Social Psychological Theories Research Articles

Competence Perceptions at the Intersection of Gender and Race-Ethnicity

Competence perceptions represent a fundamental dimension of human perception and have wide-ranging consequences for social interaction. Therefore, it is no surprise that multiple prominent social psychological theories emphasize the role of competence perceptions. We know that both a person’s gender and race-ethnicity influence assumptions about their competence, but we have only a few studies examining the intersections of these factors. Using a large survey experiment (N = 1,219), I examine competence perceptions at the intersection of 2 gender and 13 racial-ethnic categories. Results show large effects of both gender and race-ethnicity and also highly intersectional stereotypes; that is, there is no one overarching effect of gender or race-ethnicity but instead contingent effects. By oversampling racial-ethnic minorities, I also test the assumption of consensus for competence perceptions. Results show highly consensual perceptions, suggesting we all recognize society’s stereotypes even if we do not agree with them.

Gender Stereotyping and Social Norms: Exploring Theoretical Perspectives and Educational Implications

This review is a theoretical paper which examined gender stereotyping and social norms. The review was supported by feminist theory, critical theory and social psychology theory. The review utilizes a comprehensive strategy to investigate the theoretical lenses and consequences of gender stereotyping and social norms. The approach comprised of a few key stages. A survey incorporating gender stereotyping, social norms, feminist theory, critical theory and social psychology to assemble an all encompassing comprehension of the review was done. The review of gender stereotyping and social norms through critical assessment of key idea and viewpoints from feminist theory, critical theory and social psychology. The structure for revealing perplexing social peculiarities is given by the integration of feminist theory, critical theory and social psychology theory. This enlightened the basic component of inequality and injustice by considering the joint impact of gender, power and social setting. The review revealed the pervasive nature of gender stereotyping and social norms, their effect on causing inequality and injustice and the significance of promoting gender equality and social equity. In this way, the significance of interdisciplinary collaborative effort and combined actions in addressing the issue of gender stereotyping and social norms within educational setting and more extensive cultural setting. It emphasized the need for holistic approaches that will consider the broad intersection of power, ideology, and social issue in order to create gender equality and social justice both in the social and educational domain.

Promoting Employee Green Values Beyond the Office Walls Through Green HRM Utilizing Employee Environmental Knowledge as a Mediator

Organizations are adopting green initiatives in response to global environmental crises and climate shifts. While previous research has examined how green HRM affects employees' in role and extra-role working behaviors, less is known about how it influences employees' behavior outside of work due to their green values (GV) that develop because of implementing organizational green actions. The study addresses the issue, while also considering employees’ environmental knowledge (EK) as a mediating factor, utilizing social learning theory and psychological contract theory. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method, where the sample size was 320, from ten selected large-sized ceramic companies operating in Bangladesh. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Results infer that green HRM effectively enhances EK among employees and redirects their GV beyond the workplace. Additionally, EK substantially and positively mediates between the green HRM and GV relationship. The conclusions correspond to the recommendations are indicated in the relational psychological contract theory and the social learning theory. The findings have imperative theoretical and managerial ramifications since they address the knowledge gap in the literature and outline knowledge enhancing green HRM practices that organizations may adopt to improve their green performance. The study also outlines actions for adopting green HRM activities in organizations, aligning the scope for improving employees’ EK and giving them the opportunities to practice green actions for sustainable social outcomes through their increased sense of GV.

Self-control of states: bridging social psychology to international relations discourses.

Why do states respond non-coercively in the face of crisis? Existing scholarship within international relations has stagnated in its conclusions regarding understanding this occurrence. This perspective article attempts to bridge the self-control theory of social psychology to provide a more nuanced understanding of why states self-refrain themselves from taking aggressive retaliatory foreign policies in state-to-state crises. It argues the importance of cognitive-affective units, such as encodings, expectancies, beliefs, goals, values, and self-regulatory plans, as the sociological interpretation of why states are committed to pursuing delayed rewards. It builds upon existing sociological theories adopted in international relations scholarship, such as state identities and role conceptions, and further considers the social psychology variables detrimental in self-control theories, and argues for its relevance to decompose the ability of a state to prioritize delayed gratification over immediate awards in tensions faced.

