Social Psychological Stress Research Articles

The impact of sociocultural and psychological stress on the outcome of assisted reproductive technology in remarried families

Objective In China, there is a unique type of second marriage (SM) family where the woman is remarried, and the man is experiencing his first marriage. Additionally, the woman is older than the man. Therefore, these families experience many challenges: psychological, emotional, and societal pressure. Such family is a typical sample for studying sociocultural and psychological stress influencing on outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This study aimed to investigate the impact of social psychological stress on the live birth outcomes AR. Methods In this retrospective cohort, second marriage (SM) families who visited the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University reproductive center between January 2012 to December 2022 were screened, and 561s marriage families (the SM group) with 5600 first marriage (FM) families (the FM group) were included undergoing their first ART cycles. The primary outcome of this study was the live birth rate (LBR). Results The live birth rate (LBR) of SM group (30.7%) is lower than that of the FM group (43.6%) (p < 0.01). After adjustment by logistic regression, the second marriage group (OR = 1.269, 95%CI 1.031–1.562, p = 0.025) were independent factors associated with the outcome of live birth. After propensity score matching (PSM), the live birth rate of SM group (28.7%) is lower than the FM group (35.9%) (0 = 0.011). Conclusion The SM family experience higher levels of social and psychological pressure, which lead to lower level of LBR than FM family.

Human emergency behaviour and psychological stress characteristic mining based on large-scale emergencies

AbstractHuman emergency behaviour and psychological stress response in emergencies are important scientific issues in basic emergency management research. The analysis of the dynamic characteristics of large-scale human behaviour based on electronic footprint data provides a new method for quantitative research on this problem. Previous studies usually assumed that human behaviors were randomly distributed in time, but few studies have studied the psychological stress response of human groups under the influence of emergencies and carried out prediction methods through social media data. Based on the data from five emergencies and daily events in the Qzone, this paper explores the statistical characteristics of human communication behaviors such as time, space and social interaction. The research results reveal the psychological evolution of human groups when they encounter public security emergencies by analysing the causes of individual psychological stress responses in the group. We find that the time interval between people’s posting behaviour and interactive comment behaviour in mobile QQ space before and after an emergency can be approximately described by a power-law distribution. The time interval distribution of Posting and reply is an obvious heavy-tailed distribution. These behavioural characteristics are consistent with people’s psychological stress characteristics. Individual psychological stress responses gradually evolve into social-psychological responses with changes in behavioural characteristics. The greater the social-psychological stress response is, the more panic the public will be, which will cause the outbreak of group irrational behaviour. The research results are theoretically helpful in understanding the impact of emergencies on human communication behaviour patterns and reveal the psychological stress process of mass panic in large-scale emergencies.

선메디 VR자연명상 프로그램이 팬데믹을 경험한 대학생들의 긍정적 사고, 사회심리적 스트레스, 사회적 걱정에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of a VR natural meditation program, combining Seon meditation and innovative VR technology, on positive thinking, social psychological stress, and social concern among university students who experienced stress and emotional exhaustion due to social distancing measures.&#x0D; Methods An experimental study was conducted on 34 university students who had undergone a complete suspension of school for more than one semester as a result of social distancing measures. The control group did not receive any intervention, while the experimental group participated in a VR natural meditation program consisting of four sessions over a two-week period. To evaluate the program's effectiveness, positive thinking, social psychological stress, and social concern were assessed in both groups, and the results were compared and analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA).&#x0D; Results The study reports some significant findings. Firstly, the experimental group demonstrated a notable increase in positive thinking following the VR natural meditation experience. In addition, the levels of social psychological stress and social concern significantly decreased among the participants. In their self-evaluation reports after undergoing the VR treatment, the participants reported enhanced focus, strengthened coping skills, increased confidence in managing daily challenges, and a more positive outlook towards uncertain situations instead of being negatively overwhelmed by their consequences.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that the SEONMEDI VR Natural Meditation Program holds potential as an intervention to promote the psychological well-being of university students who have faced social disconnection and emotional exhaustion caused by social disasters.

Online Public Rumor Engagement Model and Intervention Strategy in Major Public Health Emergencies: From the Perspective of Social Psychological Stress.

