in additiontotheintroductory chapteron theuniversities at timeof war,analyses theconceptofuniversitas militans withparticular reference to the lateGermanKaiserreich. In each case thespecialcircumstances applying to a particular university are wellbrought to thefore. In thelightoftheevidencepresented here,thequestions ofhow theuniversities inall thecountries underscrutiny responded tothecalltoarms,how speedily, solidly and willingly theygavetheirfullsupport to thewarand the efforts todefeat theenemy and exactly bywhatmeasures they tried toachieve itare fully and convincingly answered. All thosewho carefully read thedifferent paperswilleasilydiscover towhatextent and inwhatrespect thiswas truein each case. Thisleavesthequestion whythiswasthecase,butitisa very different kind of question,dealingwithnationalpsychewhich,nonetheless, affected all thebilligerents. In a way,mostcontributors havekeptitwellin theirminds butrefer toitimplicitly. This question, and all relatedissuesare,however, of enormous consequence.Was nationalprideinevitably so easilydegenerating intofanaticalchauvinism and boundlesshatredof the enemya forcethat nothingcould contain?Is it a permanent featureof the nationalpsyche, demonstrably present intheeighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a cursenothing couldeliminate? Has thebeginning ofthis century really brought new raysof hope? In termsof the role of highereducationin societyin timesofcrisis and openconflict thecontents ofthisvolumecontainthoughtprovoking conclusions whichfarexceedthecourseofthetragic yearsof1914 to 1918. London J.J. Tomiak Ablonczy, Balázs. Pal Teleki(1874-1941): The Lifeofa Controversial Hungarian Politician. CHSP HungarianStudiesSeries,10. East European Monographs , 697. Social ScienceMonographs, CenterforHungarianStudies andPublications andInstitute ofHabsburgHistory, Boulder, CO, Wayne, NJand Budapest, 2006.ix + 338pp. Notes.Bibliography. Map. Indexes. $40.00. Count Pal Teleki was one of inter-war Hungary'sforemost politicians. He servedtwenty-five yearsas an MP and was twicePrimeMinister from ...

LEE CONGDON, BELA K. KIRALY, KAROLY NAGY, editors. 1956: The Hungarian Revolution and War for Independence. Translated by Paul Body, Andrew Gane, and Brian McLean. (Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, number 128; East European Monographs, number 700; War and Society in East Central Europe, number 40.) Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs. 2006. Pp. xiii, 956. $60.00., LASZLO EORSI. The

When the Hungarian state marked the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution in October 2006, it projected an image of a nation united by a desire for freedom that rose up against a brutal dictatorship, replacing a communist system with its own democratic values. Although this revolution was suppressed by the military forces of the Soviet Union, intent on ensuring that Hungary remained within its grip, the revolution achieved a kind of victory in defeat, sowing the seeds of Hungary's democratic transition in the 1990s. On the fiftieth anniversary Hungary was rocked by a political crisis, as its government was challenged on the streets by radical right-wing protestors, in events that led to the most serious political violence in the country since the revolution itself. While the protestors were by no means heirs of the revolution, operating with much more restricted public support in a radically different political context, their demonstrations drew upon a version of the memory of the revolution. As a consequence, far from underlining the official intention of projecting the memory of the revolution as a unifying force, underpinning the success of contemporary democracy, the anniversary revealed the traces of deep-seated political divisions that had come to the surface since 1989, but that had festered since 1956.

The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, Randolph L. Braham and Brewster S Chamberlin, eds. (New York: The Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Graduate Center of The City University of New York; Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006), xxix + 390 pp., $50.00

The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, Randolph L. Braham and Brewster S Chamberlin, eds. (New York: The Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Graduate Center of The City University of New York; Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006), xxix + 390 pp., $50.00

ANDRAS GERo . Imagined History: Chapters from Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Hungarian Symbolic Politics. Translated by MARIO D. FENYO. (CHSP Hungarian Studies Series, number 9; East European Monographs, number 672.) Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest. 2006. Pp. xvii, 403. $50.00

ANDRAS GERo . Imagined History: Chapters from Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Hungarian Symbolic Politics. Translated by MARIO D. FENYO. (CHSP Hungarian Studies Series, number 9; East European Monographs, number 672.) Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest. 2006. Pp. xvii, 403. $50.00