Religious Myths and the Internalization of Non-Leadership Identities in Nigerian Women: A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis

Despite concerted efforts to promote gender equity in the global space, women remain underrepresented in leadership. This trend is most observed in Nigeria, where of the 49.99 percent of women in the population, only 6.7 percent are in elective and appointive political positions. Research suggests that men are usually seen as more capable leaders, even when women have higher qualifications. This paper attempts to investigate the etymology of this notion within the postcolonial framework and feminist research while drawing on a social psychology theory. Using the symbolic interactionist theory, I examine why/how the gender in which divinity is conceptualized sets the stage for stereotypes that inform a people's perception and conception of reality, thereby influencing how the attributes associated with the feminine and masculine are perceived in society. My argument is that the functionality of the symbolization process in religious myths is connected to the conscious and unconscious processes of human thought, perception, imagination, and intuition; therefore, it relates to epistemology as a means of knowledge. This makes it function dialectically and interpretively with the social processes, enabling outcomes such as the masculinization of the social reality and the internalization of non-leadership identities in women.

The Impact of Social Concepts on Adventure Tourism Participation: A Mixed Method Study

Self-identity theory in social psychology highlights the importance of social groups, interactions, and context in shaping an individual's sense of self and how this self-identity influences thoughts, feelings, and behavior. This research seeks to review various literature on adventure tourism by providing a specific exploration of the role of self-identity in triggering participation in forms of adventure tourism using a mixed-method research design, 50 visitors were identified as informants for the qualitative research, and 329 respondents were surveyed as visitors to surfing tourist destinations at Menganti, Widarapayung, and Parangtritis beaches. All hypotheses proposed in this research were accepted. This shows that comparisons between regions show little difference among young consumers. The model presented and tested in this research provides a solid theoretical framework and can help understand self-identity as a driver of consumer participation. Managerial implications can provide understanding for surf destination managers so that they reflect the importance of creating a positive attitude towards the product before traveling.

Revisiting the classic ABI model of trustworthiness: interactive effects of trustworthiness components on trust in mixed-motive social exchange contexts

ABSTRACT Trust is a core precondition for positive outcomes in multiple types of social exchange interactions, and has been successfully predicted by the perceived ability, benevolence, and integrity of a counterpart (i.e. the ABI model; Mayer et al. 1995. However, the specific interplay of these ABI components remains largely unclear, especially in mixed-motive social exchange settings. We propose there is an interplay of the ABI components, expecting a main effect of benevolence moderated by ability and integrity perceptions. In doing so, we refer to basic rationales for interaction effects from existing motivational and social psychological theories such as Expectancy Theory (e.g. Vroom, 1964) or the Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002). We tested our predictions in two preregistered experimental studies (N = 1.058) using negotiation vignettes (Study 1) and a multi-round decision game (Study 2). As expected, counterpart benevolence consistently predicted trust and this main effect was moderated by counterpart integrity in Study 1 and by ability in Study 2. Our findings challenge the common main effect assumption for the trustworthiness – trust relationship, provide insights into the mechanisms of trust formation, and are relevant for trust building as well as long-term business relationships.

Personal and professional values of nurses in light of Schwartz's theoretical model: scoping review protocol

When considering the theme of values ​​as part of the field of interdisciplinarity, a broader discussion is encouraged regarding the conception of nurses' professional and personal values ​​and their relationship with one of the most renowned theories in social and transcultural psychology. Thus, this protocol aims to map, in the light of Schwartz's Refined Theory of Values, studies on the personal and professional values ​​of nurses in different health care scenarios. This is a protocol based on the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The research question was developed based on the Population, Concept and Context strategy. The databases used will be: Cochrane Library; BASIS; LILACS, MEDLINE via PubMed; Scopus; ScienceDirect; and WOS. The selection will take place by reviewers, using the EndNote Web® software. Data extraction will be recorded in a spreadsheet covering: author(s)/year/country/journal, title, objective, study design, evidence (value approach) and methodological quality of the study, the latter through JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence. The results will be presented in tables with narrative discussion. Mapping the professional and personal values ​​that are related to nurses' performance in different health care scenarios in the light of Schwartz's Refined Values ​​Theory may lead to reflection on the fundamental values ​​of nursing and the ethical behavior of its professionals.