During major public health emergencies, a series of coupling problems of rumors getting out of control and public psychological imbalance always emerge in social media, which bring great interference for crisis disposal. From the perspective of social psychological stress, it is important to depict the interactive infection law among distinct types of rumor engagers (i.e., advocates, supporters, and amplifiers) under different social psychological stress states, and explore the effectiveness of rumor intervention strategies (i.e., hindering and persuasion) from multiple dimensions, to scientifically predict the situation of public opinion field and guide the public to restore psychological stability. Therefore, this paper constructs an interactive infection model of multiple rumor engagers under different intervention situations based on a unique user-aggregated dataset collected from a Chinese leading online microblogging platform (“Sina Weibo”) during the COVID-19 in 2020. The simulation result shows that (1) in the period of social psychological alarm reaction, the strong level of hindering intervention on the rumor engagers leads to more serious negative consequences; (2) in the period of social psychological resistance, the persuasion and hindering strategies can both produce good outcomes, which can effectively reduce the overall scale of rumor supporters and amplifiers and shorten their survival time in social media; (3) in the period of social psychological exhaustion, rumor intervention strategies are not able to have a significant impact; (4) the greater the intensity of intervention, the more obvious the outcome. Experimental findings provide a solid research basis for enhancing social psychological stress outcomes and offer decision-making references to formulate the rumor combating scheme.

The influence of social economic factors on level of morbidity of psoriasis among adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan

To assess the social economic factors of development of morbidity of psoriasis in adult population within a separate region as exemplified by the Republic of Bashkortostan. The non-linear dynamic prognostic regression model with panel data was applied to establish role of social economic factors in development of morbidity of psoriasis in adult population. The model-based indicator is rate of total adult morbidity of psoriasis in 51 municipalities and 7 urban districts in 2014-2018. The factor space was generated by ten groups. The regression coefficients (elasticity) were obtained for every group of social economic factors. With increasing of factor of harmful emissions into atmosphere by 100.0%, morbidity of psoriasis in all municipalities can increase on average by 7.0% (elasticity coefficient -0.07). With increasing of economic well-being and incomes of population by 1.0%, a decrease of morbidity of psoriasis by 1.55% is possible. With changing of number of workers employed in harmful production by 100.0%, morbidity of psoriasis in adult population decreases on average by 3.9% (elasticity coefficient -0.39). The specific number of unemployed population (the unemployed, pensioners) and factor of social psychological stress in society turned out to be insignificant. The elasticity factor of level of support of population with public health resources was 0.08. At theoretical opportunity of increasing health care resources up to 100.0%, morbidity of psoriasis in adult population of municipalities can increase on average by 8.0%. The overall morbidity of psoriasis in adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan is positively affected by economic development of municipality and level of urbanization. The unfavorable environmental factors have impact negatively. The increasing of volume of health care resources (provision of population with medical personnel, number of beds of day-and-night and daytime stay, capacity of polyclinic institutions, etc.) may result in increasing of morbidity of psoriasis in municipalities as consequence of increased accessibility of medical care. The study results can be applied in planning health care within the framework of medical care support of patients with chronic dermatitis in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

하타요가 수련이 중년여성의 사회심리학적 스트레스에 미치는 영향

This study is to investigate the effect of Hatha Yoga on social psychological stress. As a study subject, 54 people were included in the experimental group, 42 people who performed Hatha yoga and 12 people who did not practice Hatha Yoga. Using the questionnaire, sub-factors of social psychological stress include epidemiology, self-confidence, psychological stress, sleep disorder and anxiety, and the total number of items including demographic characteristics is 45 items. The researcher performed Hatha Yoga 3 times a week (60 minutes each) for a total of 72 times for 6 months. As a result of the study, first, Hatha yoga significantly increased the stress on role and self-confidence for middle-aged women (p.001), second, it significantly reduced psychological stress (p.001), and third, Stress for sleep disorder and depression was significantly reduced (p.001).BR Therefore, Hatha Yoga is effective in treating the social and psychological stress of middle-aged women suffering from stress, and it is thought that the effect can be changed more positively as the period is prolonged.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON EEG OF DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS

Abstract. Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has provoked the emergence of an extensive complex of social-psychological stress factors that negatively affect the psychological state of people, even in uninfected persons. Patients with mental disorders, in particular those with depression, are especially susceptible to social stress. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a complex of social stress factors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental state and brain functional state in depressive patients. Material and methods. A comparative analysis of EEG parameters in two groups of 16-25-year-old female patients with depression was carried out. The main group included 42 patients hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic, but were not infected with coronavirus, that is, were exposed only to the social stress factors of the pandemic (the "COVID" group). The comparison group included 40 patients who were treated before the onset of the pandemic and matched by sex, age and diagnosis to patients of the main group (group "pre-COVID"). The groups did not statistically differ in baseline depression severity. A multichannel EEG was recorded in all patients before the start of the course of therapy, with the measurement of EEG spectral power and coherence values. Results. The features of the spatial-frequency organization of the EEG were noted, which indicate a reduced functional state of the frontal regions of the left hemisphere, which are responsible for executive functions and positive emotions, as well as a greater activation of the anterior regions of the right hemisphere, which are responsible for negative emotions and the pathogenesis of depression, in patients of the "COVID" group compared to patients of the "pre-COVID" group. Conclusion. The EEG data obtained are consistent with the assumptions about the possibility of aggravating the condition of mental patients under the influence of social-psychological stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the severity of this negative influence, at least in relation to the studied group of adolescent patients with depressive disorders, turned out to be significantly weaker than previously assumed at the beginning of the pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, social stress, depression, quantitative EEG, EEG spectral power, EEG coherence Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The study supported by Russian Scientific Foundation (Grant No. 21-18-00129).

Effect of cognitive behaviour therapy on the improvement of psychological stress.

College freshmen, as a special group who are far away from their parents and begin to study and live independently, will face psychological stress in adaption to the college life, which may affect their working and living conditions in the university and even after entering the society if not solved reasonably. Hence, it is necessary to explore how to relieve the psychological stress of freshmen. The study aimed to analyze the intervention effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on social psychological stress of freshmen under different demographic variables. 108 freshmen of Northeast Agricultural University were divided into the experimental group and control group. The correlation between psychological stress and impulse, self-esteem, and loneliness was analyzed using structural equation model and multiple regression. The experimental group received group training for one month, while the control group did not accept any intervention. The Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Scale, Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS), and Interpersonal Efficacy Scale (IES) were used to score students before and after activities and three months after activities. The relevant information was collected for students' self-evaluation and the evaluation results from group teachers. The subjects' social psychological stress was positively correlated with loneliness and unplanned impulse, and negatively correlated with self-esteem (P < 0.001); the IAS and FNE scores of the experimental group after test were greatly lower than those of the control group, while the scores of affinity efficacy, communication efficacy, and emotional control were greatly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05); the tracking IAS and FNE scores of the experimental group were greatly lower than those of the control group, while the scores of affinity efficacy, self-impression efficacy, communication efficacy, and emotional control were greatly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). All students in the experimental group were satisfied with the cognitive behavioral group training. Under the positive guidance of the team teacher, the students' psychological stress was released. The cognitive behavior group training based on impulse, self-esteem, and loneliness can effectively improve the affinity efficacy, self-impression efficacy, communication efficacy, and negative evaluation fear of freshmen, which is instrumental in easing the psychological stress of students and can maintain long-term effects.

Influence of Forest Visitors' Perceived Restorativeness on Social-Psychological Stress.