How small business owners navigate stress for improved performance: Building psychological capital through peer interactions

ABSTRACT This study explores whether small business owners’ personal networks can enhance business performance by offering psychological benefits to owners, particularly, in navigating stress-inducing challenges inherent in small business ownership. Our argument centers on how peer interactions within these networks promote small business owners’ development of psychological capital, ultimately, leading to improved business performance. Drawing on social support, community psychology, and social comparison theories, we propose a model with two pathways. Structural equation modeling of survey data from the Aba industrial district in Nigeria strongly supports our model. The study advances small business literature by demonstrating the significance of personal networks in facilitating the development of internal resources, offering a new perspective on the value of these networks beyond their often-discussed role in facilitating access to external resources.

Mapping the moral foundations of the European Union: Why a lack of moral diversity may undermine perceived EU legitimacy.

The stability and effectiveness of supranational organizations, like the European Union (EU), will improve when citizens perceive them as legitimate. Across three studies, two of which were preregistered, and a preregistered pilot study, we combined EU legal expertise with social psychological theory on morality to understand how perceived EU legitimacy is influenced by a sense of moral alignment with the EU. We propose that, currently, the EU gives more weight to values linked to "individualizing" moral foundations (e.g. compassion, social justice, and equality) than to values linked to "binding" moral foundations (e.g. patriotism, religion, and traditionalism). As this may leave people who endorse binding moral foundations feel unrepresented, we investigated whether the EU could gain legitimacy by appealing to values that resonate with binding moral foundations. In study 1, text analyses revealed that the European Commission President's State of the Union speeches indeed appeal more to individualizing than to binding moral foundations. Study 2 (n = 595) provided correlational evidence that the negative relationship between binding moral foundations and perceived EU legitimacy was mediated by lower moral alignment with EU law. Finally, study 3 (n = 567) showed through an experiment that reframing or rebalancing EU law to better align it with binding moral foundations could increase perceived EU legitimacy among people who endorse these moral foundations. The results illustrate the importance of understanding and attending to moral diversity among EU citizens. More generally, our work shows how a collaboration between social psychology and law contributes to safeguarding the legitimacy of supranational organizations.

Antiracist protest in Germany: (mediated) racism experiences and emotions as drivers of mobilization

ABSTRACT While antiracist protest has gained increasing prominence in Europe in recent years, the lack of representative data has so far prevented an assessment of the scope and drivers of antiracist protest outside of the United States. This paper addresses this gap drawing from a unique survey (N = 5003) on racism in Germany. Building upon sociological and social psychological theories of protest, the article explores the scope and role of key demographic, cognitive, and emotional factors for protest practice and protest potential. Our data suggests that antiracist protest is supported by considerable parts of German society and finds that mediated experiences of racism and emotional reactions matter as drivers of mobilization: those with and without a personal experience of racism are more likely to protest if they were told of racist experiences by others. This effect is even more pronounced if participants are emotionally affected by personal and mediated experiences of racism.

Collective pronouns, collective health actions: Predicting pandemic precautionary measures through online first-person plural pronoun usage across U.S. states

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the role of group identification in shaping collective health behaviors. Using the novel Pronoun-Influenced Collective Health Model — an integrated framework combining elements from health and social psychology theories — we investigated the relationship between online first-person plural pronoun usage and adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures across the United States. Analyzing weekly Google Trends data on English (Study 1) and Spanish (Study 2) first-person pronoun searches, alongside data on adherence to pandemic precautionary measures from early 2020 to late 2022, we found significant positive associations between relative first-person plural pronoun search volumes and adherence to social distancing, stay-at-home orders, vaccination rates, and proactive disease prevention information seeking. These associations remained robust after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A mini meta-analysis (Study 3) confirmed the consistency of our findings, revealing no significant moderation effects by language context or ecological-socio-cultural factors, suggesting broad generalizability. The implications of this research highlight the potential for tracking online collective language as a valuable indicator of and proxy for societal-level health engagement during crises. This novel digital linguistics approach, synergistically combining applied health and social psychology with big data from digital platforms such as Google, offers powerful tools for monitoring collective health actions across linguistic and cultural boundaries during large-scale health crises.