This study was conducted to verify the perceived restorativeness of citizens visiting forests on social–psychological stress and psychological resilience according to forest space type. The study involved a questionnaire survey conducted on citizens who visited forests between 1 May and 15 July 2020, when social distancing in daily life was being implemented. Three types of forest spaces (urban forest, national park, and natural recreation forest) were selected for the survey. They used the survey results of 1196 people as analysis data for this study. In this study, the PRS (Perceived Restorativeness Scale) and the PWI-SF (Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form) were used to evaluate perceived restorativeness and social–psychological stress of citizens visiting forests. In the study, the average score of visitors’ perceived restorativeness was 5.31 ± 0.77. Social–psychological stress was found in the healthy group, potential stress group, and high-risk group. These groups made up 8.0%, 82.5%, and 9.5% of the respondents, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis between perceived restorativeness and social–psychological stress revealed that the higher the perceived restorativeness, the lower the social–psychological stress. “Diversion Mood”, “Not bored”, and “Coherence”, which are the sub-factors of perceived restorativeness according to the forest space type, were found to have meaningful results for psychological resilience. However, there was no significant difference in the forest space type between “Compatibility” and social–psychological stress, which are sub-factors of perceived restorativeness. In conclusion, the forest space type affects the psychological resilience of those who visit the forest. Urban forests, national parks, and natural recreation forests are places to reduce stress.

中医心疗技术对癌症的再认识

As the Traditional bio-medical model transforms to the modern biological psychological social medical model, the medical profession pays more and more attention to psychological social factors role in the occurrence and development of cancer, the endocrine system is an important breakthrough point in the mechanisms of cancer development, however, psychological-nerve-endocrine-immune interactions is very complex, under the condition of stress, which all can change. This article described the possible mechanism of cancer regarding the stress and other social psychological stress trigger and promoting system, summarized as follows.

건설근로자의 피로도와 스트레스 및 재해위험의 구조적 관계

This study empirically examines how much effect levels of fatigue and stress of a construction worker have on disaster risks from the perspective of human factors concerning construction disaster risks. To achieve the purpose of this study, a survey was conducted with respect to construction workers working at large construction sites within the metropolitan area. The retrieved survey data were analyzed by using the statistical software programs, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 8.0. The results of this study do not definitively lead to the conclusion that the level of fatigue or stress of construction workers result in disaster risks. However, it does show that the results vary depending upon the individual approach and treatment of stress and fatigue. In particular, this study revealed that disaster risk levels could increase through unsafe behavior intentions which were established as a mediator variable. Also, with respect to unsafe behavior intentions of construction workers leading to disaster risks, when examining the results that the level of mental fatigue, occupational stress and social-psychological stress of construction workers had a greater significant effect than the level of physical fatigue, this study demonstrates the importance of psychological and mental issues that could be easily overlooked with respect manual labor workers.

Medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident: highlights and unsolved problems*

Comparison of urgent decisions and retrospective analysis of the assessments made during the early stages of the Chernobyl accident shows that the early measures were consistent with the information available at the time. Subsequently, only some quantitative refinements, characterizing the health consequences, were introduced. The sources of errors in the data interpretation, resulting in social stress and making no positive contributions to the physical and psychological health of the participants in the accident, are identified. The public health consequences of the emissions due to the accident and the principles for subsequent observation of these consequences are evaluated. Populace of Pripyat and 11 Regions of Russia. The radioactivity of the air and soil started to increase noticeably by the end of the first few days after the reactor was destroyed. As a result of a change of the wind direction, the equivalent dose rate of γ-radiation in Pripyat increased from 14‐60 to 400‐540 mSv/h. This motivated the decision to begin urgent evacuation of the inhabitants (approximately 50000 people), which was accomplished in an organized manner on April 27, 1986 over a period of 3 h. Concurrently, some of these people received iodine prophylaxis [1‐3]. The most critical matters at this time were the evacuation of the inhabitants of Kiev and banning the May Day demonstration. L. A. Ilyin and Yu. A. Izrael, head of Gidromet, solved the problem courageously and responsibly. The predicted irradiation dose to the public in Kiev was 20 times lower than the admissible level established for the public during this period (100 mSv). The evacuation of a city of millions people and its consequences would have been much more dangerous than permitting demonstrations and no evacuation. However, initially, part of the citizenry and some colleagues, including government institutions of Ukraine did not receive this decision favorably. Competent colleagues looked upon the decision not to evacuate and to permit the demonstration with respect and understanding, which made it possible to reduce the social-psychological stress on the people of Kiev without harming the people’s health. During the subsequent 10 days (April 26 ‐ May 6), the rural population was evacuated from a 30-km zone with a population of about 50000 people. Approximately 8000 people were living under the most difficult conditions. The actual irradiation doses to the major population groups exposed to radiation are given in Table 1. The irradiation dose to the thyroid gland was estimated from measurements of the gland’s activity only for a small number of accident responders and a part of the population. The total dose will continue to grow for life but it cannot increase by more than 25% of the initial dose. The actual average dose was 31 mSv in Belarus, 17 mSv in Ukraine, and no higher than 13 mSv in Pripyat (according to the γ-radiation); the maximum dose could have reached 50 mSv. More accurate estimates of the irradiation dose to the thyroid gland for Pripyat residents were subsequently presented in [5].

The ak’aat k’aal movement among the Aari people of south-west Ethiopia

Students of African studies have reported a variety of religious movements under the rubric of independent churches. These include the Cherubim and Seraphim, the Church of the Lord, the Church of Simon Kimbangu, the Zionist and Ethiopianist’s independent churches in southern Africa. Most of these churches emerged in those countries that were under European colonial domination. Ethiopia did not experience European colonialism. Indeed, imperial Ethiopia conquered militarily less powerful kingdoms and chiefdoms that were located to the south and south-western of the then Abyssinia. The conquest of formerly independent populations in southern Ethiopia during the late nineteenth century introduced unequal power relations between the indigenous people and the new settlers. This paper examines the evolution of a religious movement referred to as ak’aat k’aal among the Aari people of south-west Ethiopia in the context of the indigenous forms of domination. Although the movement was short-lived, it was meant to enable the Aari to cope with the social psychological stress that the serfdom system generated. The Aari were not able to practice their traditional religion because of the serfdom. Therefore, they had to abandon their religion. However, doing this without finding a substitute was incompatible with Aari religious ideology. The ak’aat k’aal was a substitute just for a short period. ATTENTION: Due to copy-right no online publication is provided.

Behavioral Observation and Analysis of PMS Liver-qi Depression Rat Model Established by Chronic Restraint Stress and Resident-Intruder Paradigm

Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the feasibility of establishing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) liver-qi depression rat model with resident-intruder paradigm compared to chronic restraint stress. The PMS liver-qi depression rat model was prepared with chronic restraint stress and resident-intruder paradigm. The effect was systematically evaluated through behavioral methods such as open-field test and tail suspension test. Then, results from both groups were compared. The results showed that both chronic restraint stress and resident-intruder paradigm can effectively simulate the state of premenstrual depression and postmenstrual disappearance. The results of the open-field test suggested that there was no significant difference between these two methods (P > 0.05). It was concluded that as a social psychological stress method the resident-intruder paradigm can preferably simulate the process of clinical PMS liver-qi depression caused by emotional abnormality and overcome the disadvantage of obvious body stress of the chronic restraint stress method. But the success ratio was too low, and further inspection was needed to examine its stability.

Gender and Motivations for Street Racing in Malaysia

The purpose of this study was to identify social, economic, and psychological factors in street racing in Malaysia. The study also assessed gender differences in terms of the causes of participation in street racing, and the street racers’ personality in terms of spiritual well-being, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. A snowball sample of 122 street racers (males, n= 99 , Mean age = 21.52 , SD= 4.25; females, n= 23 , Mean age = 19.22 , SD= 2.47) responded to self-tailored questionnaires and existing scales. For female racers, ‘family violence’, ‘parental conflict’, and ‘parenting style’ were the major familial factors leading to street racing. In case of male racers, ‘parenting style’ and ‘relationship with family members’ were the main causes of street racing. A sizeable percentage of male racers and female racers identified ‘social contact with the street racers’, ‘learned attitudes which encourage street racing’, ‘mass media and peer influences’ as causes of street racing. Both groups of respondents cited ‘social pressure’, ‘social labelling’, ‘social isolation’, ‘opportunities for joining street racing’, ‘limited surveillance of authority’, and ‘limited recreational and sports facilities’ as reasons for involvement in street racing. In terms of psychological factors, considerable percentage of male racers and female racers reported ‘self-image’, ‘desire for recognition and attention’, ‘escape from social-psychological stress’, and ‘self-actualisation’ as important factors leading to street racing. Unemployment was found to be one important reason for street racing almost equally by both the groups. Significant differences in mean spiritual well-being and self-efficacy scores of male racers and female racers did not exist. However, male racers obtained significantly higher mean self-esteem score than female racers. Keywords: street racing, psycho-social, economic, spiritual well-being, self-esteem, self-efficacy