Study on the Impact of Employee Diversity and Inclusive Management on Organizational Prformance

Diversified and inclusive management is an important topic in the practice of employee management, which plays an important role in promoting the resource sharing and collaboration within the organization, and promoting the innovation and transformation of enterprise development. In management practice, the company pays attention to enterprise values and international advanced management experience combined with China's national conditions and excellent culture, pay attention to cultivate local market economy senior management personnel, create a harmonious and dynamic enterprise culture, enhance "' customer orientation, continuous innovation, talent development and pay attention to performance" is the company's four core competitiveness. Based on the theory of social exchange and psychological capital theory, this paper discusses the influence of employee diversification and inclusive management on organizational performance, and the research conclusion has certain reference value for improving the management level of enterprises, promoting organizational innovation and transformation development.

THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR: PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

The publication examines the problems of the philosophical foundations of elections, the concept of physicalism, where consciousness-body is studied, which in the philosophy of consciousness has a decisive fact. In modern philosophy of elections, the philosophical aspect is considered - consciousness and the monistic-ontological thesis - physicalism, which allows us to explain the fact that everything that exists is physical or appeared as a derivative of the physical. The concept of physicalism is a position in the philosophy of mind. Consciousness in physicalism exists without an independent ontological status, then it is derivative and connected with the human brain and is also connected with methodological naturalism. The social psychological theory of voter behavior and the theory of rational political choice attempt to explain voting behavior. It can be assumed that such a concept of synthesis of the experience of studying the immature practice of elections and already established theoretical thoughts about them could be a model of behavior of voters and candidates. This could be the dialectic of freedom and necessity of the philosophy of the rational communication model.The philosophy of the rational communication approach considers the following sequential images: a communicative person, a logical person, a rhetorical and dialogical, dialectical person. There are also three levels of development of the electoral process - logical, rhetorical (subject-object) and dialogical (subject-subject). The philosophical approach views rationality as a dynamic system consisting of logical, rhetorical and dialogical levels. In studies of the politics of legal philosophy, the problem of electoral behavior occupies an important place. These studies examine the consciousness and behavior of the electorate, which are important to the electoral process of electoral philosophy.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОНЯТИЯ «РАЗВИТИЕ»

The article reveals the relevance of the study of development as a paradigm of social psychology, examines the essence of the socio-psychological approach to its understanding. The difficulties that occur in defining the concept, subject, structure and ensuring the formation of modern social psychology are analyzed. The prospects of this industry are connected with their overcoming. The author comes to the conclusion that an important task is to create a general theory of social psychology. The theory of development is an integral part of the named theory, they complement each other. Without this, it is impossible to talk about the effective formation of modern social psychology.

Perceived warmth and competence predict callback rates in meta-analyzed North American labor market experiments.

Extensive literature probes labor market discrimination through correspondence studies in which researchers send pairs of resumes to employers, which are closely matched except for social signals such as gender or ethnicity. Upon perceiving these signals, individuals quickly activate associated stereotypes. The Stereotype Content Model (SCM; Fiske 2002) categorizes these stereotypes into two dimensions: warmth and competence. Our research integrates findings from correspondence studies with theories of social psychology, asking: Can discrimination between social groups, measured through employer callback disparities, be predicted by warmth and competence perceptions of social signals? We collect callback rates from 21 published correspondence studies, varying for 592 social signals. On those social signals, we collected warmth and competence perceptions from an independent group of online raters. We found that social perception predicts callback disparities for studies varying race and gender, which are indirectly signaled by names on these resumes. Yet, for studies adjusting other categories like sexuality and disability, the influence of social perception on callbacks is inconsistent. For instance, a more favorable perception of signals like parenthood does not consistently lead to increased callbacks, underscoring the necessity for further research. Our research offers pivotal strategies to address labor market discrimination in practice. Leveraging the warmth and competence framework allows for the predictive identification of bias against specific groups without extensive correspondence studies. By distilling hiring discrimination into these two dimensions, we not only facilitate the development of decision support systems for hiring managers but also equip computer scientists with a foundational framework for debiasing Large Language Models and other methods that are increasingly employed in hiring processes.