일부 치과위생사의 직무스트레스 및 사회심리적 스트레스와의 관련성 연구 : 대구지역 중심으로

일부지역 치과위생사를 대상으로 일반적 특성 및 근무특성, 직무스트레스, 사회심리 스트레스와의 관련성을 파악하기 위해 치과위생사 219명을 대상으로 최종분석결과 치과위생사의 직무스트레스 총점은 <TEX>$47.41{\pm}7.46$</TEX>이었고, 사회심리적 스트레스의 총점은 <TEX>$23.05{\pm}7.49$</TEX>이었다. 연령이 낮을수록 직위가 낮을수록 미혼일수록 물리환경, 직무자율성, 부상부적절에 대한 직무스트레스가 높았고, 수입, 학력이 낮을수록 직무경력기간이 짧을수록 직무자율에 대한 스트레스가 높게 나타났다. 일평균근무시간이 길수록 물리환경, 직무요구에 대한 스트레스가 높았다. 물리환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성, 직무불안정, 보상부적절, 직장문화에 대한 직무스트레스가 높을수록 사회심리 스트레스가 높아지는 양의 상관관계를 가졌다. 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직급이 높을수록 물리환경 스트레스가 많을수록 사회심리 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to grasp the relationship among general characteristic, work characteristic, job stress and social psychological stress by targeting dental hygienists in a certain area. By using self-administered questionnaire, it was possible to get following results from 219 people. The total score of job stress of dental hygienist was <TEX>$47.41{\pm}7.46$</TEX>. The people who are younger, take lower positions at their workplace and not married showed higher stress about physical environment, autonomous work and improper compensation. The people with lower income showed higher stress about autonomous work and the people with lower academic background showed higher stress about physical environment and autonomous work. The people who spend more time at their workplace showed higher stress about autonomous work and showed lower stress about relational conflict, organization system, improper compensation and work culture. The job stress about physical environment, job request, autonomous work, unstable work, improper compensation and workplace culture had a positive correlation with social psychological stress. It was found that unstable work, organization system, improper compensation and higher position gave effects to social psychological stress.

The social–psychological bases of anticonsumption attitudes

AbstractThis article proposes that the increasing number of individuals voluntarily reducing their levels of consumption may be motivated by underlying social–psychological stress related to living in a consumer society. Of the three primary motivational bases of the self (esteem, efficacy, and authenticity), it is argued that only self‐esteem and self‐efficacy can be acquired through consumption. The current growth of the voluntary simplicity movement, it is argued, is among those individuals who have met the need for esteem and efficacy through consumption, but have failed to achieve a sense of authenticity. Evidence from interviews with participants in the voluntary simplicity movement is presented in support of this proposition. Anticonsumption attitudes, it is concluded, result from a process of self‐inquiry triggered by the failure to feel authentic through one's consumption activities. Implications of anticonsumption attitudes in reaction to consumer culture are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.

On the cross-environment generality of the relational view of stress

This study was designed to test the cross-environment generality of the relational view of stress, originated by Lazarus, by a comparative analysis of the structural components of stress perceptions. To the two components suggested by Lazarus, environmental demands and individual resources, a third component, qualitative vs. quantitative aspects of resources, was added. A mapping sentence which included the three facets provided the basis for the formulation of structural hypotheses and for the derivation of a set of questionnaire items. The hypotheses were tested in three different work environments, each involving a subsample selected from a sample of urban Jewish adults in Israel ( n = 429), using smallest space analysis and PINDIS. The results supported Lazarus' original conceptual definition of stress in that the dimensional structure obtained reflected the two facets of demand and resources. A similar structure was obtained for the three different work environments—involving salaried employees, self-employed, and homemakers. This was interpreted as indicating that future operationalizations of the concept of social psychological stress should include those two facets, demand and resources.