Unequal gender‐based attraction toward public sector employment in China: The role of perceived discrimination and public service motivation

AbstractPromoting demographic diversity and representation in the public sector workforce is a critical prerequisite for achieving social equity. This study investigates gender differences in public sectoral preference in China, subsequently exploring the underlying mechanisms that cause such a gender gap. Based on social psychological theories, this study develops and tests a moderated mediation model that examines public service motivation (PSM) as the mediating mechanism and perceived discrimination as the moderator. Utilizing the nationally representative China Education Panel Survey, our findings suggest a strong gender effect regarding the attractiveness of public sector employment in China. In terms of the specific mechanism whereby gender helps predict public sectoral preference, PSM indeed plays a mediating role. Specifically, the gender gap in public sector employment will be further widened by PSM when perceived discrimination is high. Overall, this study contributes to the extant literature by exploring the effects of gender on public sector preferences and to the practice by helping policymakers ideate solutions to enhance diversity effectively.

Towards a resentment-driven model of intergroup conflict: using the incel phenomenon to conceptualize resentment as the driving factor for ideologically motivated extremism

ABSTRACT This article outlines a new model for the initiation of intergroup conflict, in which resentment is theorized as the motivating factor. This model – drawing from existing theories in social psychology and international relations – describes the process by which members of a group become willing to engage in violent conflict with a target group, beginning with feelings of resentment arising from a perceived experience of victimization. The model is then applied to the involuntary celibate (incel) ideology and the trend of mass shootings perpetrated by incels, with two case studies.

Design and validation of a scale for the assessment of educational competencies in traditional musical games

This work studies the traditional musical game as a didactic resource in the development of educational competencies in primary school students. The purpose of the study is to validate a scale for the evaluation of essential educational factors in the work of intrinsic competencies in traditional musical games. With a mixed design, the study involves a qualitative approach to the review and discussion of the contributions of social psychology theories: contact theory, cultural values theory, and attitude theory as well as a quantitative approach using an exploratory factor analysis, a parallel analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis of the use of traditional musical games in a sample of 276 primary school students. From an initial questionnaire of 30 items, a final questionnaire of 18 items was obtained, grouped into 4 subscales (Right to Play/Fun and Preferences/Choice of Game Partners/Emotion and Inclusion) derived from the theories of social psychology. The results demonstrate the need for effective tools to measure the educational value of traditional games. This scale could serve as a tool to contribute to the educational research on traditional musical games. Finally, the educational implications that the adoption of traditional games in the classroom can have in terms of integration, equal inclusion, and the social, physical, emotional, and cognitive development of primary school students are discussed.

The role of omnichannel integration and digital value in building brand trust: a customer psychological perception perspective

PurposeIn the dynamic landscape of the digital economy, companies are increasingly adopting omnichannel integration strategies to enhance customer experiences. However, the interplay between this strategy and digitalisation in fostering brand trust remains uncharted. Drawing on the social exchange and psychological reactance theories, this study ventures into unexplored territory by examining the impact of omnichannel integration and digital value on brand trust building. It also delves into the boundary roles of customers’ psychological perceptions, both positive (customer empowerment) and negative (privacy concerns and perceived deception), in this process.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted an online survey of 595 omnichannel users in China and validated the model using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThis study’s results have significant implications for businesses. They show that customer perception of omnichannel integration and perceived digital value are critical drivers of omnichannel brand trust, with customer empowerment playing a mediating role. Notably, the study also reveals that customers’ negative psychological perceptions can have different moderating effects, highlighting the need for businesses to address these concerns in their omnichannel strategies.Originality/valueThis study breaks new ground in marketing research by highlighting the benefits of omnichannel integration and incorporating digital perspectives. It demonstrates the positive impact of blending customer perception of omnichannel integration and perceived digital value on brand trust formation. Furthermore, it explores the boundary roles of customers’ psychological perceptions in this process, offering a unique and comprehensive perspective.